Periventricular leucomalacia: A review

European Journal of Pediatrics

Volumn 163, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 435-442

  Blumenthal, Ivan ^a  

^a ROYAL OLDHAM HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cerebral ischaemia; Cerebral palsy; Free radical injury; Leucomalacia; Prematurity; White matter damage

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; SCAVENGER;

ATROPHY; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; CELL DESTRUCTION; CHORIOAMNIONITIS; CYST; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; DISABILITY; ECONOMIC ASPECT; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; GESTATIONAL AGE; GLIOSIS; HUMAN; HYPOCAPNIA; HYPOTENSION; INFECTION; ISCHEMIA; LEUKOMALACIA; MICROVASCULATURE; MYELINATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OLIGODENDROGLIA; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREMATURE LABOR; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; STEM CELL; VASCULARIZATION; WHITE MATTER;

EID: 3543007811     PISSN: 03406199     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-004-1477-y     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Adcock LM, Moore PJ, Schlesinger AE, Armstrong DL (1998) Correlation of ultrasound with postmortem neuropathologic studies in neonates. Pediatr Neurol 19: 263-271
2. Ajayi-Obe M, Saeed N, Cowan FM, Rutherford MA, Edwards AD (2000) Reduced development of cerebral cortex in extremely premature infants. Lancet 356: 1162-1163
3. Arzoumanian Y, Mirmiran M, Barnes PD, Woolley K, Ariagno RL, Moseley ME, Fleisher BE, Atlas SW (2003) Diffusion tensor brain imaging findings at term-equivalent age may predict neurologic abnormalities in low birth weight preterm infants. AJNR 24: 1646-1653
4. Back SA (2001) Recent advances in human perinatal white matter injury. Prog Brain Res 132: 131-147
5. Back SA, Gan X, Li Y, Rosenberg PA, Volpe JJ (1998) Maturation-dependent vulnerability of oligodendrocytes to oxidative stress-induced death caused by glutathione depletion. J Neurosci 18: 6241-6253
6. Back SA, Luo NL, Borenstein NS Levine JM, Volpe JJ, Kinney HC (2001) Late oligodendrocyte progenitors coincide with the developmental window of vulnerability for human perinatal white matter injury. J Neurosci 21: 1302-1312
7. Banker BQ, Larroche JC (1962) Periventricular leukomalacia of infancy. A form of neonatal anoxic encephalopathy. Arch Neurol 7: 386-410
8. Blackwell S, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Kim YM, Bujold E, Espinoza J Camacho N, Hassan S, Yoon BH, Refuerzo JS (2003) Maternal and fetal inflammatory responses in unexplained fetal death. J Maternal Fetal Neonat Med 14: 151-157
9. Chao CC, Hu S, Molitor TW, Shaskan EG, Peterson PK (1992) Activated micioglia mediate neural cell injury via a nitric oxide mechanism. J Immunol 149: 2736-2741
10. Collins MP, Lorenz JM, Jetton JR, Paneth N (2001) Hypocapnia and other ventilation-related risk factors for cerebral palsy in low birth weight infants. Pediatr Res 50: 712-719
11. Colton CA, Gilbert DL (1993) Microglia, an in vitro source of reactive oxygen species in the brain. Adv Neurol 59: 321-326
12. Counsell SA, Rutherford MA (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging of the newborn brain. Curr Paediatr 12: 401-413
13. Counsell SJ, Allsop JM, Harrison MC, Larkman DJ, Kinnea NL, Kapellou O, Cowan FM, Hajnal JV, Edwards DA, Rutherford MA (2003) Diffusion-weighted imaging of the brain in preterm infants with focal and diffuse white matter abnormality. Pediatrics 112: 1-7
14. Dammann O, Allred EN, Kuban K, Van Marter LJ, Stewart JE, Pagano M, Leviton A (2001) Hypocarbia during the first 24 postnatal hours and white matter echolucencies in newborns ≤ 28 weeks gestation. Pediatr Res 49: 388-393
15. Dammann O, Phillips TM, Allred EN, O'Shea TM, Paneth N, Van Marter LJ, Bose C, Ehrenkranz RA, Bednarek FJ, Naples M Leviton A (2001) Mediators of fetal inflammation in extremely low gestational age newborns. Cytokine 13: 234-239
16. Dammann O, Allred EN, Kuban K, Van Marter LJ, Pagano M, Sanocka U, Leviton A (2002) Systemic hypotension and white-matter damage in preterm infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 44: 82-90
17. Debillon T, N'Guyen S, Muet A, Quere MP, Moussaly F, Roze JC (2003) Limitations of ultrasonography for diagnosing white matter damage in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 88: F275-F279
18. De Felice C, Toti P, Laurini RN, Stumpo M, Picciolini E, Todros T, Tanganelli P, Buonocore G, Bracci R (2001) Early neonatal brain injury in histologic chorioamnionitis. J Pediatr 138: 101-104
19. De Reuck J, Chattha AS, Richardson EPJ (1972) Pathogenesis and evolution of periventricular leukomalacia in infancy. Arch Neurol 27: 229-236
20. De Vries L, Rennie JM (1999) Preterm brain injury. In: Rennie JM, Roberton NRC (eds) Textbook of neonatology. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 1252-1271
21. Duggan PJ, Maalouf EF, Watts TL, Sullivan MHF, Counsell SJ, Allsop J, Al-Nakib L, Rutherford MA, Battin M, Roberts I, Edwards AD (2001) Intrauterine T-cell activation and increased proinflammatory cytokine concentrations in preterm infants with cerebral lesions. Lancet 358: 1699-1700
22. Garcia-Cazorla A, Sans A, Baquero M, Garcia-Borgo M, Arellano M, Poo P, Gean E (2004) White matter alterations associated with chromosomal disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 46: 148-153
23. Gilles FH (2001) Telencephalic angiogenesis: a review. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl 86: 3-5
24. Goldenberg RL, Hauth JC, Andrews WW (2000) Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery. N Engl J Med 342: 1500-1507
25. Grether JK, Nelson KB, Walsh E, Willoughby RE, Redline RW (2003) Intrauterine exposure to infection and risk of cerebral palsy in very preterm infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157: 26-32
26. Hack M, Wilson-Costello D, Friedman H, Taylor GH, Schluchter M, Fanaroff AA (2000) Neurodevelopment and predictors of outcomes of children with birth weights of less than 1000 g. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154: 725-731
27. Hack M, Flannery D, Schluchter M, Cartar L, Borawski E, Klein N (2002) Outcomes in young adulthood for very low-birth-weight infants. N Engl J Med 346: 149-157
28. Hannah M (2001) Antibiotics for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes and preterm labour? Lancet 357: 973-974
29. Haynes RL, Folkerth RD, Keefe RJ, Sung I, Swzeda LI, Rosenberg PA, Volpe JJ, Kinney HC (2003) Nitrosative and oxidative injury to premyelinating oligodendrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 62: 441-450
30. Hill A, Melson GL, Clark HB, Volpe JJ (1982) Hemorrhagic periventricular leukomalacia: diagnosis by realtime ultrasound and correlation with autopsy findings. Pediatrics 69: 282-284
31. Hoekstra RE, Ferrara B, Couser RJ, Payne NR, Connett JE (2004) Survival and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of extremely premature infants born at 23-26 weeks' gestational age at a tertiary center. Pediatrics 113: e1-e6
32. Holling EE, Leviton A (1999) Characteristics of cranial ultrasound white-matter echolucencies that predict disability: a review. Dev Med Child Neurol 41: 136-139
33. Hüppi PS, Murphy B, Maier SE, Zientara GP, Inder TE, Barnes PD, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Volpe JJ (2001) Microstructural brain development after perinatal cerebral white matter injury assessed by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatrics 107: 455-460
34. Inder TE, Hüppi PS, Warfield S, Kikinis R, Zientara GP, Barnes PD, Jolesz F, Volpe JJ (1999) Periventricular white matter injury in the premature infant is followed by reduced cerebral cortical gray matter volume at term. Ann Neurol 46: 755-760
35. Inder TE, Anderson NJ, Spencer C, Wells S, Volpe JJ (2003) White matter injury in the premature infant: a comparison between serial cranial sonographic and MR findings at term. AJNR 24: 805-809
36. Inder TE, Buckland L, Williams CE, Spencer C, Gunning MI, Darlow BA, Volpe JJ, Gluckman PD (2003) Lowered electroencephalographic spectral edge frequency predicts the presence of cerebral white matter injury in premature infants. Pediatrics 111: 27-33
37. Inder TE, Wells SJ, Mogridge NB, Spencer C, Volpe JJ (2003) Defining the nature of the cerebral abnormalities in the premature infant: a qualitative magnetic resonance imaging study. J Pediatr 143: 171-179
38. Ito T, Kadowaki K, Takahashi H, Nagata N, Makio A, Terakawa N (1997) Clinical features of and cardiotocographic findings for premature infants with antenatal periventricular leukomalacia. Early Hum Dev 47: 195-201
39. Kadhim H, Tabarki B, Verellen G, De Prez C, Rona AM, Sébire G (2001) Inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of periventricular leucomalacia. Neurology 56: 1278-1284
40. Kehrer M, Goetz R, Krägeloh-Mann I, Schöning M (2002) Measurement of volume of cerebral blood flow in healthy preterm and term neonates with ultrasound; Lancet 360: 1749-1750
41. Kinney HC, Armstrong D (2002) Perinatal neuropathology In: Graham D, Lantos P (eds) Greenfield's Neuropathology. Arnold, London, pp 557-559
42. Krägeloh-Mann I, Toft P, Lunding J, Andresen J, Pryds O, Lou HC (1999) Brain lesions in preterms: origin, consequences and compensation. Acta Paediatr 88: 897-908
43. Kubota T, Okumura A, Hayakawa F, Kato T, Itomi K, Kuno K, Watanabe K (2001) Relation between the date of cyst formation observable on ultrasonography and the timing of injury determined by serial electroencephalography in preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia. Brain Dev 23: 390-394
44. Kumazaki K, Nakayama M, Sumida Y, Ozono K, Mushiake S, Suehara N, Wada Y, Fujimura M (2002) Placental features in preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia. Pediatrics 109: 650-655
45. Lahra MM, Jeffery HE (2004) A fetal response to chorioamnionitis is associated with early survival after preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190: 147-151
46. Lamont RF, Duncan SL, Mandal D, Bassett P (2003) Intravaginal clindamycin to reduce preterm birth in women with abnormal genital tract flora. Obstet Gynecol 101: 516-522
47. Larroque B, Marret S, Ancel P, Arnaud C, Marpeau L, Supernant K, Pierrat V, Rozé JC, Matis J, Cambonie G, Burguet A, Andre M, Kaminski M, Bréart G (2003) White matter damage and intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants: the Epipage Study. J. Pediatr 143: 477-483
48. Lehnardt S, Lachance C, Patrizi S, Lefebre S, Follet PL, Jensen FE, Rosenberg PA, Volpe JJ, Vartanian T (2002) The toll-like receptor TLR4 is necessary for lipopolysaccharide-induced oligodendrocyte injury in the CNS. J Neurosci 22: 2478-2486
49. Little WJ (1853) Lectures on the nature and treatment of the deformities of the human frame. Longmans, Green, London, pp 1-402
50. Maalouf EF, Duggan PJ, Rutherford MA, Counsell SJ, Fletcher AM, Battin M, Cowan F, Edwards AD (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in a cohort of extremely preterm infants. J Pediatr 135: 351-357
51. Mallard C, Welin AK, Peebles D, Hagberg H, Kjellmer I (2003) White matter injury following systemic endotoxemia or asphyxia in the fetal sheep. Neurochem Res 2: 215-223
52. Miller SP, Shevell MI, Patenaude Y, O'Gorman AM (2000) Neuromotor spectrum of periventricular leukomalacia in children born at term. Pediatr Neurol 23: 155-159
53. Nelson KB, Grether JK, Dambrosia JM, Walsh E, Kohler S, Satyayarana G, Nelson PG, Dickens BF, Phillips TM (2003) Neonatal cytokines and cerebral palsy in very preterm infants. Pediatr Res 53: 600-607
54. Okumura A, Hayakawa F, Kato T, Maruyama K, Kubota T, Suzuki M, Kidokoro H, Kuno K, Watanabe K (2003) Abnormal sharp transients on electroencephalograms in preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia. J Pediatr 143: 26-30
55. Pal BR, Preston PR, Morgan MEI, Rushton DI, Durbin GM (2001) Frontal horn thin walled cysts in preterm neonates are benign. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 85: F187-F193
56. Parrot J (1877) Clinique de nouveau-nés, L'Arthrepsie. Masson G (ed). Masson & Cie, Paris, pp 281-345
57. Paul DA, Coleman MM, Leef KH, Tuttle D, Stefano JL (2003) Maternal antibiotics and decreased periventricular leukomalacia in very low-birth-weight infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157: 145-149
58. Pierrat V, Duquennoy C, van Haastert IC, Ernst M. Guilley N, De Vries LS (2001) Ultrasound diagnosis and neurodevelopmental outcome of localised and extensive cystic periventricular leucomalacia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 84: F151-F156
59. Redline RW, Wilson-Costello D, Borawski E, Fanarof AA, Hack M (1998) Placental lesions associated with neurological impairment and cerebral palsy in very low-birth-weight infants. Arch Pathol Lab Med 122: 1091-1098
60. Resch B, Vollaard E, Maurer U, Haas J, Rosegger H, Müller W (2000) Risk factors and determinants of neurodevelopmental outcome in cystic periventricular leucomalacia. Eur J Pediatr 159: 663-670
61. Rezaie P, Dean A (2002) Periventricular leukomalacia, inflammation and white matter lesions within the developing nervous system. Neuropathology 22: 106-132
62. Schwindt J, Brugger PC, Mittermayer C, Chalubinski K, Prayer D (2003) Fetal magnetic resonance imaging can visualize evolving periventricular leukomalacia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 22[Suppl 1]: 31
63. Shevell MI, Majnemer A Morin I (2003) Etiologic yield of cerebral palsy: a contemporary case series. Pediatr Neurol 28: 352-359
64. Sie L, van der Knaap M, Oosting J, de Vries L, Lafeber H, Valk JMR (2000) Patterns of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage after prenatal, perinatal or postnatal asphyxia. Neuropediatrics 31: 128-136
65. Sofue A, Okumura A, Hayakawa F, Watanabe K (2003) Sharp waves in preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia. Pediatr Neurol 29: 214-217
66. Staudt M, Niemann G, Grodd W, Krägeloh-Mann I (2000) The pyramidal tract in congenital hemiparesis: relationship between morphology and function in periventricular lesions. Neuropediatrics 31: 257-264
67. Staudt M, Pavlova M, Böhm S, Grodd W, Krägeloh-Mann I (2003) Pyramidal tract damage correlates with motor dysfunction in bilateral periventricular leukomalacia. Neuropediatrics 34: 182-188
68. Takashima S, Tanaka S (1978) Development of cerebrovascular architecture and its relationship to periventricular leukomalacia. Arch Neurol 35: 11-16
69. Tsuji M, Saul JP, du Plessis A, Eichenwald E, Sobh J, Crocker R, Volpe JJ (2000) Cerebral intravascular oxygenation correlates with mean arterial pressure in critically ill premature infants. Pediatrics 106: 625-632
70. Van Gelder-Hasker MR, Van Wezel-Meijler G, De Groot L, Van Geijn HP, De Vries JIP (2003) Peri-and intraventricular sonography in second- and third-trimester high-risk fetuses: a comparison with neonatal ultrasound and relation to neurological development. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 22: 110-120
71. Vermeulen RJ, Sie LT, Jonkman EJ, Strijers RLM, Lafeber HN, Uitdehaag BMJ, van der Knaap MS (2003) Predictive value of EEG in neonates with periventricular leukomalacia. Dev Med Child Neurol 45: 586-590
72. Virchow R (1867) Zur pathologischen Anatomie des Gehirns: 1 Congenitale encephalitis und Myelitis. Virchow Arch Path Anat 38: 129-142
73. Volpe JJ (2001) Neurobiology of periventricular leukomalacia in the premature infant. Pediatr Res 50: 553-562
74. Volpe JJ (2003) Cerebral white matter injury of the premature infant - more common than you think. Pediatrics 112: 176-180
75. Wood NS, Marlow N, Costeloe K, Gibson AT, Wilkinson AR (2000) Neurologic and developmental disability after extremely preterm birth. N Engl J Med 343: 378-384
76. Wu YW (2002) Systematic review of chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy. MRDD Res Rev 8: 25-29
77. Yoon BH, Park CW, Chaiworapongsa T (2003) Intrauterine infection and the development of cerebral palsy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 110: 124-127