Gender ideology and motherhood: The consequences of race on earnings

Sex Roles

Volumn 57, Issue 9-10, 2007, Pages 689-702

  Christie Mizell, C André ^a   Keil, Jacqueline M ^b   Kimura, Aya ^c   Blount, Stacye A ^c  

^a KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b KEAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AKRON   (United States)

Author keywords

Earnings; Fertility; Gender ideology; Race

Indexed keywords

EID: 35448949587     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-007-9292-3     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Althauser, R. P., & Kalleberg, A. L. (1981). Firms, occupations, and the structure of labor markets: A conceptual analysis. In I. Berg (Ed.), Sociological perspectives on labor markets (pp. 119-149). New York: Academic.
2. Aries, E. (1976). Interaction patterns and themes of male, female, and mixed groups. Small Group Behavior, 7, 7-18.
3. Babcock, L., & Laschever, S. (2003). Women don't ask: Negotiation and the gender divide. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
4. Baker, T. L., & Velez, W. (1996). Access to and opportunity in postsecondary education in the United States: A review. Sociology of Education, 69, 82-101.
5. Beck, E. M., Horan, P. M., & Tolbert, C. M., II (1980). Industrial segmentation and labor market discrimination. Social Problems, 28, 113-130.
6. Becker, G. S. (1971). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
7. Beutel, A., & Marini, M. M. (1996). Gender and values. American Sociological Review, 60, 436-448.
8. Bibb, R., & Form, W. (1977). The effects of industrial, occupational, and sex stratification on wages in blue-collar markets. Social Forces, 55, 974-996.
9. Bird, C. (1997). Gender differences in the social and economic burdens of parenting and psychological distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 809-823.
10. Blau, P. M., & Duncan, O. D. (1967). The American occupational structure. New York: Free Press.
11. Boyd, R. L. (1993). Differences in the earnings of black workers in the private and public sectors. Social Science Journal, 30, 133-142.
12. Brewster, K. L., & Padavic, I. (2002). No more kin care? Change in black mothers' reliance on relative for child care. Gender and Society, 16, 546-563.
13. Bumpass, L. L. (1984). Children and marital disruption: A replication and update. Demography, 21, 71-82.
14. Caspi, A., Wright, B. R. E., Moffit, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1998). Early failure in the labor market: Childhood and adolescent predictors of unemployment in the transition to adulthood. American Sociological Review, 63, 424-451.
15. Center for Human Resource Research (1999). NLSY79 user's guide: A guide to the 1979-1998 national longitudinal survey of youth data. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University.
16. Christie-Mizell, C. A. (2006). The effects of traditional family and gender ideology on earnings: Race and gender differences. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 27, 48-71.
17. Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
18. Corcoran, M. (1995). Rags to rags: Poverty and mobility in the U. S. Annual Review of Sociology, 21, 237-267.
19. Crittenden, A. (2001). The price of motherhood: Why the most important job in the world is still the least valued. New York: Metropolitan.
20. Crosby, F. J., Williams, J. C., & Biernat, M. (2004). The maternal wall. Journal of Social Issues, 60, 675-682.
21. Duncan, O. D. (1961). A socioeconomic index for all occupations. In A. J. Reiss (Ed.), Occupations and social status (pp. 109-138). New York: Free Press.
22. Duncan, O. D., Featherman, D. L., & Duncan, B. (1972). Socioeconomic background and achievement. New York: Seminar.
23. Farkas, G., & Vicknair, K. (1996). Appropriate tests of racial wage discrimination require controls for cognitive skill: Comment on Cancio, Evans, and Maume. American Sociological Review, 61, 557-560.
24. Firestone, J. M., Harris, R. J., & Lambert, L. C. (1999). Gender role ideology and the gender based differences in earnings. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 20, 191-215.
25. Geronimus, A. T. (1997). Teenage childbearing and personal responsibility: An alternative view. Political Science Quarterly, 112, 405-430.
26. Geronimus, A. T. (2003). Damned if you do: culture, identity, privilege, and teenage childbearing in the United States. Social Science and Medicine, 57, 881-893.
27. Guo, G. (1998). The timing of the influences of cumulative poverty on children's cognitive ability and achievement. American Sociological Review, 77, 257-288.
28. Hanson, S. L. (1994). Lost talent: Unrealized educational aspirations and expectations among U. S. youth. Sociology of Education, 67, 159-183.
29. Harley, S. (1994). For the good of family and race: Gender, work, and domestic roles in the Black community, 1880-1930. In D. G. Nieman (Ed.), The African American family in the South, 1861-1900. New York: Garland.
30. Harley, S. (1997). Speaking up: The politics of black women's labor history. In E. Higginbotham & M. Romero (Eds.), Women and work: Exploring race, ethnicity, and class (pp. 28-52). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31. Hatchett, S. J., & Jackson, J. S. (1999). African American extended kin systems: An empirical assessment in the national survey of black Americans. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Family ethnicity: Strength in diversity (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
32. Hochschild, A., & Machung, A. (1989). The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Academic.
33. Huston, A. C. (1983). Sex-typing. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael's manual of child psychology (4th ed., pp. 387-467). New York: Wiley.
34. Hundley, G. (2001). Domestic division of labor and self/organizationally employed differences in job attitudes and earnings. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 22, 121-139.
35. Kaufman, R. L. (1983). A structural decomposition of black-white earnings differentials. American Journal of Sociology, 89, 585-611.
36. Kilbourne, B., England, P., & Beron, K. (1994). Effects of individual, occupational, and industrial characteristics on earnings: Intersections of race and gender. Social Forces, 72, 1149-1176.
37. Macunovich, D. J. (1998). Race and relative income/price of time effects on U.S. fertility. Journal of Socio-Economics, 27, 365-400.
38. Marini, M. M. (1989). Sex differences in earnings in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 15, 343-380.
39. Marini, M. M., Fan, P., Finley, E., & Beutel, A. (1996). Gender and job values. Sociology of Education, 69, 49-65.
40. Mier, R., & Giloth, R. (1985). Hispanic employment opportunities: A case of internal labor markets and weak tied social networks. Social Science Quarterly, 66, 296-309.
41. Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, experience, and earnings. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
42. Mizell, C. A., & Steelman, L. C. (2000). All my children: The consequences of sibling group characteristics on the marital happiness of young mothers. Journal of Family Issues, 21, 858-887.
43. Morrison, D. R., & Ritualo, A. R. (2000). Routes to children's economic recovery after divorce: Are maternal cohabitation and recovery equivalent? American Sociological Review, 65, 560-580.
44. Nakao, K., & Treas, J. (1994). Updating occupational prestige and socioeconomic scores: How the new measures measure up. Sociological Methodology, 24, 1-72.
45. NLSY (1990). NLSY Attachment no. 3. NLSY documentation 1979-1988: Background materials, attachments, appendices and special survey documentation. Columbus, OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University.
46. Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 937-975.
47. Rankin, B. H., & Falk, W. W. (1991). Race, region, and earnings: Blacks and whites in the south. Rural Sociology, 56, 224-237.
48. Rossi, A. S., & Rossi, P. H. (1991). Of human bonding: Parent-child relations over the life course. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
49. Simon, R. (1995). Gender, multiple roles, role meaning, and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 182-194.
50. Solorzano, D. G. (1991). Mobility aspirations among racial minorities, controlling for ses. Sociology and Social Research, 75, 182-188.
51. South, S. J., & Spitze, G. (1986). Determinants of divorce over the marital life course. American Sociological Review, 51, 583-590.
52. Staples, R. (1986). The black family. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
53. Stewart, J. (2003). The mommy track: The Consequences of gender ideology and aspirations on age at first motherhood. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 30, 3-30.
54. Stolzenberg, R. M. (1980). The measurement and decomposition of causal effects in nonlinear and nonadditive models. In K. F. Schuessler (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 459-88). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
55. Tolbert, C. M., II, Horan, P. M., & Beck, E. M. (1980). The structure of economic segmentation: A dual economy approach. American Journal of Sociology, 85, 1095-1116.
56. U.S. Bureau of the Census (1984). 1980 census of the population: Classified index of industries and occupations. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
57. U.S. Bureau of the Census (2000). Current population reports, March 2000. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
58. Uttal, L. (1999). Using kin for child care: Embedment in the socioeconomic networks of extended families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 845-857.
59. Watts, D. S., & Watts, K. M. (1991). The impact of female-headed single parent families on academic achievement. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 17, 97-114.
60. Wilson, W. J. (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York: Knopf.