Simulation of subantarctic mode ana antarctic intermediate waters in climate models

Journal of Climate

Volumn 20, Issue 20, 2007, Pages 5061-5080

  Sloyan, Bernadette M ^a   Kamenkovich, Igor V ^b  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; CLIMATOLOGY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; SALINITY MEASUREMENT; STORMS; VORTICITY; WIND EFFECTS;

DIAPYCNAL MIXING; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; SUBGRID-SCALE MIXING; SUBTROPICAL GYRES;

SEAWATER;

ANTARCTIC INTERMEDIATE WATER; CLIMATE MODELING; COMPUTER SIMULATION; GYRE; INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; SALINITY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WATER MASS;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (NORTH); SOUTHERN OCEAN;

EID: 35648945233     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI4295.1     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Arbic, B. K., and W. B. Owens, 2001: Climatic warming of Atlantic intermediate waters. J. Climate, 14, 4091-4108.
2. Banks, H., and R. Wood, 2002: Where to look for anthropogenic climate change in the ocean. J. Climate, 15, 879-891.
3. Banks, H., and N. L. Bindoff, 2003: Comparison of observed temperature and salinity changes in the Indo-Pacific with results from the coupled climate model HadCM3: Processes and mechanisms. J. Climate, 16, 156-166.
4. Bindoff, N. L., and J. A. Church, 1992: Warming of the water column in the south-west Pacific Ocean. Nature, 357, 59-62.
5. Bindoff, N. L., and T. J. McDougall, 1994: Diagnosing climate change and ocean ventilation using hydrographic data. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1137-1152.
6. Bindoff, N. L., and T. J. McDougall, 2000: Decadal changes along an Indian Ocean section at 32°S and their interpretation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1207-1222.
7. Bryden, H. L., E. L. McDonagh, and B. A. King, 2003: Changes in ocean water mass properties: Oscillations or trends? Science, 300, 2086-2088.
8. Dunn, J. R., and K. R. Ridgway, 2002: Mapping ocean properties in regions of complex topography. Deep-Sea Res. I, 49, 591-604.
9. Fyfe, J. C., and O. A. Saenko, 2006: Simulated changes in the extratropical southern hemisphere winds and currents. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06701, doi:10.1029/2005GL025332.
10. Gent, P. R., and J. C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155.
11. Gille, S. T., 2002: Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s. Science, 295, 1275-1277.
12. Gnanadesikan, A., 1999: A simple predictive model for the structure of the oceanic pycnocline. Science, 283, 2077-2079.
13. Gnanadesikan, A., B. L. Samuels, and R. D. Slater, 2003: Sensitivity of water mass transformation and heat transport to subgridscale mixing in coarse-resolution ocean models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1967, doi:10.1029/2003GL018036.
14. Gnanadesikan, A., and Coauthors, 2006: GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part II: The baseline ocean simulation. J. Climate, 19, 675-697.
15. Goodman, P. J., 2001: Thermohaline adjustment and advection in an OGCM. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1477-1497.
16. Gordon, A. L., 1986: Interocean exchange of thermocline water. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5037-5046.
17. Gordon, A. L., 2001: Interocean exchange. Ocean Circulation and Climate, G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould, Eds., Academic Press, 303-314.
18. Griffies, S. M., R. Pacanowski, and R. Hallberg, 2000: Spurious diapycnal mixing associated with advection in a z-coordinate ocean model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 538-564.
19. Hanawa, K., and L. D. Talley, 2001: Mode waters. Ocean Circulation and Climate, G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould, Eds., Academic Press, 373-386.
20. Johnson, G. C., and A. H. Orsi, 1997: Southwest Pacific Ocean water-mass changes between 1968/69 and 1990/91. J. Climate, 10, 306-316.
21. Kamenkovich, I. V., 2005: Role of daily surface forcing in setting the temperature and mixed layer structure of the Southern Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C07006, doi:10.1029/2004JC002610.
22. Kamenkovich, I. V., and E. S. Sarachik, 2004: Mechanisms controlling the sensitivity of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation to the parameterization of eddy transports in ocean GCMs. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1628-1647.
23. Kamenkovich, I. V., A. Sokolov, and P. H. Stone, 2002: An efficient climate model with a 3D ocean and statistical-dynamical atmosphere. Climate Dyn., 19, 585-598.
24. Keeling, R. F., 2002: On the freshwater forcing of the thermohaline circulation in the limit of low diapycnal rnixing. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 3077, doi:10.1029/2000JC000685.
25. Kraus, E. B., and J. S. Turner, 1967: A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline. 2. The general theory and its consequences. Tellus, 19, 98-106.
26. Large, W. G., and G. Danabasoglu, 2006: Attribution and impacts of upper-ocean biases in CCSM3. J. Climate, 19, 2325-2346.
27. Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys., 32, 363-403.
28. Ledwell, J. R., A. J. Watson, and C. S. Law, 1993: Evidence for slow mixing across the pycnocline from an open-ocean tracer-release experiment. Nature, 364, 701-703.
29. Marshall, J., and T. Radko, 2003: Residual-mean solutions for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its associated overturning circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2341-2354.
30. McCartney, M. S., 1977: Subantarctic Mode Water. A Voyage of Discovery: George Deacon 70th Anniversary Volume, M. V. Angel, Ed., Pergamon, 103-119.
31. McCartney, M. S., 1982: The subtropical recirculation of mode waters. J. Mar. Res., 40, 427-464.
32. Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada, 1982: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys., 20, 851-875.
33. Nakamura, M., and Y. Chao, 2000: On the eddy isopycnal thickness diffusivity of the Gent-McWilliams subgrid mixing parameterization. J. Climate, 13, 502-510.
34. Oke, P. R., and M. H. England, 2004: Oceanic response to changes in the latitude of the Southern Hemisphere subpolar westerly winds. J. Climate, 17, 1040-1054.
35. Orsi, A. H., T. Whitworth III, and W. D. Nowlin Jr., 1995: On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic circumpolar current. Deep-Sea Res. I, 42, 641-673.
36. Pardaens, A. K., H. T. Banks, J. M. Gregory, and P. R. Rowntree, 2003: Freshwater transports in HadCM3. Climate Dyn., 21, 177-195.
37. Piola, A. R., and D. T. Georgi, 1982: Circumpolar properties of Antarctic intermediate water and subantarctic mode water. Deep-Sea Res., 29, 687-711.
38. Piola, A. R., and A. L. Gordon, 1989: Intermediate water in the south-western South Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 36, 1-16.
39. Price, J. F., R. A. Weller, and R. Pinkel, 1986: Diurnal cycling: Observations and models of the upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling and wind mixing. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8411-8427.
40. Ribbe, J., 1999: On wind-driven mid-latitude convection in ocean general circulation models. Tellus, 51A, 517-525.
41. Ribbe, J., 2001: Intermediate water mass production controlled by southern hemisphere winds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 535-538.
42. Ridgway, K. R., and J. R. Dunn, 2003: Mesocale structure of the mean East Australian current system and its relationship with topography. Prog. Oceanogr., 56, 189-222.
43. Ridgway, K. R., J. R. Dunn, and J. L. Wilkin, 2002: Ocean interpolation by four-dimensional weighted least squares - Application to the waters around Australasia. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 1357-1375.
44. Rintoul, S. R., 1991: South Atlantic interbasin exchange. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2675-2692.
45. Rintoul, S. R., and M. H. England, 2002: Ekman transport dominates local air-sea fluxes in driving variability of subantarctic mode water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1308-1321.
46. Roberts, M., and D. Marshall, 2000: On the validity of down-gradient eddy closures in ocean models. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 28 613-28 627.
47. Roemmich, D., and P. Sutton, 1998: The mean and variability of ocean circulation past northern New Zealand: Determining the representativeness of hydrographic climatologies. J Geophys. Res., 103, 13 041-13 054.
48. Roemmich, D., J. Gilson, R. Davis, P. Sutton, S. Wijffels, and S. Riser, 2007: Decadal spinup of the South Pacific subtropical gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 162-173.
49. Russell, J. L., R. J. Stouffer, and K. W. Dixon, 2006: Intercomparison of the Southern Ocean circulations in IPCC coupled model control simulations. J. Climate, 19, 4560-4575.
50. Saenko, O. A., A. J. Weaver, and J. M. Gregory, 2003: On the link between the two modes of the ocean thermohaline circulation and the formation of global-scale water masses. J. Climate, 16, 2797-2801.
51. Santoso, A., and M. H. England, 2004: Antarctic intermediate water circulation and variability in a coupled climate model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 2160-2179.
52. Sarmiento, J. L., N. Gruber, M. A. Brzezinski, and J. P. Dunne, 2004: High-latitude controls of thermocline nutrients and low latitude biological productivity. Nature, 427, 56-60.
53. Saunders, P. M., and B. A. King, 1995: Oceanic fluxes on the WOCE A11 section. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1942-1958.
54. Schmitz, W. J., Jr., 1996: On the world ocean circulation. Volume II: The Pacific and Indian Oceans - A global update. Tech. Rep. WHOI-96-08, 237 pp.
55. Sloyan, B. M., and S. R. Rintoul, 2001a: Circulation, renewal, and modification of Antarctic mode and intermediate water. J Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1005-1030.
56. Sloyan, B. M., and S. R. Rintoul, 2001b: The Southern Ocean limb of the global deep overturning circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 143-173.
57. Suga, T., and L. D. Talley, 1995: Antarctic intermediate water circulation in the tropical and subtropical South Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13 441-13 454.
58. Treguier, A. M., O. Boebel, B. Barnier, and G. Madec, 2003: Agulhas eddy fluxes in a 1/6° Atlantic model. Deep-Sea Res. II, 50, 251-280.
59. Wang, X., P. H. Stone, and J. Marotzke, 1999: Global thermohaline circulation. Part I: Sensitivity to atmospheric moisture transport. J. Climate, 12, 71-82.
60. Wilson, S. G., 2000: How ocean vertical mixing and accumulation of warm surface water influence the "sharpness" of the equatorial thermocline. J. Climate, 13, 3638-3656.
61. Wong, A. P. S.N. L. Bindoff, and J. A. Church, 1999: Large-scale freshening of intermediate waters in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Nature, 400, 440-443.
62. Wunsch, C., and R. Ferrari, 2004: Vertical mixing, energy, and the general circulation of the oceans. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 36, 281-314.
63. Yeager, S. G., C. A. Shields, W. G, Large, and J. J. Hack, 2006; The low-resolution CCSM3. J. Climate, 19, 2545-2566.