Suppressing and focusing on a negative memory in social anxiety: Effects on unwanted thoughts and mood

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Volumn 45, Issue 12, 2007, Pages 2836-2849

  Magee, Joshua C ^a   Zinbarg, Richard E ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Intrusive thought; Social anxiety; Social interaction; Thought suppression

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEMORY; MONITORING; MOOD; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL PHOBIA; THINKING; VERBALIZATION;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; MEMORY; REPRESSION; THINKING;

EID: 35549007134     PISSN: 00057967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.05.003     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Abramowitz J., Tolin D., and Street G. Paradoxical effects of thought suppression: A meta-analysis of controlled studies. Clinical Psychology Review 5 (2001) 683-703
2. Amir N., Cashman L., and Foa E.B. Strategies of thought control in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 35 (1997) 775-777
3. Becker E., Rinck M., Roth W., and Margraf J. Don't worry and beware of white bears: Thought suppression in anxiety patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 12 (1998) 39-55
4. Borkovec T.D., Ray W.J., and Stöber J. Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research 22 (1998) 561-576
5. Clark D.M., and Wells A. A cognitive model of social phobia. In: Heimberg R.G., Liebowitz M., Hope D., and Schneier F. (Eds). Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (1995), Guilford Press, New York 69-93
6. Collins K.A., Westra H.A., Dozois D.J.A., and Stewart S.H. The validity of the brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 19 (2005) 345-359
7. Cougle J.R., Smits J.A.J., Powers M.B., Lee H., and Telch M.J. Singular and combined effects of thought suppression instructions and anxiety induction on frequency of threatening thoughts: An experimental investigation. Cognitive Therapy and Research 29 (2005) 525-539
8. Fehm L., and Margraf J. Thought suppression: Specificity in agoraphobia versus broad impairment in social phobia?. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40 (2002) 57-66
9. Freeston M., and Ladoucer R. What do patients do with their obsessive thoughts?. Behaviour Research and Therapy 35 (1997) 335-348
10. Glass C.R., and Furlong M. Cognitive assessment of social anxiety: Affective and behavioral correlates. Cognitive Therapy and Research 14 (1990) 365-384
11. Harvey A.G., and Bryant R.A. The effect of attempted thought suppression in acute stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 36 (1998) 583-590
12. Hinrichsen H., and Clark D.M. Anticipatory processing in social anxiety: Two pilot studies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 34 (2003) 205-218
13. Hirsch C.R., Clark D.M., Mathews A., and Williams R. Self-images play a causal role in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 (2003) 1183-1192
14. Hirsch C.R., Meynen T., and Clark D.M. Negative self-imagery in social anxiety contaminates social interactions. Memory 12 (2004) 496-506
15. Leary M.R. A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 9 (1983) 371-375
16. Leary M.R. Social anxiousness: The construct and its measurement. Journal of Personality Assessment 47 (1983) 66-75
17. Mathews A. Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 28 (1990) 455-468
18. Mathews A., and Milroy R. Effects of priming and suppression of worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy 32 (1994) 843-850
19. McIntosh W.D., and Martin L.L. The cybernetics of happiness: The relation of goal attainment, rumination and affect. Review of Personality and Social Psychology 14 (1992) 222-246
20. Mellings T.M.B., and Alden L.E. Cognitive processes in social anxiety: The effects of self focus, rumination and anticipatory processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 (2000) 243-257
21. Miller, E., & Zinbarg, R. (2003). Anticipatory processing in social anxiety: The effects of memory and rumination on anxiety during social interaction. Unpublished manuscript, Northwestern University.
22. Muris P., de Jongh A., Merckelbach H., Postema S., and Vet M. Thought suppression in phobic and non-phobic dental patients. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 11 (1998) 275-287
23. Muris P., Merckelbach H., and Horselenberg R. Individual differences in thought suppression. The white bear suppression inventory: Factor structure, reliability, validity, and correlates. Behaviour Research and Therapy 34 (1996) 501-513
24. Muris P., Merckelbach H., Horselenberg R., Sijsenaar M., and Leeuw I. Thought suppression in spider phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 35 (1997) 769-774
25. Muris P., Merckelbach H., van den Hout M., and de Jong P. Suppression of emotional and neutral material. Behaviour Research and Therapy 30 (1992) 639-642
26. Pope K.S. How gender, solitude, and posture influence the stream of consciousness. In: Pope K.S., and Singer J.L. (Eds). The stream of consciousness (1978), Plenum Press, New York 259-299
27. Rassin E., Merckelbach H., and Muris P. Paradoxical and less paradoxical effects of thought suppression: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review 20 (2000) 973-995
28. Shipherd J.C., and Beck J.G. The effects of suppressing trauma-related thoughts on women with rape-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 37 (1999) 99-112
29. Smith T.W., Ingram R.E., and Brehm S.S. Social anxiety, anxious self-preoccupation, and recall of self-relevant information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44 (1983) 1276-1283
30. Spielberger C.D., Gorsuch R.L., Lushene R.E., Vagg R.E., and Jacobs G.A. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (1983), Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA
31. Tolin D.F., Abramowitz J.S., Przeworski A., and Foa E.B. Thought suppression in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40 (2002) 1255-1274
32. Trinder H., and Salkovskis P. Personally relevant intrusions outside the laboratory: Long-term suppression increases intrusion. Behaviour Research and Therapy 32 (1994) 833-842
33. Warda G., and Bryant R.A. Thought control strategies in acute stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 36 (1998) 1171-1175
34. Watson D., and Clark L.A. The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-Expanded form (1994), The University of Iowa
35. Wegner D.M. Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review 101 (1994) 34-52
36. Wegner D.M., and Erber R. The hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992) 903-912
37. Wegner D.M., Erber R., and Zanakos S. Ironic processes in the mental control of mood and mood-related thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993) 1093-1104
38. Wegner D.M., Schneider D.J., Carter S.R., and White T.L. Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 (1987) 500-508
39. Wegner D., and Zanakos S. Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality 62 (1994) 615-640
40. Wenzlaff R.M., and Wegner D.M. Thought suppression. Annual Review of Psychology 51 (2000) 59-91
41. Woody S. Effects of focus of attention on anxiety levels and social performance of individuals with social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105 (1996) 61-69
42. Woody S., and Rodriguez B. Self-focused attention and social anxiety in social phobics and normal controls. Cognitive Therapy and Research 24 (2000) 473-488