Density of rime in laboratory simulations of thunderstorm microphysics and electrification

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 101, Issue 23, 1996, Pages 29715-29719

  Williams, Earle R ^a   Zhang, Renyi ^b  

^a USA   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; ELECTRIFICATION; RIME; THUNDERSTORM;

EID: 3543123592     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/96jd03216     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Avila, E. E., and G. M. Caranti, A laboratory study of static charging by fracture in ice growing by riming, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10,611-10,620, 1994.
2. Atlas, D., The balance level in convective storms, J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 635-651, 1966.
3. Baker, B., M. B. Baker, E. R. Jayaratne, J. Latham, and C. P. R. Saunders, The influence of diffusional growth rates on the charge transfer accompanying rebounding collisions between the crystals and soft hailstones, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 1193-1215, 1987.
4. Cober, S. G., and R. List, Measurements of the heat and mass transfer parameters characterizing conical graupel growth, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1591-1609, 1993.
5. Dong, Y. Y., and J. Hallett, Droplet accretion during rime growth and the formation of secondary ice crystals, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 115, 127-142, 1989.
6. Dye, J. E., J. J. Jones, W. P. Winn, T. A. Cerni, B. Gardiner, D. Lamb, R. L. Pitter, J. Hallett, and C. P. R. Saunders, Early electrification and precipitation development in a small, isolated Montana cumulonimbus, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1231-1247, 1986.
7. Heymsfield, A. J., and M. R. Hjelmfelt, Processes of hydrometeor development in Oklahoma convective clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2811-2835, 1984.
8. Heymsfield, A. J., and D. J. Musil, Case study of a hailstorm in Colorado, II, Particle growth processes at mid-levels deduced from in-situ measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2847, 1982.
9. Heymsfield, A. J., and J. C. Pflaum, A quantitative assessment of the accuracy of techniques for calculating graupel growth, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2264-2274, 1985.
10. Jayaratne, E. R., C. P. R. Saunders, and J. Hallett, Laboratory studies of the charging of soft-hail during ice crystal interactions, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 109, 609-630, 1983.
11. Jayaratne, E. R., S. L. Peck, and C. P. R. Saunders, Comment on "A laboratory study of static charging by fracture in ice growing by riming" by Eldo E. Avila and Giorgio M. Caranti, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9533-9535, 1996.
12. Jones, K. F., The density of natural ice accretions related to nondimensional icing parameters, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 116, 477-496, 1990.
13. Keith, W. D., and C. P. R. Saunders, The effect of centrifugal acceleration on the charging of a riming hailstone, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 41, 55-61, 1989.
14. Keith, W. D., and C. P. R. Saunders, Further laboratory studies of the charging of graupel during ice crystal interactions, Atmos. Res., 25, 445-464, 1990.
15. Lhermitte, R. M., and E. R. Williams, Thunderstorm electrification: A case study, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6071-6078, 1985.
16. Ludlam, F. H., The heat economy of a rimed cylinder, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 663, 1951.
17. Macklin, W. C., The density and structure of ice formed by accretion, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 88, 30-50, 1962.
18. Macklin, W. C., and G. S. Payne, A theoretical study of the ice accretion process, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 195-214, 1967.
19. Musil, D. J., A. J. Heymsfield, and P. L. Smith, Microphysical characteristics of a well-developed weak echo region in a high plains supercell thunderstorm, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 1037-1051, 1986.
20. Pflaum, J. C., and H. R. Pruppacher, A wind funnel investigation of the growth of graupel initiated from frozen drops, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 680-689, 1979.
21. Prodi, F., L. Levi, and D. Peterzoli, The density of accreted ice, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 112, 1081-1090, 1986.
22. Rasmusson, R. M., and A. J. Heymsfield, Melting and shedding of graupel and hail, III, Investigation of the role of shed drops as hail embryos in the 1 August CCOPE severe storm, J Atmos. Sci., 44, 2783, 1987.
23. Raymond, D. J., and A. M. Blyth, Precipitation development in a New Mexico thunderstorm, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 115, 1397-1423, 1989.
24. Reynolds, S. E., M. Brook, and M. F. Gourley, Thunderstorm charge separation, J. Meteorol., 14, 426-436, 1957.
25. Saunders, C. P. R., A review of thunderstorm electrification processes, J. Appl. Meteorol., 32, 642-655, 1993.
26. Saunders, C. P. R., Reply, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1507-1510, 1995.
27. Saunders, C. P. R., and I. M. Brooks, The effects of high liquid water content on thunderstorm charging, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 14,671-14,676, 1992.
28. Saunders, C. P. R., and C. C. Zhang, Rime density, radial forces and atmospheric electricity, Atmos. Res., 21, 101-111, 1987.
29. Saunders, C. P. R., W. D. Keith, and R. P. Mitzeva, The effect of liquid water content on thunderstorm charging, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 11,007-11,017, 1991.
30. Scavuzzo, C. M., and G. M. Caranti, Thundercloud electrification analysis: The dependence on the temperature-LWC diagram, J. Atmos. Sci., in press, 1995.
31. Scavuzzo, C. M., E. E. Avila, and G. M. Caranti, Cloud electrification by fracture in ice-ice collisions, Atmos. Res., in press, 1995.
32. Schumann, T. E. W., The theory of hail formation, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 64, 3, 1938.
33. Takahashi, T., Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderstorms, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1536-1548, 1978.
34. Williams, E. R., Meteorological aspects of thunderstorms, in CRC Handbook on Atmospheric Electrodynamics, vol. I., edited by H. Volland, pp. 27-60, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1995a.
35. Williams, E. R., Comment on "Thunderstorm electrification laboratory experiments and charging mechanisms" by C. P. R. Saunders, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1503-1505, 1995b.
36. Williams, E. R., and R. Zhang, Comment on "The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging" by C. P. R. Saunders, W. D. Keith, and R. P. Mitzeva, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,819-10,821, 1993.
37. Williams, E. R., R. Zhang, and J. Rydock, Mixed-phase microphysics and cloud electrification, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2195-2203, 1991.