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Volumn 303, Issue 5660, 2004, Pages 978-983

Satellite Measurements Reveal Persistent Small-Scale Features in Ocean Winds

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OCEAN CURRENTS; SATELLITES; THERMODYNAMICS; WIND;

EID: 1142310601     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1091901     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (765)

References (46)
  • 7
    • 1142292002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The QuikSCAT scatterometer with its 25-km resolution across a 1600-km swath and 90% global coverage every 24 hours was preceded by scatterometers on the European Space Agency ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites and by the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT). The ERS-1 and -2 scatterometers provided a continuous record of wind stress with 70-km resolution from August 1991 through January 2001, but with a 500-km swath width that sampled only 40% of the global ocean in 24 hours. NSCAT provided 50-km-resolution measurements across a 1200-km swath with 75% daily coverage, but operated only for the 9-month period from September 1996 to June 1997.
  • 10
    • 1142267747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Scatterometers measure the surface stress. The wind retrievals are calibrated to the equivalent neutral-stability wind at a reference height of 10 m above the sea surface; that is, the wind that would exist if the atmospheric boundary layer were neutrally stratified. The vector wind stress and 10-m neutral-stability wind are simply related by use of a neutral-stability drag coefficient.
  • 11
    • 1142304105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Because rain tends to occur in cyclonic and convergent conditions, the elimination of rain-contaminated QuikSCAT observations results in large-scale biases in the temporally averaged wind stress derivative fields (6). These biases were mitigated here by replacing rain-contaminated data with in- swath smoothed wind stress obtained from a Gaussian-weighted smoother selected to have a wavenumber filter cutoff corresponding to 100 km. This hole filling was applied only if more than 50% of the observations within the span of the smoother were rain-free. The divergence and curl were then calculated in-swath from the stress components in the hole-filled data set, interpolated to a 1/4° grid, and averaged over the 4-year period from August 1999 to July 2003.
  • 12
    • 1142304103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Because of the complicated space-time sampling pattern of scatterometers, the operations of averaging and differentiation are noncommutative. The swath-by-swath averaging of the curl and divergence fields used here preserves the signals of each individual meteorological event observed by QuikSCAT, thus avoiding first differencing between neighboring grid points composed of averages of the stress components at different observation times.
  • 13
    • 1142267743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • By meteorological convention, winds are referred to by the direction from which they blow.
  • 44
    • 0013216957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Algorithm theoretical basis document, Version 2, AMSR Ocean Algorithm
    • F. J. Wentz, T. Meissner, "Algorithm theoretical basis document, Version 2, AMSR Ocean Algorithm" (Remote Sensing Systems Technical Report RSS 121599A-1, 2000; available at www.remss.com/ papers/AMSR_Ocean_Algorithm_Version_2.doc).
    • (2000) Remote Sensing Systems Technical Report RSS 121599A-1
    • Wentz, F.J.1    Meissner, T.2
  • 46
    • 1142279889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Supported by NASA Ocean Vector Winds Science Team grant NAS6-32965 (D.B.C., M.G.S., and M.H.F.) and by Oregon State University subcontract NS033A-09 (R.F.M.). We thank S. Esbensen, E. Maloney, J. Pullen, S.-P. Xie, J. Small, and J. Achey for helpful comments on the manuscript and B. Vanhoff for data processing support and insightful comments and suggestions throughout the course of this study.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.