Estimating air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum through global ocean data assimilation

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 109, Issue 5, 2004, Pages

  Stammer, D ^a   Ueyoshi, K ^a   Kohl A ^a   Large, W G ^b   Josey, S A ^c   Wunsch, C ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^c NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^d MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Air sea fluxes; Data assimilation; Ocean synthesis

Indexed keywords

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; DATA ASSIMILATION; HEAT FLUX; OCEANIC CIRCULATION; SALINITY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WIND STRESS;

EID: 3543003482     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2003JC002082     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Bentamy, A., O. Archer, P. Flament, V. Harscoat, C. Maroni, Y. Quilfen, and S. Pouliquen (1998), Mean Surface Wind Fields [CD-ROM], World Ocean Circ. Exp., Halifax, N. S., Can.
2. Beranger, K., K. Viau, B. Barnier, E. Garnier, J.-M. Moline, and L. Siefridt (1999), An Atlas of Climatic Estimates of Air-Sea Fluxes, Lab. des coulements Gophys. et Ind. (LEGI) IMG, Grenoble, France.
3. Bonekamp, H., G. van Oldenborgh, and G. Burges (2001), Variational Assimilation of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean and expendable bathythermograph data in the Hamburg Ocean Primitive Equation ocean general circulation model, adjusting the surface fluxes in the tropical ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16,693-16,709.
4. Brydan, H., and S. Imawaki (2001), Large-scale ocean transports, in Ocean Circulation and Climate, Int. Geophys. Ser., vol. 77, edited by G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould, pp. 455-474, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
5. Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, M. H. Freilich, and R. F. Milliff (2004), Satellite radar measurements reveal short-scale features in the wind stress field over the world ocean, Science, 303, 978-983.
6. Fairall, C. W, E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young (1996a), Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for TOGA COARE, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747-3764.
7. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. S. Godfrey, G. A. Wick, and G. S. Young (1996b), The cool skin and the warm layer in bulk flux calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1295-1308.
8. Fukumori, I. (2001), Data assimilation by models, in Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences, edited by L. Fu and A. Cazenave, pp. 237-265, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
9. Ganachaud, A., and C. Wunsch (2003), Large-scale ocean heat and freshwater transports during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, J. Clim., 16, 696-705.
10. Garnier, E., B. Barnier, L. Siefridt, and K. Béranger (2000), Investigating the 15 years air-sea flux climatology from the ECMWF re-analysis project as a surface boundary condition for ocean models, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1653-1673.
11. Gent, P. R., and J. C. McWilliams (1990), Isopycnal mixing in ocean models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155.
12. Gibson, J. K., P. Kallberg, S. Uppala, A. Hernadez, A. Nomura, and E. Serrano (1997), ERA description, Rep. 1, 72 pp., ECMWF Re-analysis Project, Reading, UK.
13. Giering, R., and T. Kaminski (1998), Recipes for adjoint code construction, Trans. Math. Software, 24, 437-474.
14. Grist, J. P., and S. A. Josey (2003), Inverse analysis of the SOC air-sea flux climatology using ocean heat transport constraints, J. Clim, in press.
15. IFREMER (2000), Mean Surface Wind Field from the ERS-AMI and ADEOS-NSCAT Microwave Scatterometer 1991/08/05 to 2000/05/31 [CD-ROM], Brest, France.
16. Josey, S. A., E. C. Kent, and P. K. Taylor (1999), New insights into the ocean heat budget closure problem from analysis of the SOC air-sea flux climatology, J. Clim., 12, 2856-2880.
17. Kalnay, E., et al. (1996), The NCEP/NCAR re-analysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. SOC., 77, 437-471.
18. Kessler, W. S., G. C. Johnson, and D. W. Moore (2003), Sverdrup and nonlinear dynamics of the Pacific Equatorial Currents, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 994-1008.
19. Köhl, A., Y. Lu, P. Heimbach, B. Cornuelle, D. Stammer, and C. Wunsch (2002), The ECCO 1° global WOCE Synthesis, Rep. 20, 30 pp., Univ. of Calif., San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Available at http://www.ecco-group.org/reports.html)
20. Large, W. G., and A. J. G. Nurser (2001), Ocean surface water mass transformation, in Ocean Circulation and Climate, edited by G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould, pp. 317-336, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
21. Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney (1994), Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with nonlocal boundary layer parameterization, Rev. Geophys., 32, 363-403.
22. Levitus, S., R. Burgett, and T. Boyer (1994a), World Ocean Atlas 1994, vol. 3, Salinity, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 3, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md.
23. Levitus, S., R. Burgett, and T. Boyer (1994b), World Ocean Atlas 1994, vol. 4, Temperature, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 4, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md.
24. Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, J. Wang, T. L. Delworth, K. W. Dixon, and A. J. Broccoli (2001), Anthropogenic warming of Earth's climate system, Science, 292, 267-270.
25. Liu, W. T., K. B. Katsaros, and J. A. Businger (1979), Bulk parameterizations of air-sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1722-1735.
26. Lu, Y., K. Ueyoshi, A. Köhl, E. Remy, K. Lorbacher, and D. Stammer (2002), Input data sets for the ECCO Global 1° WOCE Synthesis, Rep. 18. (Available at http://www.ecco-group.org/reports.html)
27. Macdonald, A. M., and C. Wunsch (1996), An estimate of global ocean circulation and heat fluxes, Nature, 382, 436-439.
28. Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. (1996), Modern Approaches to Data Assimilation in Ocean Modeling, 455 pp., Elsevier Sci., New York.
29. Marotzke, J., R. Giering, Q. K. Zhang, D. Stammer, C. N. Hill, and T. Lee (1999), Construction of the adjoint MIT ocean general circulation model and application to Atlantic heat transport sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 29,529-29,548.
30. Marshall, J., A. Adcroft, C. Hill, L. Perelman, and C. Heisey (1997a), A finite-volume, incompressible Navier-Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5753-5766.
31. Marshall, J., C. Hill, L. Perelman, and A. Adcroft (1997b), Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic ocean modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5733-5752.
32. McPhaden, M. J., et al. (1998), The Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere observing system: A decade of progress, J. of Geophys. Res., 103, 14,169-14,240.
33. Milliff, R. F., W. G. Large, J. Morzel, G. Danabasoglu, and T. M. Chin (1999), Ocean general circulation model sensitivity to forcing from seatterometer winds, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11,337-11,358.
34. Moyer, K. A., and R. A. Weller (1997), Observations of surface forcing from the Subduction Experiment: A comparison with global model products and climatological datasets, J. Clim., 10, 2725-2742.
35. Perry, G. D., P. B. Duffy, and N. L. Miller (1996), An extended data set of river discharges for validation of general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21,339-21,349.
36. Renfrew, I. A., G. W. K. Moore, P. S. Guest, and K. Bumke (2002), A comparison of surface layer, surface heat flux and surface momentum flux observations over the Labrador Sea with ECMWF analyses and NCEP re-analysis, J. Phys. Oceanogr, 32, 383-400.
37. Reynolds, R. W., and T. M. Smith (1994), Improved global sea surface temperature analysis using optimum interpolation, J. Clim., 7, 929-948.
38. Smith, S. R., D. M. Legler, and K. V. Verzone (2001), Quantifying uncertainties in NCEP re-analysis using high-quality research vessel observations, J. Clim., 14, 4062-4072.
39. Stammer, D. (2003), Ocean mixing estimated through state estimation, submitted for publications.
40. Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, R. Giering, C. Eckert, P. Heimbach, J. Marotzke, A. Adcroft, C. N. Hill, and J. Marshall (2002), The global ocean circulation during 1992-1997, estimated from ocean observations and a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 107(C9), 3118, doi:10.1029/2001JC000888.
41. Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, R. Giering, C. Eckert, P. Heimbach, J. Marotzke, A. Adcroft, C. N. Hill, and J. Marshall (2003), Volume, heat, and freshwater transports of the global ocean circulation 1993-2000, estimated from a general circulation model constrained by WOCE data, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C1), doi:10.1029/2001JC000937.
42. Sun, B., L. Yu, and R. A. Weller (2003), Comparisons of surface meteorology and turbulent heat fluxes over the Atlantic: NWP model analyses versus moored buoy observations, J. Clim., 16, 679-695.
43. Trenberth, K. E., and J. M. Caron (2001), Estimates of meridional atmosphere and ocean heat transports, J. Clim., 14, 3433-3443.
44. Trenberth, K. E., J. M. Caron, and D. P. Stepaniak (2001), The atmospheric energy budget and implications for surface fluxes and ocean heat transports, Clim. Dyn., 17, 259-276.
45. Wang, W., and M. J. McPhaden (2001), What is the mean seasonal cycle of surface heat flux in the equatorial Pacific?, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 837-857.
46. Wentz, F. J., C. Gentemann, D. Smith, and D. Chelton (2000), Satellite measurements of sea surface temperature through clouds, Science, 288, 847-850.
47. Wijffels, S. E. (2001), Ocean transport of fresh water, in Ocean Circulation and Climate: Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean, edited by G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould, pp. 475-488, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
48. Wijffels, S. E., R. W. Schmitt, H. Bryden, and A. Stigebrand (1992), Transport of freshwater by the ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 155-162.
49. Working Group on Air-Sea Fluxes (WGASF) (2000), Intercomparison and validation of ocean-atmosphere energy flux fields, final report of the Joint WCRP/SCOR Working Group on Air-Sea Fluxes (SCOR Working Group 110), edited by P. K. Taylor, 306 pp., World Clim. Res. Program, Geneva.
50. Wunsch, C. (1996), The Ocean Circulation Inverse Problem, 442 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.