Weak states, state failure, and terrorism

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 463-488

  Newman, Edward ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Explanatory variables for terrorism; Terrorism; Terrorist havens; Weak states

Indexed keywords

EID: 35648951251     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: 15561836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546550701590636     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Francis Fukuyama, State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), 92.
2. See also Chester A. Crocker, "Bridges, Bombs, or Bluster?" Foreign Affairs 82, no. 5 (2003).
3. Jack Straw, Reordering the World: The Long-Term Implications of September 11 (London: Foreign Policy Research Center, 2002).
4. Chuck Hagel, "A Republican Foreign Policy," Foreign Affairs 83, no. 4 (2004): 64.
5. The 9/11 Commission Report, Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 366.
6. Magnus Ranstorp, "Statement to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, 31 March 2003," unpublished paper made available by the author, 11.
7. Robert I. Rotberg, "Failed States in a World of Terror," Foreign Affairs 81. no. 4 (2002);
8. Susan E. Rice, "The New National Security Strategy: Focus on Failed States," Brookings Policy Brief'no. 116 (February 2003);
9. John J. Hamre and Gordon R. Sullivan, "Toward Postconflict Reconstruction," The Washington Quarterly 25, no. 4 (Autumn 2002): 85-96;
10. Mark Turner and Martin Wolf, "The Dilemma of Fragile States," Financial Times (February 18, 2005);
11. Chester A. Crocker, "Engaging Failing States," Foreign Affairs 82, no. 5 (September/October 2003): 32-44;
12. "Grappling With State Failure," Washington Post (June 9, 2004), A20.
13. Raimo Vayrynen, "Complex Humanitarian Emergencies: Concepts and Issues," in E. Wayne Nafziger, Frances Stewart, and Raimo Väyrynen, eds., War, Hunger, and Displacement: The Origins of Humanitarian Emergencies (Volume 1) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 43.
14. Kalevi J. Holsti, "Political Causes of Humanitarian Emergencies," in E. Wayne Nafziger, Frances Stewart, and Raimo Väyrynen (see note 7 above), 239. See also Donald M. Snow, Uncivil Wars: International Security and the New Internal Conflicts (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996);
15. Herfried Munkler, The New Wars (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004);
16. Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001).
17. Donald M. Snow (see note 8 above), 1.
18. Kaldor (see note 8 above), 70.
19. Kaldor (see note 8 above), 92.
20. Raimo Vayrynen (see note 7 above), 44.
21. Ann Hironaka, Neverending Wars: The International Community, Weak States, and the Perpetuation of Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
22. Some exceptions are Stewart Patrick, "Weak States and Global Threats: Fact or Fiction?," The Washington Quarterly (Spring 2006);
23. Charles T. Call, "The Fallacy of the "Failed State,' " Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, 25 March 2006.
24. Gil Loescher and James Milner, Protracted Refugee Situations: Domestic and International Security Implications, Adelphi Paper 375 (London: IISS, 2005).
25. David M. Malone and Heiko Nitzschke, "Economic Agendas in Civil Wars: What We Know, What We Need to Know," Discussion Paper no. 2005/7 (Helsinki: UNU-WIDER, 2005), 4.
26. See also Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, "Greed and Grievance in Civil War," World Bank Working Paper 2002/03 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2003);
27. Paul Collier, "Doing Well Out of War," World Bank Working Paper 1999/04 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1999);
28. Karen Ballentine and Heiko Nitzsche, eds., Profiting from Peace: Managing the Resource Dimensions of Civil War (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2005);
29. Richard Snyder, "Does Lootable Wealth Breed Disorder? A Political Economy of Extraction Framework," Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 8 (2006);
30. Richard Snyder and Ravi Bhavnani, "Diamonds, Blood and Taxes: A Revenue-Centered Framework for Explaining Political Order," The Journal of Conflict Resolution 49, no. 4 (2005).
31. This special issue of The Journal of Conflict Resolution contains other useful articles on the subject: MacArtan Humphreys, "Natural Resources, Conflict, and Conflict Resolution: Uncovering the Mechanisms;" James Ron, "Paradigm in Distress? Primary Commodities and Civil War"; James D. Fearon, "Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War"; and Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, "Resource Rents, Governance, and Conflict."
32. For example, Patrick Hardouin and Reiner Weichhardt, "Terrorist Fund Raising Through Criminal Activities," Journal of Money Laundering Control 9, no. 3 (2006).
33. Chuck Hagel, "A Republican Foreign Policy," Foreign Affairs 83, no. 4 (2004);
34. Princeton N. Lyman and J. Stephen Morrison, "The Terrorist Threat in Africa," Foreign Affairs 83, no. 1 (2004);
35. Stephen D. Krasner and Carlos Pascual, "Addressing State Failure," Foreign Affairs 84, no. 4 (2005).
36. Stephen Van Evera, "Bush Administration, Weak on Terror," Middle East Policy 13, no. 4 (2006): 32.
37. See also Report of the Secretary-General's High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (New York: United Nations, 2004), 47.
38. Chester A. Crocker, "Bridges, Bombs, or Bluster?," Foreign Affairs 82, no. 5 (2003).
39. Chuck Hagel, "A Republican Foreign Policy," Foreign Affairs 83, no. 4 (2004): 64.
40. National Strategy for Combating Terrorism (Washington, DC: The White House, September 2006), 1.
41. Ibid., 16.
42. Van Evera (see note 19 above).
43. Report of the Secretary-General, "United Against Terrorism: Recommendations for a Global Counter-terrorism Strategy," A/60/825 (27 April 2006).
44. Ibid., paragraph 74.
45. Whole of Government Approaches to Fragile States - DAC Guidelines and Reference Series (Paris: OECD, 2006); World Bank, "Engaging with Fragile States: An Independent Evaluation Group Review of World Bank Support to Low-Income Countries Under Stress" (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2006).
46. Barnett R. Rubin, "A Blueprint for Afghanistan," Current History 101, no. 654 (2002), 153.
47. The 9/11 Commission Report (see note 4 above), 369.
48. Rubin (see note 28 above): 156.
49. Ibid.
50. Tatah Mentan, Dilemmas of Weak States: Africa and Transnational Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004).
51. International Crisis Group, "Somalia's Islamists," Africa Report no. 100 (12 December 2005).
52. International Crisis Group, "Somalia: Countering Terrorism in a Failed State," Africa Report no. 45 (23 May 2002).
53. International Crisis Group, "Can the Somali Crisis Be Contained?," Africa Report no. 116 (10 August 2006).
54. See Edward Newman, "Exploring the 'Root Causes' of Terrorism," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29, no. 8 (2006).
55. Colin Woodward, "Bosnia: Back in the Game," Bulletin of the Atomic Sciences 60, no. 4 (2004).
56. Evan F. Kohlmann, Al-Qaeda's Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Network (Oxford: Berg Publishers, 2004), 9.
57. Walter Lacqueur, The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 21.
58. Jeffrey Ian Ross, "Structural Causes of Oppositional Political Terrorism: Towards a Causal Model," Journal of Peace Research 30, no. 3 (1993): 326.
59. U.S. State Department List of Foreign Terrorist Organizations, 2006, accessed at: http://www.state.gov/
60. Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT), "Terrorism Knowledge Base," 2007, accessed at: http://tkb.org/Home.jsp
61. I am grateful to Joshua Sinai, counterterrorism expert at The Analysis Corporation, McLean, VA, for this insight.
62. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/polity/country_reports/