Singular and combined effects of thought suppression and anxiety induction on frequency of threatening thoughts: An experimental investigation

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Volumn 29, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 525-539

  Cougle, Jesse R ^a   Smits, Jasper A J ^b   Lee, Han Joo ^a   Powers, Mark B ^a   Telch, Michael J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Intrusive thoughts; Social phobia; Thought suppression

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTICIPATION; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; DEFENSE MECHANISM; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PREDICTION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; THINKING;

EID: 27544506677     PISSN: 01475916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10608-005-2793-x     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Baker, S. L., Heinrichs, N., Kim, H. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2002). The Liebowitz social anxiety scale as a self-report instrument: A preliminary psychometric analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 701-715.
2. Belloch, A., Morillo, C., & Giménez, A. (2004). Effects of suppressing neutral and obsession-like thoughts in normal subjects: beyond frequency. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(7), 841-857.
3. Blumberg, S. J. (2000). The white bear suppression inventory: Revisiting its factor structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 943-950.
4. Clark, D. M., Ball, S., & Pape, D. (1991). An experimental investigation of thought suppression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 253-257.
5. Clark, D. M., Winton, E., & Thynn, L. (1993). A further experimental investigation of thought suppression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 207-210.
6. Clark, D. A. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for OCD. New York, NY. US: Guilford Press.
7. Conway, M., Howell, A., & Giannopoulos, C. (1991). Dysphoria and thought suppression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15, 153-166.
8. Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., & Bryant, B. (1998). Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 508-519.
9. Fehm, L., & Margraf, J. (2002). Thought suppression: Specificity in agoraphobia versus broad impairment in social phobia? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 57-66.
10. Freeston, M. H., & Ladouceur, R. (1997). What do patients do with their obsessive thoughts? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 335-348.
11. Harnden, J. L., McNally, R. J., & Jimerson, D. C. (1997). Effects of suppressing thoughts about body weight: A comparison of dieters and nondieters. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22, 285-290.
12. Harvey, A. G., & Bryant, R. A. (1998). The effect of attempted thought suppression in acute stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 583-590.
13. Harvey, A. G., & Bryant, R. A. (1999). The role of anxiety in attempted thought suppression following exposure to distressing or neutral stimuli. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 39-52.
14. Heimberg, R. G., Horner, K. J., Juster, H. R., Safren, S. A., Brown, E. J., Schneier, F. R., et al. (1999). Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Psychological Medicine, 29, 199-212.
15. Horowitz, M. J. (1975). Intrusive and repetitive thoughts after experimental stress. A summary. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1457-1463.
16. Janeck, A. S., & Calamari, J. E. (1999). Thought suppression in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 497-509.
17. Kelly, A. E., & Kahn, J. H. (1994). Effects of suppression of personal intrusive thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 998-1006.
18. Koster, E. W., Rassin, E., & Crombez, G. (2003). The paradoxical effects of suppressing anxious thoughts during imminent threat. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1113-1120.
19. Liebowitz, M. R. (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems ofPharrnacopsychiatry, 22, 141-173.
20. Liebowitz, M. R., Schneier, F., Campeas, R., Hollander, E., Hatterer, J., Fyer, A., et al. (1992). Phenelzine vs. atenolol in social phobia: A placebo-controlled comparison. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 290-300.
21. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., & Ford, R. L. (1997). On regulation of recollection: The intentional forgetting of stereotypical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 709-719.
22. Mansell, W., & Clark, D. M. (1999). How do I appear to others? Social anxiety and processing of the observable self. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 419-434.
23. McNally, R. J., & Ricciardi, J. N. (1996). Suppression of negative & neutral thoughts. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 24, 17-25.
24. Purdon, C, & Clark, D. A. (2001). Suppression of obsession-like thoughts in nonclinical individuals: Impact on thought frequency, appraisal and mood state. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1163-1181.
25. Purdon, C. Rowa, K., & Antony, M. M. (2005). Thought suppression and its effects on thought frequency, appraisal and mood state in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 93-108.
26. Rachman, S., Grüter-Andrew, J., & Shafran, R. (2000). Post-event processing in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 611-617.
27. Smari, J., Birgisdottir, A., & Brynjolfsdottir, B. (1995). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and suppression of personally relevant unwanted thoughts. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 621-625.
28. Sorg, B. A., & Whitney, P. (1992). The effect of trait anxiety and situational stress on working memory capacity. Journal of Research in Personality, 26, 235-241.
29. Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
30. Telch, M. J.. Lucas, R. A., Smits, J. A. J., Powers, M. B., Heimberg, R. B.. & Hart, T. (2004). The Appraisal of Social Concerns (ASC): A cognitive assessment instrument for social phobia. Depression and Anxiety, 19(4), 217-224.
31. Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Przeworski, A., & Foa, E. B. (2002). Thought suppression in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1255-1274.
32. Trinder, H., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1994). Personally relevant intrusions outside the laboratory: Long-term suppression increases intrusion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 833-842.
33. Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34-52.
34. Wegner, D. M., & Erber, R. (1992). The hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 903-912.
35. Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D. J., Carter, S. R., III, & White, T. L. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 5-13.
36. Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D. J., Knutson, B., & McMahon (1991). Polluting the stream of consciousness: The effect of thought suppression on the mind's environment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15(2), 141-152.
37. Wegner, D. M., & Zanakos, S. (1994). Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality, 62, 616-640.
38. Wenzlaff, R. M., & Bates, D. E. (1998). Unmasking a cognitive vulnerability to depression: How lapses in mental control reveal depressive thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1559-1571.
39. Wenzlaff, R. M., Wegner, D. M., & Roper, D. W. (1988). Depression and mental control: The resurgence of unwanted negative thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 882-892.
40. Williams, J., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1988). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. Chichester, England: Wiley.