Climatic control of trace fossil distribution in the marine realm

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 228, Issue , 2004, Pages 77-92

  Goldring, Roland ^a   Cadée, Gerhard C ^b   D'Alessandro, Assunta ^c   de Gibert, Jordi M ^d   Jenkins, Richard ^e   Pollard, John E ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR SEA RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BARI   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^e SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE EFFECT; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; LATITUDE; MESOZOIC; TRACE FOSSIL;

ANNELIDA; CRUSTACEA; ECHINOIDA; ECHINOIDEA; SPATANGOIDA; THALASSINIDEA;

EID: 3543057017     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.05     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. AITKEN, A. E., RISK, M. J. & HOWARD, J. D. 1988. Animal-sediment relationships on a subarctic intertidal flat, Pangnirtung Fiord, Baffin Island, Canada. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 58, 969-978.
2. AMORE, F. O., CIAMPO, G., DI DONATO, V., ESPOSITO, P., ERMOLLI, E. R. & STAITI, D. 2000. An integrated micropalaeontological approach applied to Late Pleistocene-Holocene palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental changes (Gaeta Bay, Tyrrhenian Sea). In: HART, M. B. (ed.) Climates: Past and Present. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 181, 95-111.
3. ANDERSON, A. M. 1981. The Umfolozia arthropod trackways in Permian Dwyka and Ecca Series of South Africa. Journal of Paleontology, 55, 84-108.
4. AUSICH, W. I. & BOTTJER, D. J. 1982. Tiering in suspension-feeding communities on soft substrata throughout the Phanerozoic. Science, 216, 173-174.
5. BALDWIN, C. T. & MCCAVE, I. N. 1999. Bioturbation in an active deep-sea area: implications for models of trace fossil tiering. Palaios, 14, 375-388.
6. BATHER, F. A. 1911. Upper Cretaceous terebelloids from England. Geological Magazine, 8, 481-487, 549-556.
7. BLAND, B. H., GIBERT, J. M. DE & GOLDRING, R. 2001. A fossil whodunnit. Geology Today, 17, 229-230.
8. BOTTJER, D. J. & AUSICH, W. I. 1982. Tiering and sampling requirements in paleocommunity reconstruction. Proceedings of the Third North American Paleontological Convention, 1, 57-59.
9. BOTTJER, D. J., DROSER, M. L. & JABLONSKI, D. 1987. Bathymetric trends in the history of trace fossils. In: BOTTJER, D. J. (ed.) New Concepts in the Use of Biogenic Sedimentary Structures for Paleoenvironment Interpretation. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, Los Angeles, California, 57-65.
10. BOTTJER, D. J., DROSER, M. L. & JABLONSKI, D. 1988. Paleoenvironmental trends in the history of trace fossils. Nature, 333, 252-255.
11. BOTTJER, D. J., DROSER, M. L. & DORNBOS, S. Q. 2000. The Cambrian susbstrate revolution. GSA Today, 10, 1-7.
12. BOWN, T. M. & LAZA, J. H. 1990. A Miocene termite nest from southern Argentina and its paleoclimatological implications. Ichnos, 1, 73-79.
13. BRADY, L. F. 1947. Invertebrate tracks from Coconino Sandstone of northern Arizona. Journal of Paleontology, 21, 466-472.
14. BRADDY, S. J. 1999. Terrestrial trace fossils from the Robledo Mountains ichnofauna (Lower Permian) of southern New Mexico. Geoscientist, 9, 5-6.
15. BROMLEY, R. G. 1996. Trace Fossils: Biology, Taphonomy and Applications (2nd edn). Chapman & Hall, London.
16. BROMLEY, R. G. & ASGAARD, U. 1975. Sediment structures produced by a spatangoid echinoid: a problem of preservation. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 24, 261-281.
17. BROMLEY, R. G. & GOLDRING, R. 1992. The palaeoburrows at the Cretaceous to Palaeocene firm-ground unconformity in southern England. Tertiary Research, 13, 95-102.
18. BUATOIS, L. A. & MÁNGANO, M. G. 1993. Ecospace utilization, paleoenvironmental trends and the evolution of early nonmarine biotas. Geology, 21, 595-598.
19. BUATOIS, L. A., MÁNGANO, M. G., GENISE, J. F. & TAYLOR, T. N. 1998. The ichnological record of the continental invertebrate invasion: evolutionary trends in environmental expansion, ecospace utilization and behavioral complexity. Palaios, 13, 217-240.
20. BUATOIS, L. A., BROMLEY, R. G., MÁNGANO, M. G., BELLOSI, E. & CARMONA, N. 2003. Ichnology of shallow marine deposits in the Miocene Chenque Formation of Patagonia: complex ecologic structure and niche partitioning in Neogene ecosystems. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial, 9, 1-11.
21. CADÉE, G. C. 2001. Sediment dynamics by bioturbating organisms. In: REISE, K. (ed.) Ecological Comparisons of Sedimentary Shores. Ecological Studies, Springer, Berlin, 151, 127-148.
22. CAMPBELL, K. A. & NESBITT, E. A. 2000. High-resolution architecture and paleoecology of an active margin, storm-flood influenced estuary, Quinault Formation (Pliocene), Washington. Palaios, 15, 553-579.
23. CARMONA, N. B. & BUATOIS, L. A. 2003. Estructuras biogénicas de crustáceos en el Mioceno de la cuenca del Golfo San Jorje: implicancias paleobiológicas y evolutivas. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial, 9, 97-108
24. CLEMMENSEN, L. B. 1979. Triassic lacustrine red-beds and palaeoclimate: The 'Buntsandstein' of Helgoland and the Malmos Klint Member of East Greenland. Geologische Rundschau, 68, 748-774.
25. COLLINSON, M. E. 1983. Fossil Plants of the London Clay. Palaeontological Association Field Guides to Fossils, No. 1, London.
26. D'ALESSANDRO, A. & MASSARI, F. 1997. Pliocene and Pleistocene depositional environments in the Pesculuse area (Salento, Italy). Revista Italiana de Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 103, 221-258.
27. D'ALESSANDRO, A., MASSARI, F., DAVAUD, E. & GHIBAUDO, G. (in press) Pliocene-Pleistocene sequences bounded by subaerial unconformities within foramol ramp calcarentites and mixed deposits (Salento, SE Italy). Sedimentary Geology.
28. DÖRJES, J. 1971. Der Golf von Gaeta (Tyrrhenisches Meer). IV. Das Makrobenthos und seine küstenparallelen Zonierung. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 3, 203-246.
29. DÖRJES, J. 1972. Georgia coastal region, Sapelo Island, USA: sedimentology and biology. VII, Distribution and zonation of macrobenthic animals. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 4, 183-216.
30. DROSER, M. L. & BOTTJER, D. J. 1988. Trends in depth and extent of bioturbation in Cambrian carbonate marine environments, western United States. Geology, 16, 233-236.
31. DROSER, M. L. & BOTTJER, D. J. 1989. Ordovician increase in extent and depth of bioturbation: implications for understanding early Paleozoic ecospace utilization. Geology, 17, 850-852.
32. DROSER, M. L. & BOTTJER, D. J. 1993. Trends and patterns of Phanerozoic ichnofabrics. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science 1993, 21, 205-225.
33. DWORSCHAK, P. C. 2000. Global diversity in the Thalassinidea (Decapoda). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 20, special number 2, 238-245.
34. EYLES, N., VOSSLER, S. M. & LAGOE, M. B. 1992. Ichnology of a glacially-influenced continental shelf and slope; the late Cenozoic Gulf of Alaska (Yakataga Formation). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 94, 193-221.
35. FELL, H. B. 1948. A key to the sea-urchins of New Zealand. Tuatara, 1, 6-13.
36. FÖLLMI, K. B. & GRIMM, K. A. 1990. Doomed pioneers: gravity-flow pioneers and bioturbation in marine oxygen-deficient environments. Geology, 18, 1069-1072.
37. FREY, R. W., HOWARD, J. D. & PRYOR, W. A. 1978. Ophiomorpha: its morphologic, taxonomic, and environmental significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 23, 199-229.
38. FREY, R. W., CURRAN, H. A. & PEMBERTON, S. G. 1984. Tracemaking activities of crabs and their environmental significance: the ichnogenus Psilonichnus. Journal of Paleontology, 58, 333-350.
39. FREY, R. W., HOWARD, J. D. & HONG, J.-S. 1987. Prevalent lebensspuren on a modern macrotidal flat, Inchon, Korea: ethological and environmental significance. Palaios, 2, 571-593.
40. FU, S. & WERNER, F. 2000. Distribution, ecology and taphonomy of the organism trace, Scolicia, in northeast Atlantic deep-sea sediments. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 156, 289-300.
41. FÜRSICH, F. T. 1973. A revision of the trace fossils Spongeliomorpha, Ophiomorpha and Thalassinoides. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1973, 719-735.
42. FÜRSICH, F. T. 1981. Invertebrate trace fossils from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. Communiques Serviços Geologicos de Portugal, 67, 53-168.
43. GENISE J. F., MÁNGANO, M. G., BUATOIS, L. A., LAZA, J. H. & VERDE, M. 2000. Insect trace fossil associations in paleosols: the Coprinisphaera ichnofacies. Palaios, 15, 49-64.
44. GIBERT, J. M. DE. 1996a. A new decapod burrow system from the NW Mediterranean Pliocene. Revista Española de Paleontologia, 11, 251-254.
45. GIBERT, J. M. DE. 1996b. Diopatrichnus odlingi n. isp. (annelid tube) and associated ichnofabrics in the White Limestone (M. Jurassic) of Oxfordshire: sedimentological and palaeoecological significance. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 107, 189-198.
46. GIBERT, J. M. DE & MARTINELL, J. 1998. Ichnofabrics of the Pliocene marginal marine basins of the northwestern Mediterranean. Revista de la Societat Geológica de España, 11, 43-56.
47. GIBERT, J. M. DE & MARTINELL, J. 1999. Proximal-distal variations of trace fossil assemblages in a Pliocene ria, Baix Llobregat, northeastern Spain. Revista de la Societat Geológica de España, 12, 209-214.
48. GIBERT, J. M. DE, JEONG, K. & MARTINELL, J. 1999. Ethologic and ontogenetic significance of the Pliocene trace fossil Sinusichnus sinuous from the northwestern Mediterranean. Lethaia, 32, 31-40.
49. GINGRAS, M. K., PEMBERTON, S. G., SAUNDERS, T. & CLIFTON, H. E. 1999. The ichnology of modern and Pleistocene brackish-water deposits at Willapa Bay, Washington: variability in estuarine settings. Palaios, 14, 352-374.
50. GINGRAS, M. K., HUBBARD, S. M., PEMBERTON, S. G. & SAUNDERS, T. 2000. The significance of Psilonichnus at Willapa Bay, Washington. Palaios, 15, 142-151.
51. GINGRAS, M. K., RÄDÄNEN, M. & RANZI, A. 2002. The significance of bioturbated inclined heterolithic stratification in the southern part of the Miocene Solimoes Formation, Rio Acre, Amazonia Brazil. Palaios, 17, 591-601.
52. GLAUB, I. 1994. Mikrobohrungen in ausgewählten Ablagerungensräumen des europäischen Jura und der Unterkreide (Klassifikation und Palökologie). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 174, 1-324.
53. GLAUB, I. 1999. Microborings and bathymetrical reconstructions. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 45, 143-146.
54. GLAUB, I. 2004 Recent and sub-recent microborings from the upwelling area off Mauritania (West Africa) and their implications for palaeoecology. In: MCILROY, D. (ed.) The Application of Ichnology to Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228, 63-76.
55. GLAUB, I., GEKTIDIS, M. & VOGEL, K. 2002. Microborings from different North Atlantic shelf areas: variability of the euphotic zone extension and implications for palaeodepth reconstructions. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 237, 25-37.
56. GOLDRING, R. 1996. The sedimentological significance of concentrically laminated burrows from Lower Cretaceous Ca-bentonites, Oxfordshire. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 153, 255-263.
57. GOLDRING, R., GRUSZCZYNSKI, M. & GATT, P. A. 2002. Bow-form burrow and its sedimentological and paleoecological significance. Palaios, 17, 622-630.
58. GREGORY, M. R. 1985. The 'Bow Tie' trace fossil from East Cape, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Record, 9, 56-58.
59. GRIFFIS, R. B. & SUCHANEK, T. H. 1991. A model of burrow architecture and trophic modes in thalassinidean shrimp (Decapoda: Thalassinidean). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 79, 171-183.
60. HANKEN, N.-M., BROMLEY, R. G. & MILLER J. 1996. Plio-Pleistocene sedimentation in coastal grabens, north-east Rhodes, Greece. Geological Journal, 31, 393-418.
61. HAYWARD, P. J. & RYLAND, J. S. (eds) 1990. The Marine Fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe. Vol. 1: Introduction and Protozoans to Arthropods. Clarendon Press, Oxford
62. HERTWECK, G. 1972. Georgia coastal region, Sapelo Island, USA: sedimentology and biology. V, Distribution and environmental significance of lebensspuren and in-situ skeletal remains. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 4, 125-166.
63. INSALACO, E. 1996. The use of Late Jurassic coral growth bands as palaeoenvironmental indicators. Palaeontology, 39, 413-431.
64. JAMES, N. P. 1997. The cool-water carbonate depositional realm. In: JAMES, N. P. & CLARKE, J. A. D. (eds) Cool-Water Carbonates. Society for Sedimentary Geology, Special Publications, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 56, 185-203.
65. JAMES, N. P., BONE, Y., HAGEMAN, S., GOSTIN, V. A. & FEARY, D. A. 1997. Cool-water carbonate sedimentation during the terminal Quaternary, high-amplitude sea-level cycle: Lincoln Shelf, southern Australia. In: JAMES, N. P. & CLARKE, J. A. D. (eds) Cool-Water Carbonates. Society for Sedimentary Geology, Special Publications, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 56, 53-76.
66. JAMES, N. P., BONE, Y., COLLINS, L. B. & KYSER, K. 2001. Surficial sediments of the Great Australian Bight: facies dynamics and oceanography on a vast cool-water carbonate shelf. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 71, 549-567.
67. JENKINS, R. J. F. 1975. The fossil crab Ommatocarcinus corioensis (Cresswell) and a review of the related Australasian species. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 36, 33-62.
68. JENKINS, R. J. F. 1977 A new fossil homolid crab (Decapoda, Brachura), middle Tertiary, southeastern Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 101, 1-10.
69. JENKINS, R. J. F. 1985. Fossil spider crabs from Australia. In: MURRAY LINDSAY (ed.) Stratigraphy, Palaeontology, Malacology Papers in Honour of Dr Nell Ludbrook. Department of Mines and Energy South Australia, Special Publications, 5, 145-165.
70. JENSEN, S. & ATKINSON, R. J. A. 2001. Experimental production of animal trace fossils, with a discussion of allochthonous trace fossil producers. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 2001, 594-606.
71. KANAZAWA, K. 1992. Adaptation of test shape for burrowing and locomotion in spatangoid echinoids. Palaeontology, 35, 733-750.
72. KANAZAWA, K. 1995. How spatangoids produce their traces: relationship between burrowing mechanism and trace structure. Lethaia, 28, 211-219.
73. KANG, S. S. 1995. Reconstruction of the paleoenvironment and molluscan assemblage of the Lower Pleistocene Sogwipo Formation, Cheju Island, Korea. PhD thesis, Niigata University, Japan.
74. KIM, J.-Y. & HEO, W.-H. 1997. Shell beds and trace fossils of the Seogwipo Formation (Early Pleistocene), Jeju Island, Korea. Ichnos, 5, 89-99.
75. KOTAKE, N. 1989. Paleoecology of the Zoophycos producers. Lethaia, 22, 327-341.
76. LEES, A. 1975. Possible influence of salinity and temperature on modern shelf carbonate sedimentation. Marine Geology, 19, 159-198.
77. LEES, A. & BULLER, A. T. 1972. Modern temperate-water and warm-water shelf carbonate sediments contrasted. Marine Geology, 13, M67-M73.
78. LEWIS, D. N. 1989. Fossil Echinoidea from the Barton Beds (Eocene, Bartonian) of the type locality at Barton-on-Sea in the Hampshire Basin, England. Tertiary Research, 11, 1-47.
79. MCILROY, D. 2004. A review of some ichnologicai concepts, methodologies, applications and frontiers. In: MCILROY, D. (ed.) The Application of Ichnology to Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228, 3-27.
80. MCNAMARA, K. J., PHILLIP, G. M. & KRUSE, P. O. 1986. Tertiary brissid echinoids of southern Australia. Alcheringa, 10, 55-86.
81. MAHMOUDI, M. 1988. Nouvelle proposition de subdivisions stratigraphiques des dépôts attribués au Tyrrhénien en Tunisie (région de Monastir). Bulletin Société géologique de France, 1988 (8), IV, 431-435.
82. MARTINELL, J., DOMÈNECH, R. & MARQUINA, M. J. 1984. Molluscan assemblages in the north-east Spanish Pliocene. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helleniques, 32, 35-56.
83. NESBITT, E. A. & CAMPBELL, K. A. 2002. A new Psilonichnus ichnospecies attributed to mud-shrimp Upogebia in estuarine settings. Journal of Paleontology, 76, 892-961.
84. ORR, P. J. 1994. Trace fossil tiering within event beds and preservation of frozen profiles: an example from the Lower Carboniferous of Menorca. Palaios, 9, 202-210.
85. PEMBERTON, S. G., MACEACHERN, J. A. & FREY, R. W. 1992. Trace fossil facies models: environmental and allostratigraphic significance. In: WALKER, R. G. & JAMES, N. P. (eds) Facies Models. Geological Association of Canada, 47-72.
86. PERRY, C. T. 1998. Grain susceptibility to the effects of microboring: implications for the preservation of skeletal carbonates. Sedimentology, 45, 39-51.
87. PICKERILL, R. K., DONOVAN, S. K., DIXON, H. L. & DOYLE, E. N. 1993. Bichordites monastirensis from the Pleistocene of southeast Jamaica. Ichnos, 2, 225-230.
88. PLAZIAT, J.-C. & MAHMOUDI, M. 1988. Trace fossils attributed to burrowing echinoids: a revision including new ichnogenus and ichnospecies. Geobios, 21, 209-233.
89. POLLARD, J. E., GOLDRING, R. & BUCK, S. G. 1993. Ichnofabrics containing Ophiomorpha: significance in shallow-water facies interpretation. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 150, 149-164.
90. 13C values record strong seasonal productivity and stratification shifts during the late Eocene in England. Geology, 25, 871-874.
91. RADWANSKI, A. 1977. Present-day types of trace in the Neogene sequence; their problems of nomenclature and preservation. In: CRIMES, T. P. & HARPER, J. C. (eds) Trace Fossils 2, Geological Journal, Special Issue, 9, 227-264.
92. RADWANSKI, A., FRIIS, H. & LARSEN, G. 1975. The Miocene Hagenør-Børup sequence at Lillebælt (Denmark): its biogenic structures and depositional environment. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 24, 229-260.
93. RAFFI, S. 1986. The significance of marine boreal molluscs in the Early Pleistocene faunas of the Mediterranean area. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 52, 267-289.
94. RAJCHEL, J. & UCHMAN, A. 1999. Trace fossils from the Miocene transgresive siliciclastics near Dynów, SE Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae, 2, 433-440.
95. REINECK, H.-E. 1963. Sedimentgefüge im Bereich der südlichen Nordsee. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 505, 1-138.
96. ROSE, E. R. 1974. Stratigraphical and facies distribution of irregular echinoids in Miocene limestones of Gozo, Malta and Cyrenaica, Libya. Mémoire de Bureau Recherches Géologie et Mineral, 78, 349-355.
97. ROSE, E. R., PRATT, S. K. & BENNETT, S. M. 1992. Evidence for sea-level changes in the Globigerina Limestone Formation (Miocene) of the Maltese Islands. Paleontologia i Evolucio, 24-25, 265-276.
98. SANZ DE GALDEANO, C. & VERA, J. A. 1992. Stratigraphic record and palaeogeographical context of the Neogene basins in the Betic Cordillera, Spain. Basin Research, 4, 21-36.
99. SAVAGE, N. M. 1971. A varvite ichnocoenosis from the Dwyka Series of Natal. Lethaia, 4, 217-233.
100. SAVRDA, C. E. 1995. Ichnologic applications in paleooceanographic, paleoclimatic, and sea-level studies. Palaios, 10, 565-577.
101. SCHLIRF, M. 2000. Upper Jurassic trace fossils from the Boulonnais (northern France). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 34, 145-213.
102. SMITH, A. & CRIMES, T. P. 1983. Trace fossils formed by heart urchins: a study of Scolicia and related traces. Lethaia, 16, 79-92.
103. STAMHUIS, E. J., REEDE-DEKKER, T., ETTEN, Y. VAN, WILJES, J. J. DE & VIDELER, J. J. 1996. Behaviour and time allocation of the burrowing shrimp Callianassa subterranea (Decapoda, Thalassinidea). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 204, 225-239.
104. STAMHUIS, E. J., SCHREURS, C. E. & VOLELER, J. J. 1997. Burrow architecture and turbative activity of the thalassinid shrimp Callianassa subterranea from the central North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 151, 155-163.
105. SWINBANKS, D. D. & MURRAY, J. W. 1981. Biosedimentological zonation of Boundary Bay tidal flats, Fraser River Delta, British Columbia. Sedimentology, 28, 201-237.
106. TAYLOR, A., GOLDRING, R. & GOWLAND, S. 2003. Analysis and application of ichnofabrics. Earth Science Reviews, 60, 227-259.
107. TCHOUMATCHENCO, P. & UCHMAN, A. 2001. The oldest deep-sea Ophiomorpha and Scolicia and associated trace fossils from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous deep-water turbidite deposits of SW Bulgaria. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 169, 85-99.
108. UCHMAN, A. 1995. Taxonomy and palaeoecology of flysch trace fossils: the Marnoso-arenacea Formation and associated facies (Miocene, northern Apennines, Italy). Beringeria, 15, 3-115.
109. UCHMAN, A. 1999. Ichnology of the Rhenodanubian Flysch (Lower Cretaceous-Eocene) in Austria and Germany. Beringeria, 25, 67-173.
110. UCHMAN, A. & KRENMAYR, H.G. 1995. Trace fossils from Lower Miocene (Ottangian) molasse deposits of Upper Austria. Paläontologisches Zeitschrift, 69, 503-524.
111. VALDES, P. J., SPICER, R. A., SELLWOOD, B. W. & PALMER, D. C. 2000. Understanding Past Climates: Modelling Ancient Weather. CD-ROM, Gordon & Breach Science Publishers/OPA, Amsterdam.
112. VOGEL, K. & MARINCOVICH, L. (in press) Paleobathymetric implications of microborings in Tertiary strata of Alaska, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
113. VOGEL, K., BUNDSCHUH, M., GLAUB, I., HOFMANN, K., RADTKE, G. & SCHMIDT, H. 1995. Hard substrate ichnocoenoses and their relations to light intensity and marine bathymetry. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen, 195, 49-61.
114. WALTER, H. 1980. Zur Kenntnis der Ichnia limnischterrestrischer Arthropoden des Rotliegenden. Freiberger Forschungsheft, C357, 61-68.
115. WALTER, H. 1982. Zur Ichnologie der Oberen Hornberger Schichten des ostlichen Harzvorland. Freiberger Forschungsheft, C366, 45-48.
116. WALTER, H. 1983. Zur Taxonomie, Ökologie und Biostratigraphie der Ichnia limnisch-terrestrischer Arthropoden des mitteleuropaischen Jungpaläozoikums. Freiberger Forschungsheft, C382, 146-193.
117. WARD, D. M. & LEWIS, D. W. 1975. Paleoenvironmental implications of storm-scoured, ichnofossiliferous mid-Tertiary limestones, Waihao District, South Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics, 18, 881-908.
118. WETZEL, A. & UCHMAN, A. 2001. Sequential colonization of muddy turbidites in the Eocene Beloveza Formation, Carpathians, Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 168, 171-186.
119. WIDDICOMBE, S. & AUSTEN, M. C. 1998. Experimental evidence for the role of Brissopsis lyifera (Forbes 1841) as a critical species in the maintenance of benthic diversity and the modification of sediment chemistry. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 228, 241-255.
120. WIGNALL, P. B. 1994. Black Shales. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, 30, Oxford Science Publications, Oxford.
121. WRIGHT, A. J., YOUNG, G. C., TALENT, J. A. & LAURIE, J. R. (eds) 2000. Palaeobiogeography of Australasian Faunas and Floras. Association of Australasian Palaeontologists Memoirs, 23, 470pp.