Structural and physical changes in phenol-formaldehyde resol resin, as a function of the degree of condensation of the resol solution

Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research

Volumn 46, Issue 21, 2007, Pages 6916-6924

  Monni, Janne ^a   Alvila, Leila ^a   Pakkanen, Tuula T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONDENSATION; DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; FORMALDEHYDE; GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PHENOLS; REFRACTIVE INDEX; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); VISCOSITY;

AVERAGE MOLAR MASSES; RESOL SOLUTION; WOOD VENEER;

RESINS;

CONDENSATION; DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; FORMALDEHYDE; GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PHENOLS; REFRACTIVE INDEX; RESINS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); VISCOSITY;

EID: 35548953122     PISSN: 08885885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ie070297a     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (51)

1. Knop, A.; Pilato, L. A. Phenolic Resins: Chemistry, Applications and Performance; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1985.
2. Gardziella, A.; Pilato, L. A.; Knop, A. Phenolic Resins: Chemistry, Application, Standardization, Safety and Ecology; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 2000.
3. Bouajila, J.; Raffin, G.; Waton, H.; Sanglar, C.; Paisse, J. O.; Grenier-Loustalot, M-F. Phenolic Resins-Characterizations and Kinetic Studies of Different Resols Prepared with Different Catalysts and Formaldehyde/Phenol Ratios, Polym. Polym. Compos. 2002, 10, 341.
4. Astarloa-Aierbe, G.; Echeverria, J. M.; Martin, M. D.; Etxeberria, A. M.; Mondragon, I. Influence of the Initial Formaldehyde to Phenol Molar Ratio (F/P) on the Formation of a Phenolic Resol Resin Catalyzed with Amine. Polymer 2000, 41, 6191.
5. Grenier-Loustalot, M.-F.; Larroque, S.; Grande, D.; Grenier, P.; Bedel, D. Phenolic Resin: 2. Influence of Catalyst Type on Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics. Polymer 1996, 37, 1363.
6. Astarloa-Aierbe, G.; Echeverria, J. M.; Vazquez, A.; Mondragon, I. Influence of the Amount of Catalyst and Initial pH on the Phenolic Resol Resin Formation. Polymer 2000, 41, 3311.
7. Drumm, M. F.; LeBlanc, J. R. The Reactions of Formaldehyde with Phenols, Melamine, Aniline, and Urea. In Step-Growth Polymerizations; Solomon, D. H., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1972; pp 227-246.
8. Manfredi, L. B.; Riccardi, C. C.; de la Osa, O.; Vazquez, A. Modelling of Resol Resin Polymerization with Various Formaldehyde/Phenol Molar Ratios. Polym. Int. 2001, 50, 796.
9. Grenier-Loustalot, M-F.; Larroque, S.; Grenier, P. Phenolic Resins: 1. Mechanisms and Kinetics of Phenol and of the First Polycondensates Towards Formaldehyde in Solution. Polymer 1994, 35, 3046.
10. Astarloa-Aierbe, G.; Echeverria, J. M.; Riccardi, C. C.; Mondragon, I. Influence of the Temperature on the Formation of a Phenolic Resin Catalyzed with Amine. Polymer 2002, 43, 2239.
11. So, S.; Rudin, A. Analysis of the Formation and Curing Reactions of Resole Phenolics. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1990, 41, 205.
12. 13C-NMR Spectroscopy, Gel Permeation Chromatography, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. J. Appl. Polym, Sci. 1997, 66, 1183.
13. 13C-NMR Spectroscopy Analysis for Phenol-Formaldehyde Resol Resins. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1998, 69, 1805.
14. Fisher, T. H.; Chao, P.; Upton, C.; Day, A. J. One- and Two-Dimensional NMR Study of Resol Phenol-Formaldehyde Prepolymer Resins. Magn. Reson. Chem. 1995, 33, 717.
15. 13C NMR Study of the Methylol Derivatives of 2,4′- and 4,4′- dihydroxydiphenylmethanes Found in Resol Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2002, 40, 747.
16. 13C-NMR Study on Cure-Accelerated Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins with Carbonates. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2000, 77, 1284.
17. 13C N.M.R Characterization of Aqueous Formaldehyde Resins: 1. Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins. Polymer 1986, 27, 750.
18. 13C-NMR Analysis of Formaldehyde Resins. Angew. Macromol. Chem. 1977, 62, 1.
19. International Standard ISO 11409, Plastics-Phenolic Resins-Determination of Heats and Temperatures of Reaction by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1993.
20. Grenier-Loustalot, M.-F.; Larroque, S.; Grenier, P.; Bedel, D. Phenolic Resins: 3. Study of the Reactivity of the Initial Monomers Towards Formaldehyde at Constant pH, Temperature and Catalyst Type. Polymer 1996, 37, 939.
21. Grenier-Loustalot, M-F.; Larroque, S.; Grenier, P.; Bedel, D. Phenolic Resins: 4. Self-condensation of Methylolphenols in Formaldehyde-free Media. Polymer 1996, 37, 955.
22. Astarloa-Aierbe, G.; Echeverria, J. M.; Egiburu, J. L.; Ormaetxea, M.; Mondragon, I. Kinetics of Phenolic Resol Resin Formation by HPLC. Polymer 1998, 39, 3147.
23. Kim, M. G.; Wu, Y.; Amos, L. W. Polymer Structure of Cured Alkaline Phenol-Formaldehyde Resol Resins with Respect to Resin Synthesis Mole Ratio and Oxidative Side Reactions. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. 1997, 35, 3275.
24. 13C NMR Study of Resol-Type Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins. Macromolecules 1984, 17, 1081.
25. 13C NMR Investigation of the Stability of a Resol-Type Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Toward Formalin, Toward Base, and Toward Nonoxidizing of Oxidizing Acid. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1025.
26. So, S.; Rudin, A. Study of the Curing Reactions of Phenolic Resins by High Field Carbon-13 CP-MAS NMR Spectroscopy, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Lett. 1985, 23, 403.
27. Grenier-Loustalot, M.-F.; Larroque, S.; Grenier, P. Phenolic Resins: 5. Solid-state Physicochemical Study of Resoles with Variable F/P ratios. Polymer 1996, 37, 639.
28. Haupt, R. A.; Sellers, T. Phenolic Resin-Wood Interaction. Forest Prod. J. 1994, 44, 69.
29. Haupt, R. A.; Sellers, T. Characterizations of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resol Resins. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994, 33, 693.
30. Rudin, A.; Fyfe, C. A. Gel Permeation Chromatographic Analyses of Resole Phenolic Resins. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1983, 28, 2611.
31. Wellons, J. D.; Gollob, L. GPC and Light Scattering of Phenolic Resins-Problems in Determining Molecular Weights. Wood Sci. 1980, 13, 68.
32. Luukko, P.; Alvila, L.; Holopainen, T.; Rainio, J.; Pakkanen, T. T. Effect of Alkalinity on the Structure of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resol Resins. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 82, 258.
33. Christiansen, A. W.; Gollob, L. Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resols. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1985, 30, 2279.
34. Sebenik, A.; Vizovisek, I.; Lapanje, S. Determination of Kinetic Parameters for the Reaction Between Phenol and Formaldehyde by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Eur. Polym. J. 1974, 10, 273.
35. Park, B-D.; Riedl, B.; Kim, Y. S.; So, W. T. Effect of Synthesis Parameters on Thermal Behavior of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resol Resin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002, 83, 1415.
36. Monni, J.; Alvila, L.; Rainio, J.; Pakkanen, T. T. Novel Two-Stage Phenol-Formaldehyde Resol Resin Synthesis. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 103, 371.
37. Kenny, J. M.; Plsanello, G.; Farina, F.; Puzziello, S. Calorimetric Analysis of the Polymerization Reaction of a Phenolic Resin. Thermochim. Acta 1995, 269/270, 201.
38. Tonge, L. Y.; Hodgkin, J.; Blicblau, A. S.; Collins, P. J. Effects of Initial Phenol-Formaldehyde (PF) Reaction Products on the Curing Properties of PF Resin. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2001, 64, 721.
39. Hse, C.-Y. Properties of Phenolic Adhesives as Related to Bond Quality in Southern Pine Plywood. Forest Prod. J. 1971, 21, 44.
40. Aydin, I. Activation of Wood Surfaces for Glue Bonds by Mechanical Pre-treatment and its Effects on Some Properties of Veneer Surfaces and Plywood Panels. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2004, 233, 268.
41. Stehr, M.; Gardner, D. J.; Wålinder, M. E. P. Dynamic Wettability of Different Machined Wood Surfaces. J. Adhesion 2001, 76, 185.
42. Schupe, T. F.; Hse, C. Y.; Wang, W. H. An Investigation of Selected Factors that Influence Hardwood Wettability. Holzforchung 2001, 55, 541.
43. Vazquez, G.; Gonzalez-Alvarez, J.; Lopez-Suevos, F.; Antorrena, G. Effect of Veneer Side Wettability on Bonding Quality of Eucalyptus Globulus Plywoods Prepared Using a Tannin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Adhesive. Bioresour. Technol. 2003, 87, 349.
44. Schupe, T. E.; Hse, C. Y.; Choong, E. T.; Groom, L. H. Effect of Wood Grain and Veneer Side on Loblolly Pine Veneer Wettability. Forest Prod. J. 1998, 48, 95.
45. Hse, C.-Y. Wettability of Southern Pine Veneer by Phenol Formaldehyde Wood Adhesives. Forest Prod. J. 1972, 22, 51.
46. Scheikl, M.; Dunky, M. Measurement of Dynamic and Static Contact Angles on Wood for the Determination of its Surface Tension and the Penetration of Liquids into the Wood Surface. Holzforschung 1998, 52, 89.
47. Wålinder, M. E. P. Study of Lewis Acid-Base Properties of Wood by Contact Angle Analysis. Holzforchung 2002, 56, 363.
48. Nussbaum, R. M. Natural Surface Inactivation of Scots Pine and Norway Spruce Evaluated by Contact Angle Measurements. Holz Roh. Werkst. 1999, 57, 419.
49. Wellons, J. D. Wettability and Gluability of Douglas-fir Veneer. Forest Prod. J. 1980, 30, 53.
50. Shi, S. Q.; Gardner, D. J. Dynamic Adhesive Wettability of Wood. Wood Fiber Sci. 2001, 33, 58.
51. (51 ) International Standard ISO 3130, Wood-Determination of Moisture Content for Physical and Mechanical Tests, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1975.