Small cell lung cancer: Have we made any progress over the last 25 years?

Oncologist

Volumn 12, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 1096-1104

  Lally, Brian E ^a   Urbanic, James J ^a   Blackstock, A William ^a   Miller, Antonius A ^a   Perry, Michael C ^b  

^a WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEVACIZUMAB; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DNA TOPOISOMERASE INHIBITOR; DONEPEZIL; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GEMCITABINE; GYRASE INHIBITOR; IFOSFAMIDE; IRINOTECAN; NAVELBINE; PACLITAXEL; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; TOPOTECAN; VINCRISTINE;

BRAIN INJURY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM METASTASIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG POTENTIATION; EARLY INTERVENTION; ESOPHAGITIS; GLIOMA; HUMAN; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LUNG SMALL CELL CANCER; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION DOSE FRACTIONATION; RADIATION INJURY; REVIEW; THERAPY DELAY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY;

ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; CRANIAL IRRADIATION; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; NEOPLASM STAGING; RADIOTHERAPY DOSAGE; RADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 35548956927     PISSN: 10837159     EISSN: 1549490X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.12-9-1096     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Einhorn LH, Bond WH, Hornback N et al. Long-term results in combined-modality treatment of small cell carcinoma of the lung. Semin Oncol 1978;5:309-313.
2. Govindan R, Page N, Morgensztern D et al. Changing epidemiology of small-cell lung cancer in the United States over the last 30 years: Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiologic, and End Results database. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4539-4544.
3. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 2007;57:43-66.
4. Seifter EJ, Ihde DC. Therapy of small cell lung cancer: A perspective on two decades of clinical research. Semin Oncol 1988;15:278-299.
5. Osterlind K, Hansen HH, Hansen M et al. Long-term disease-free survival in small-cell carcinoma of the lung: A study of clinical determinants. J Clin Oncol 1986;4:1307-1313.
6. Albain KS, Crowley JJ, Livingston RB. Long-term survival and toxicity in small cell lung cancer. Expanded Southwest Oncology Group experience. Chest 1991;99:1425-1432.
7. Lassen U, Osterlind K, Hansen M et al. Long-term survival in small-cell lung cancer: Posttreatment characteristics in patients surviving 5 to 18+ years-an analysis of 1,714 consecutive patients. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:1215-1220.
8. Tai P, Tonita J, Yu E et al. Twenty-year follow-up study of long-term survival of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer and overview of prognostic and treatment factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;56:626-633.
9. Byhardt RW, Hartz A, Libnoch JA et al. Prognostic influence of TNM staging and LDH levels in small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1986;12:771-777.
10. Gandhi L, Johnson BE. Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with small cell lung cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2006;4:631-638.
11. Paesmans M, Sculier JP, Lecomte J et al. Prognostic factors for patients with small cell lung carcinoma: Analysis of a series of 763 patients included in 4 consecutive prospective trials with a minimum follow-up of 5 years. Cancer 2000;89:523-533.
12. Green RA, Humphrey E, Close H et al. Alkylating agents in bronchogenic carcinoma. Am J Med 1969;46:516-525.
13. Weiss RB. Small-cell carcinoma of the lung: Therapeutic management. Ann Intern Med 1978;88:522-531.
14. Perry MC, Eaton WL, Propert KJ et al. Chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy in limited small-cell carcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med 1987;316:912-918.
15. Pignon JP, Arriagada R, Ihde DC et al. A meta-analysis of thoracic radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1618-1624.
16. Warde P, Payne D. Does thoracic irradiation improve survival and local control in limited-stage small-cell carcinoma of the lung? A meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 1992;10:890-895.
17. Janne PA, Freidlin B, Saxman S et al. Twenty-five years of clinical research for patients with limited-stage small cell lung carcinoma in North America. Cancer 2002;95:1528-1538.
18. Maksymiuk AW, Jett JR, Earle JD et al. Sequencing and schedule effects of cisplatin plus etoposide in small-cell lung cancer: Results of a North Central Cancer Treatment Group randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:70-76.
19. Liengswangwong V, Bonner JA, Shaw EG et al. Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: Patterns of intrathoracic recurrence and the implications for thoracic radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:496-502.
20. Kies MS, Mira JG, Crowley JJ et al. Multimodal therapy for limited small-cell lung cancer: A randomized study of induction combination chemotherapy with or without thoracic radiation in complete responders; and with wide-field versus reduced-field radiation in partial responders: A Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1987;5:592-600.
21. Schild SE, Bonner JA, Shanahan TG et al. Long-term results of a phase III trial comparing once-daily radiotherapy with twice-daily radiotherapy in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;59:943-951.
22. Bonner JA, Sloan JA, Shanahan TG et al. Phase III comparison of twice-daily split-course irradiation versus once-daily irradiation for patients with limited stage small-cell lung carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:2681-2691.
23. Turrisi AT 3rd, Kim K, Blum R et al. Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide. N Engl J Med 1999;340:265-271.
24. Bradley JD, Dehdashti F, Mintun MA et al. Positron emission tomography in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: A prospective study. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:3248-3254.
25. Takada M, Fukuoka M, Kawahara M et al. Phase III study of concurrent versus sequential thoracic radiotherapy in combination with cisplatin and etoposide for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: Results of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study 9104. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:3054-3060.
26. Spiro SG, James LE, Rudd RM et al. Early compared with late radiotherapy in combined modality treatment for limited disease small-cell lung cancer: A London Lung Cancer Group multicenter randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:3823-3830.
27. Fried DB, Morris DE, Poole C et al. Systematic review evaluating the timing of thoracic radiation therapy in combined modality therapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:4837-4845.
28. De Ruysscher D, Pijls-Johannesma M, Bentzen SM et al. Time between the first day of chemotherapy and the last day of chest radiation is the most important predictor of survival in limited-disease small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:1057-1063.
29. Bunn PA Jr, Crowley J, Kelly K et al. Chemoradiotherapy with or without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: A prospective phase III randomized study of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:1632-1641.
30. Steel GG. Terminology in the description of drug-radiation interactions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1979;5:1145-1150.
31. Steel GG, Peckham MJ. Exploitable mechanisms in combined radiotherapy-chemotherapy: The concept of additivity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1979;5:85-91.
32. Murray N, Grafton C, Shah A et al. Abbreviated treatment for elderly, infirm, or noncompliant patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:3323-3328.
33. Carney DN, Mitchell JB, Kinsella TJ. In vitro radiation and chemotherapy sensitivity of established cell lines of human small cell lung cancer and its large cell morphological variants. Cancer Res 1983;43:2806-2811.
34. Choi NC, Carey RW. Importance of radiation dose in achieving improved loco-regional tumor control in limited stage small-cell lung carcinoma: An update. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;17:307-310.
35. Roof KS, Fidias P, Lynch TJ et al. Radiation dose escalation in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;57:701-708.
36. Choi NC, Herndon JE, Rosenman J et al. Phase I study to determine the maximum-tolerated dose of radiation in standard daily and hyperfractionated- accelerated twice-daily radiation schedules with concurrent chemotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:3528-3536.
37. Bogart JA, Herndon JE, Lyss AP et al. 70 Gy thoracic radiotherapy is feasible concurrent with chemotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: Analysis of Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 39808. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;59:460-468.
38. Movsas B, Moughan J, Komaki R et al. Radiotherapy patterns of care study in lung carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4553-4559.
39. Komaki R, Swann RS, Ettinger DS et al. Phase I study of thoracic radiation dose escalation with concurrent chemotherapy for patients with limited small-cell lung cancer: Report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Protocol 97-12. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;62:342-350.
40. Fowler JF. The linear-quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 1989;62:679-694.
41. Auperin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1999;341:476-484.
42. Fonseca R, O'Neill BP, Foote RL et al. Cerebral toxicity in patients treated for small cell carcinoma of the lung. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74:461-465.
43. Slotman B, Faivre-Finn C, Kramer G et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Eng J Med 2007;357:644-672.
44. Shaw EG, Robbins ME. The management of radiation-induced brain injury. Cancer Treat Res 2006;128:7-22.
45. Shaw EG, Rosdhal R, D'Agostino RB Jr et al. Phase II study of donepezil in irradiated brain tumor patients: Effect on cognitive function, mood, and quality of life. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:1415-1420.
46. Evans WK, Shepherd FA, Feld R et al. VP-16 and cisplatin as first-line therapy for small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1985;3:1471-1477.
47. Okamoto H, Watanabe K, Kunikane H et al. Randomized phase III trial of carboplatin (C) plus etoposide (E) vs. split doses of cisplatin (P) plus etoposide (E) in elderly or poor-risk patients with extensive disease small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC): JCOG9702. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(16 suppl):Abstract 7010.
48. Noda K, Nishiwaki Y, Kawahara M et al. Irinotecan plus cisplatin compared with etoposide plus cisplatin for extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2002;346:85-91.
49. Hanna N, Bunn PA Jr, Langer C et al. Randomized phase III trial comparing irinotecan/cisplatin with etoposide/cisplatin in patients with previously untreated extensive-stage disease small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2038-2043.
50. Girling DJ. Comparison of oral etoposide and standard intravenous multidrug chemotherapy for small-cell lung cancer: A stopped multicentre randomised trial. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. Lancet 1996;348:563-566.
51. Lowenbraun S, Bartolucci A, Smalley RV et al. The superiority of combination chemotherapy over single agent chemotherapy in small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 1979;44:406-413.
52. Souhami RL, Spiro SG, Rudd RM et al. Five-day oral etoposide treatment for advanced small-cell lung cancer: Randomized comparison with intravenous chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:577-580.
53. Niell HB, Herndon JE 2nd, Miller AA et al. Randomized phase III intergroup trial of etoposide and cisplatin with or without paclitaxel and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 9732. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:3752-3759.
54. Mavroudis D, Papadakis E, Veslemes M et al. A multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing paclitaxel-cisplatin-etoposide versus cisplatin-etoposide as first-line treatment in patients with small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2001;12:463-470.
55. Pujol JL, Daures JP, Riviere A et al. Etoposide plus cisplatin with or without the combination of 4-epidoxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in treatment of extensive small-cell lung cancer: A French Federation of Cancer Institutes multicenter phase III randomized study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:300-308.
56. Loehrer PJ Sr, Ansari R, Gonin R et al. Cisplatin plus etoposide with and without ifosfamide in extensive small-cell lung cancer: A Hoosier Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:2594-2599.
57. Schiller JH, Adak S, Cella D et al. Topotecan versus observation after cisplatin plus etoposide in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: E7593-a phase III trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2114-2122.
58. Sculier JP, Berghmans T, Castaigne C et al. Maintenance chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer: A critical review of the literature. Lung Cancer 1998;19:141-151.
59. von Pawel J, Schiller JH, Shepherd FA et al. Topotecan versus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine for the treatment of recurrent small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:658-667.
60. O'Brien ME, Ciuleanu TE, Tsekov H et al. Phase III trial comparing supportive care alone with supportive care with oral topotecan in patients with relapsed small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:5441-5447.
61. Eckardt JR, von Pawel J, Papai Z et al. Open-label, multicenter, randomized, phase III study comparing oral topotecan/cisplatin versus etoposide/cisplatin as treatment for chemotherapy-naive patients with extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2044-2051.
62. Roth BJ, Johnson DH, Einhorn LH et al. Randomized study of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine versus etoposide and cisplatin versus alternation of these two regimens in extensive small-cell lung cancer: A phase III trial of the Southeastern Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1992;10:282-291.
63. Sundstrom S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S et al. Cisplatin and etoposide regimen is superior to cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and vincristine regimen in small-cell lung cancer: Results from a randomized phase III trial with 5 years' follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:4665-4672.
64. Saito H, Takada Y, Ichinose Y et al. Phase II study of etoposide and cisplatin with concurrent twice-daily thoracic radiotherapy followed by irinotecan and cisplatin in patients with limited-disease small-cell lung cancer: West Japan Thoracic Oncology Group 9902. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:5247-5252.
65. Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Acimovic L et al. Initial versus delayed accelerated hyperfractionated radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer: A randomized study. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:893-900.
66. Miller AA, Bogart JA, Watson DM et al. Phase II trial of paclitaxel-topotecan-etoposide (PTE) followed by consolidation chemoradiotherapy for limited stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC): CALGB 30002. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(16 suppl):662s.