Dose calculation formalisms and consensus dosimetry parameters for intravascular brachytherapy dosimetry: Recommendations of the AAPM Therapy Physics Committee Task Group No. 149

Medical Physics

Volumn 34, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 4126-4157

  Chiu Tsao, Sou Tung ^a   Schaart, Dennis R ^b   Soares, Christopher G ^c   Nath, Ravinder ^d  

^a Quality MediPhys LLC   (United States)

^b DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Brachytherapy; Dosimetry; Intravascular brachytherapy; Restenosis

Indexed keywords

ONCOLOGY; RADIOTHERAPY; RATE CONSTANTS; WIRE;

BRACHYTHERAPY; CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES; DOSE RATE CONSTANTS; INTRAVASCULAR BRACHYTHERAPY; MONTE CARLO CALCULATION; RADIAL DOSE FUNCTION; RESTENOSIS; SPHERICAL COORDINATES;

DOSIMETRY;

CESIUM 137; IRIDIUM 192; PHOSPHORUS 32; STRONTIUM 90; YTTRIUM 90;

ANISOTROPY; ARTICLE; BETA RADIATION; BRACHYTHERAPY; DATA BASE; DOSIMETRY; GAMMA RADIATION; GEOMETRY; MONTE CARLO METHOD; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION DOSE DISTRIBUTION; THERMOLUMINESCENCE DOSIMETER;

EID: 35648949373     PISSN: 00942405     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1118/1.2767184     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. P. Tripuraneni, " The future of CART in the era of drug eluting stents: 'It's not over until it's over., "' Brachytherapy 2, 74-76 (2003).
2. P. M. Devlin, " The future of coronary artery radiation therapy-The CART before the (unbridled) horse., " Brachytherapy 2, 73-74 (2003).
3. M. C. Morice and RAVEL Study Group, " A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization., " N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 1773-1780 (2002).
4. J. W. Moses and SIRIUS Investigators, " Sirolimus-eluting stents versus standard stents in patients with stenosis in a native coronary artery., " N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 1315-1323 (2003).
5. G. W. Stone and TAXUS-IV Investigators, " A polymer-based, paclitaxel-eluting stent in patients with coronary artery disease., " N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 221-231 (2004).
6. R. Torguson, M. Sabate, R. Deible, K. Smith, W. W. Chu, K. M. Kent, A. D. Pichard, W. O. Suddath, L. F. Satler, and R. Waksman, " Intravascular brachytherapy versus drug-eluting stents for the treatment of patients with drug-eluting stent restenosis., " Am. J. Cardiol. 98, 1340-1344 (2006).
7. R. Waksman, B. Bhargava, L. White, R. C. Chan, R. Mehran, A. J. Lansky, G. S. Mintz, L. F. Satler, A. D. Pichard, M. B. Leon, and K. K. Kent, " Intracoronary beta radiation therapy inhibits recurrence of in-stent restenosis., " Circulation 101, 1895-1898 (2000).
8. A. E. Raizner, S. N. Oesterle, R. Waksman, P. W. Serruys, A. Colombo, Y. L. Lim, A. C. Yeung, W. J. Van Der Giessen, L. Vandertie, J. K. Chiu, L. R. White, P. J. Fitzgerald, G. L. Kaluza, and N. M. Ali, " Inhibition of restenosis with beta-emitting radiotherapy: Report of the proliferation reduction with vascular energy trial (PREVENT)., " Circulation 102, 951-958 (2000).
9. M. B. Leon, P. S. Teirstein, J. W. Moses, P. Tripuraneni, A. J. Lansky, S. Jani, S. C. Wong, D. Fish, S. Ellis, D. R. Holmes, D. Kerieakes, R. E. Kuntz, " Localized intracoronary gamma-radiation therapy to inhibit the recurrence of restenosis after stenting., " N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 250-256 (2001).
10. J. A. Condado, R. Waksman, J. F. Saucedo, B. Bhargava, A. J. Lansky, C. Calderas, O. Gurdiel, J. Gonzalez, M. Fadoul, B. Parra, L. Iturria, and B. Amezaga, " Five-year clinical and angiographic follow-up after intracoronary iridium-192 radiation therapy., " Cardiovasc. Radiat. Med. 3, 74-81 (2002).
11. R. Nath, H. Amols, C. Coffey, D. Duggan, S. Jani, Z. Li, M. Schell, C. Soares, J. Whiting, P. Cole, I. Crocker, and R. Schwartz, " Intravascular brachytherapy physics: Report of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group No. 60., " Med. Phys. 26, 119-152 (1999).
12. M. Price, H. Giap, and P. S. Teirstein, " Intracoronary radiation therapy for multi-drug resistant in-stent restenosis: Initial clinical experience., " Catheterization and Cardiovasc. Intervent. 69, 132-134 (2007).
13. P. Ortolani, A. Marzocchi, M. Aquilina, W. Gaiba, S. Neri, C. Marrozzini, T. Palmerini, N. Taglieri, and A. Branzi, " P32 Brachytherapy in the treatment of complex Cypher in-stent restenosis., " J. Interv. Cardiol. 18, 205-211 (2005).
14. P. S. Teirstein, " Catheter-based radiotherapy to inhibit restenosis after coronary stenting., " N. Engl. J. Med. 336 1697-1703 (1997).
15. R. Waksman, " Intracoronary gamma radiation therapy after angioplasty inhibits recurrence in patients with in-stent restenosis., " Circulation 101, 2165-2171 (2000).
16. J. J. Popma, M. Suntharalingam, A. J. Lansky, R. R. Heuser, B. Speiser, P. S. Teirstein, V. Massullo, T. Bass, R. Henderson, S. Silber, P. von Rottkay, R. Bonan, K. K. L. Ho, Al. Osattin, and R. E. Kuntz, " Randomized trial of Sr9090 Y Β -radiation versus placebo control for treatment of in-stent restenosis., " Circulation 106, 1090-1096 (2002).
17. S. B. King, III, D. O. Williams, P. Chougele, J. L. Klein, R. Waksman, R. Hilstead, J. Macdonald, K. Anderberg, and I. R. Crocker, " Endovascular Β -radiation to reduce restenosis after balloon angioplasty: Results of the beta energy restenosis trial (BERT)., " Circulation 97, 2025-2030 (1998).
18. P. W. Serruys, G. Sianos, W. van der Giessen, H. J. R. M. Bonnier, P. Urban, W. Wijns, E. Benit, M. Vandormal, R. Dörr, C. Disco, M. Debbas, and S. Silber, " Intracoronary Β -radiation to reduce restenosis after balloon angioplasty and stenting., " Eur. Heart J. 23, 1351-1359 (2002).
19. R. Waksman, A. Raizner, A. Yeung, A. Lansky, and L. Vandertie, " Use of localised intracoronary Β radiation in treatment of in-stent restenosis: The INHIBIT randomised controlled trial., " Lancet 359, 551-557 (2002).
20. L. Anderson, R. Nath, K. Weaver, D. Nori, T. L. Phillips, Y. H. Son, S. Chiu-Tsao, A. S. Meigooni, J. A. Meli, and V. Smith, Interstitial Brachytherapy, Physical, Biological and Clinical Considerations (Raven, New York, 1990).
21. N. S. Patel, S. Chiu-Tsao, Y. Ho, T. Duckworth, J. A. Shih, H. S. Tsao, H. Quon, and L. B. Harrison, " High beta and electron dose from Ir192: implications for "gamma" intravascular brachytherapy., " Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 54, 972-980 (2002).
22. NCRP Report No. 58, A handbook of radioactivity measurements procedures. National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, 1985).
23. N. B. Grove and M. J. Martin, " Log-f tables for beta decay., " Nucl. Data Tables 10 205-317 (1971).
24. S. Jani, V. Massullo, P. Tripuraneni, and P. Teirstein, " The Ir-192 radioactive seed ribbon., " in Handbook of Vascular Brachytherapy, 2nd ed., edited by, R. Waksman, and, P. Serruys, (Martin Dunitz Ltd., United Kingdom, 2000), pp. 52-56.
25. R. Waksman, E. Cheneau, A. Ajani, R. L. White, E. Pinnow, R. Torguson, R. Dieble, L. F. Satler, A. D. Pichard, K. M. Kent, P. S. Tierstein, and J. Lindsay, " Intracoronary radiation therapy inproves the clinical and angiographic outcomes of diffuse in-stent restenotic lesions., " Circulation 107, 1744-1749 (2003).
26. National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, www.nndc.bnl.gov (2007 January 10).
27. R. Wang and X. A. Li, " A Monte Carlo calculation of dosimetric parameters of Sr9090 Y and Ir192 SS sources for intravascular brachytherapy., " Med. Phys. 27, 2528-2535 (2000).
28. R. Wang and X. A. Li, " Dosimetric comparison of two Sr9090 Y sources for intravascular brachytherapy: An EGSnrc Monte Carlo calculation., " Phys. Med. Biol. 47, 4259-4269 (2002).
29. F. A. Mourtada, C. G. Soares, S. M. Seltzer, P. M. Bergstrom, Jr., J. M. Fernandez-Varea, J. Asenjo, and S. H. Lott, " Dosimetry characterization for a P32 source wire used for intravascular brachytherapy with automated stepping., " Med. Phys. 30, 959-971 (2003).
30. F. A. Mourtada, C. G. Soares, S. M. Seltzer, and S. H. Lott, " Dosimetry characterization of P32 catheter-based vascular brachytherapy source wire., " Med. Phys. 27, 1770-1776 (2000).
31. J. A. Halbleib, R. P. Kensek, T. A. Mehlhorn, G. D. Valdez, S. M. Seltzer, and M. J. Berger, Report SAND91-1634, ITS Version 3.0: Integrated TIGER Series of Coupled Electron/Photon Monte Carlo Transport Codes (Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 1992).
32. W. R. Nelson, H. Hirayama, and D. W. Rogers, Report SLAC-265, The EGS4 Code System (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1985).
33. I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers, NRCC Report PIRS-701, The EGSnrc Code System: Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron and Photon Transport (National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, 2000).
34. J. F. Briesmeister, ed., Report LA-12625-M, MCNP-A General Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code: Version 4B (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 1997).
35. J. F. Briesmeister, ed., Report LA-13709-M, MCNP-A General Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code: Version 4C (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 2000).
36. L. S. Waters, Report LA-CP-02-408, MCNPX-User's Manual Version 2.4.0 (Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2002).
37. F. Salvat, J. M. Fernández-Varea, and J. Sempau, PENELOPE, A Code System for Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron and Photon Transport, Workshop Proceedings, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France 7-10 July 2003 (OECD/NEA, Paris, France, 2003).
38. S. Agostinelli, " GEANT4-a simulation toolkit., " Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 506, 250-303 (2003).
39. J. F. Williamson, " Comparison of measured and calculated dose rates in water near I-125 and Ir-192 seeds., " Med. Phys. 18, 776-786 (1991).
40. P. Papagiannis, A. Angeloloulos, E. Pantelis, L. Sakelliou, D. Baltas, P. Karaiskos, P. Sandilos, and L. Vlachos, " Dosimetry comparison of Ir192 sources., " Med. Phys. 29, 2239-2246 (2002).
41. C. G. Soares, D. Halpern, and C. K. Wang, " Calibration and characterization of beta-particle sources for intravascular brachytherapy., " Med. Phys. 25, 339-346 (1998).
42. M. Bambynek, D. Flühs, U. Quast, D. Wegener, and C. G. Soares, " A high-precision, high-resolution and fast dosimetry system for beta sources applied in cardiovascular brachytherapy., " Med. Phys. 27, 662-667 (2000).
43. D. R. Schaart, A. J. J. Bos, A. J. M. Winkelman, and M. C. Clarijs, " The radial depth-dose distribution of a W188188 Re beta line source measured with novel, ultra-thin TLDs in a PMMA phantom: Comparison with Monte Carlo simulations., " Phys. Med. Biol. 47, 3605-3627 (2002).
44. H.-J. Selbach and C. G. Soares, " New developments on primary standards for brachytherapy at NIST (US) and PTB (Germany)., " in Standards and Codes of Practice in Medical Radiation Dosimetry, Proceedings of an International Symposium, Vienna, 25-28 November 2002, Vol. 2, pp. 101-110 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2003).
45. J. van der Marel and E. van Dijk, " Developments of a Dutch primary standard for beta emitting brachytherapy sources., " in Standards and Codes of Practice in Medical Radiation Dosimetry, Proceedings of an International Symposium, Vienna, 25-28 November 2002, Vol. 2, pp. 93-100 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2003).
46. A. Niroomand-Rad, C. R. Blackwell, B. M. Coursey, K. P. Gall, J. M. Galvin, W. L. McLaughlin, A. S. Meigooni, R. Nath, J. E. Rodgers, and C. G. Soares, " Radiochromic film dosimetry: Report of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group No. 55., " Med. Phys. 25, 2093-2115 (1998).
47. C. G. Soares, " Radiochromic film dosimetry., " Radiat. Meas. 41, S100-S116 (2006).
48. M. J. Butson, P. K. N. Yu, T. Cheung, and P. Metcalfe, " Radiochromic film for medical radiation dosimetry., " Mater. Sci. Eng. R41, 61-120 (2003).
49. IAEA TECDOC-1274, Calibration of photon and beta ray sources used in brachytherapy. Guidelines on standardized procedures at Secondary Standards Dosimetry Laboratories (SSDLs) and hospitals. (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2002).
50. J. F. Dempsey, D. A. Low, S. Mutic, J. Markman, A. S. Kirov, G. H. Nussbaum, and J. F. Williamson, " Validation of a precision radiochromic film dosimetry system for quantitative two-dimensional imaging of acute exposure dose distributions,.. " Med. Phys. 27, 2462-2475 (2000).
51. R. Nath, L. L. Anderson, G. Luxton, K. A. Weaver, J. F. Williamson, and A. S. Meigooni, " Dosimetry of interstitial brachytherapy sources: Recommendations of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group No. 43., " Med. Phys. 22, 209-234 (1995).
52. M. J. Rivard, B. M. Coursey, L. A. DeWerd, W. F. Hanson, M. S. Huq, G. S. Ibbott, M. G. Mitch, R. Nath, and J. F. Williamson, " Update of AAPM Task Group No. 43 Report: A revised AAPM protocol for brachytherapy dose calculations., " Med. Phys. 31, 633-647 (2004).
53. D. R. Schaart, M. C. Clarijs, and A. J. J. Bos, " On the applicability of the AAPM TG-60/TG-43 dose calculation formalism to intravascular line sources: Proposal for an adapted formalism., " Med. Phys. 28, 638-653 (2001).
54. N. S. Patel, S. T. Chiu-Tsao, H. S. Tsao, and L. B. Harrison, " A new treatment planning formalism for catheter-based b sources used in intravascular brachytherapy., " Cardiovasc. Radiat. Med. 2, 157-164 (2001).
55. R. Wang and X. A. Li, " Monte Carlo dose calculations of beta-emitting sources for intravascular brachytherapy: A comparison between EGS4, EGSnrc, and MCNP., " Med. Phys. 28, 134-141 (2001).
56. N. S. Patel, S. T. Chiu-Tsao, P. Fan, H. S. Tsao, S. F. Liprie, and L. B. Harrison, " The use of cylindrical coordinates for treatment planning parameters of an elongated Ir192 source., " Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 51, 1093-1102 (2001).
57. M. J. Rivard, " Refinements to the geometry factor used in the AAPM Task Group No. 43 necessary for brachytherapy dosimetry calculations., " Med. Phys. 26, 2445-2450 (1999).
58. P. Karaiskos, L. Sakelliou, P. Sandilos, and L. Vlachas, " Limitations of the point and line source approximations for the determination of geometry factors around brachytherapy sources., " Med. Phys. 27, 124-128 (2000).
59. E. Kouwenhoven, R. van der Laarse, and D. R. Schaart, " Variation in the interpretation of the AAPM TG-43 geometry factor leads to unclearness in brachytherapy dosimetry., " Med. Phys. 28, 1965-1966 (2001).
60. J. A. Meli, " Let's abandon geometry factors other than that of a point source in brachytherapy dosimetry., " Med. Phys. 29, 1917-1918 (2002).
61. M. J. Rivard, B. M. Coursey, L. A. DeWerd, W. F. Hanson, M. S. Huq, G. S. Ibbott, R. Nath, and J. F. Williamson, " Comment on: Let's abandon geometry factors other than that of a point source in brachytherapy dosimetry., " Med. Phys. 29, 1919-1920 (2002).
62. F. A. Mourtada, C. G. Soares, and J. L. Horton, " A segmented P32 source Monte Carlo model to derive AAPM TG-60 dosimetric parameters used for intravascular brachytherapy., " Med. Phys. 31, 602-608 (2004).
63. W. G. Cross, " Variation of beta dose attenuation in different media., " Phys. Med. Biol. 13, 611-618 (1968).
64. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU Report 56, Dosimetry of External Beta Rays for Radiation Protection (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, 1997).
65. D. R. Schaart, " The scaling method applied to beta particle line sources with a finite diameter., " Med. Phys. 29, 2682-2686 (2002).
66. AAPM Report No. 21. Recommendations of AAPM Task Group 32: Specification of Brachytherapy Source Strength (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1987).
67. T. P. Loftus, " Standardization of Ir192 gamma ray sources in terms of exposure., " J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 85, 19-25 (1980).
68. R. Wang and R. S. Sloboda, " Influence of source geometry and materials on the transverse axis dosimetry of Ir192 brachytherapy sources., " Phys. Med. Biol. 43, 37-48 (1998).
69. J. C. Anctil, B. G. Clark, and C. J. Arsenault, " Experimental determination of dosimetry functions of Ir-192 sources., " Med. Phys. 25, 2279-2287 (1998).
70. Z. Chen and R. Nath, " Dose rate constant and energy spectrum of interstitial brachytherapy sources., " Med. Phys. 28, 86-96 (2001).
71. S. J. Ye, E. I. Parsai, and J. J. Feldmeier " Dosimetric characteristics of a linear array of Β or γ -emitting seeds in intravascular irradiation: Monte Carlo studies for the AAPM TG-43/60 formalism., " Med. Phys. 30, 403-414 (2003).
72. N. S. Patel, S. Chiu-Tsao, J. A. Shih, Y. Ho, H. S. Tsao, and L. B. Harrison, " Treatment Planning dosimetric parameters for Ir192 seed at short distances: Effects of air channels and neighboring seeds., " Med. Phys. 31, 1521-1528 (2004).
73. D. Baltas, P. Karaiskos, P. Papagiannis, L. Sakelliou, E. Loeffler, and N. Zamboglou, " Beta versus gamma dosimetry close to Ir-192 brachytherapy sources., " Med. Phys. 28, 1875-1882 (2001).
74. N. C. Yang and R. C. Chan, " Beta particle and conversion electron contributions on Ir-192 dosimetry in intravascular Brachytherapy., " Med. Phys. 28, 1182 (2001).
75. C. G. Soares, " Dosimetric issues in vascular brachytherapy (TG43/60)., " in Intravascular Brachytherapy/Fluoroscopically Guided Interventions,, S. Balter,,, R. C. Chan,, and, T. B. Shope, Jr.,, eds. Medical Physics Monograph No. 28, AAPM 2002 summer School Proceedings (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, WI, 2002), pp. 321-372.
76. R. Capote, E. Mainegra, and E. López, " Anisotropy function for Ir192 low-dose-rate brachytherapy sources: An EGS4 Monte Carlo study., " Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 1487-1499 (2001).
77. N. Reynaert, M. Van Eijkeren, Y. Taeymans, and H. Thierens, " Dosimetry of Ir192 sources used for endovascular brachytherapy., " Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 499-516 (2001).
78. S. Chiu-Tsao, T. L. Duckworth, N. S. Patel, J. Pisch, and L. B. Harrison, " Verification of Ir-192 near-source dosimetry using GAFCHROMIC film., " Med. Phys. 31, 201-207 (2004).
79. J. Asenjo, J. M. Fernandez-Varea, and A. Sanchez-Reyes, " Characterization of a high-dose-rate Sr90 Y90 source for intravascular brachytherapy by using the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE., " Phys. Med. Biol. 47, 697-711 (2002).
80. O. Chibani and X. A. Li, " IVBTMC, a Monte Carlo dose calculation tool for intravascular brachytherapy., " Med. Phys. 30, 44-51 (2003).
81. D. E. Roa, H. Song, N. Yue, F. d'Errico, and R. Nath, " Dosimetric characeristics of the Novoste Beta-Cath Sr90 Y90 source trains at submillimeter distances., " Med. Phys. 31, 1269-1276 (2004).
82. S. J. Ye, X. A. Li, J. R. Zimmer, J. J. Chu, and C. K. Choi, " Dosimetric perturbations of linear array of beta-emitter seeds and metallic stent in intravascular brachytherapy., " Med. Phys. 27, 374-380 (2000).
83. D. M. Duggan, C. W. Coffey, J. L. Lobdell, and M. C. Schell, " Radiochromic film dosimetry of a high dose rate beta particle sources for intravascular brachytherapy., " Med. Phys. 26, 2461-2464 (1999).
84. C. Kirisits, D. Georg, P. Wexberg, B. Pokrajac, and R. Pötter, " Determination and application of the reference isodose length (RIL) for commercial endovascular brachytherapy devices., " Radiother. Oncol. 64, 309-315 (2002).
85. T. D. Bohm, F. A. Mourtada, and R. K. Das, " Dose rate table for a P32 intravascular brachytherapy source from Monte Carlo calculations., " Med. Phys. 28, 1770-1775 (2001).
86. A. Piermattei, A. Fidanzio, F. Perrone, L. Azario, L. Grimaldi, P. Viola, and R. Capote, " Experimental dosimetry of a P32 catheter-based endovascular brachytherapy source., " Phys. Med. Biol. 48, 2283-2296 (2003).
87. R. Wang and X. A. Li, " Monte Carlo characterization of a P32 source for intravascular brachytherapy., " Med. Phys. 28, 1776-1785 (2001).
88. X. A. Li, M. Suntharalingam, and C. Yu, " Dosimetry of source stepping for intravascular brachytherapy., " Cardiovasc. Rad. Med. 2, 165-172 (2001).
89. J. Torres, M. J. Buades, J. F. Almansa, R. Guerrero, and A. M. Lallena, " Dosimetry characterization of P32 intravascular brachytherapy source wires using PENELOPE and GEANT4., " Med. Phys. 31, 296-304 (2004).
90. R. Jeraj, P. J. Keall, and P. M. Ostwald, " Comparisons between MCNP, EGS4 and experiment for clinical electron beams., " Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 705-717 (1999).
91. N. Reynaert, H. Palmans, H. Thierens, and R. Jeraj, " Parameter dependence of the MCNP electron transport in determining dose distributions., " Med. Phys. 29, 2446-2454 (2002).
92. D. R. Schaart, J. T. M. Jansen, J. Zoetelief, and P. F. A. de Leege, " A comparison of MCNP4C electron transport with ITS 3.0 and experiment at incident energies between 100 keV and 20 MeV: Influence of voxel size, substeps and energy indexing algorithm., " Phys. Med. Biol. 47, 1459-1484 (2002).
93. C. Kirisits, " Determination and application of the reference isodose length (RIL) for commercial endovascular brachytherapy devices., " Radiother. Oncol. 64, 309-315 (2002).
94. ICRU Report No. 50, Prescribing, recording and reporting photon beam therapy (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, 1993).
95. ICRU Report No. 62, Prescribing, recording and reporting photon beam therapy (Supplement to ICRU Report 50). (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, 1999).
96. R. Pötter, " Recommendations of the EVA GEC ESTRO Working Group: prescribing, recording, and reporting in endovascular brachytherapy. Quality assurance, equipment, personnel and education., " Radiother. Oncol. 59, 339-360 (2001).
97. C. G. Soares, " Consistency standards for source strength of beta-particle sources., " Vasc. Radiother. Monitor 3, 59-63 (2001).
98. D. Flühs, M. Heintz, F. Indenkämpen, C. Wieczorek, H. Kolanoski, and U. Quast, " Direct reading measurement of absorbed dose with plastic scintillators-The general concept and applications to ophthalmic dosimetry., " Med. Phys. 23, 427-434 (1996).
99. R. Colĺ, " Chemical digestion and radionuclidic assay of TiNi-encapsulated P32 intravascular brachytherapy sources., " Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 811-833 (1999).
100. M. Dinsmore, K. J. Harte, A. P. Sliski, D. O. Smith, P. M. Nomikos, M. J. Dalterio, A. J. Boom, W. F. Leonard, P. E. Oettinger, and J. C. Yanch, " A new miniature x-ray source for interstitial radiosurgery: device description., " Med. Phys. 23, 45-52 (1996).
101. 103Pd ocular brachytherapy source., " Med. Phys. 31, 1914 (2004) (abstract).