234Th-derived particulate organic carbon export from an island-induced phytoplankton bloom in the Southern Ocean

Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

Volumn 54, Issue 18-20, 2007, Pages 2208-2232

  Morris, Paul J ^a   Sanders, Richard ^a   Turnewitsch, Robert ^a   Thomalla, Sandy ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

234Th; Carbon export; Crozet; CROZEX; POC; Southern Ocean

Indexed keywords

CHLOROPHYLL; GROWTH KINETICS; MARINE BIOLOGY; PARTICLES (PARTICULATE MATTER); PHYTOPLANKTON;

CARBON EXPORT; CROZET ISLANDS; PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON (POC); SOUTHERN OCEAN;

ORGANIC CARBON;

ALGAL BLOOM; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON; PHYTOPLANKTON; SATELLITE IMAGERY; THORIUM;

CROZET ISLANDS; FRENCH SOUTHERN TERRITORIES; INDIAN OCEAN; INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS;

ALGAE;

EID: 35349030304     PISSN: 09670645     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.002     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Allen, J., Bakker, D., Read, J., Pollard, R., Charette, M., Venables, H., Planquette, H., Morris, P., Sanders, R., Moore, C.M., Seeyave, S., 2006. An 'eddy-centric' bloom north of the Crozet Islands; sub-mesoscale entrainment of island nutrients or vertical diffusion? In: Challenger Conference for Marine Science, Oban, Scotland.
2. Bacon M.P., and Anderson R.F. Distribution of thorium isotopes between dissolved and particulate forms in the deep sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 87 (1982) 2045-2056
3. Bacon M.P., and Rutgers van der Loeff M.M. Removal of thorium-234 by scavenging in the bottom nepheloid layer of the ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 92 (1989) 157-164
4. 234Th measurements. Deep-Sea Research II 43 (1996) 1133-1154
5. 238U ratios in the ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 5 (1969) 483-491
6. Bishop J.K.B., Edmond J.M., Ketten D.R., Bacon M.B., and Silker W.B. The chemistry, biology and vertical flux of particulate matter from the upper 400 m of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 24 (1977) 511-548
7. Bishop J.K.B., Wood T.J., Davis R.E., and Sherman J.T. Robotic observations of enhanced carbon biomass and export at 55°S during SOFeX. Science 304 (2004) 417-420
8. Blain S., Treguer P., Belviso S., Bucciarelli E., Denis M., Desabre S., Fiala M., Jezequel V.M., Le Fevre J., Mayzaud P., Marty J.C., and Razouls S. A biogeochemical study of the island mass effect in the context of the iron hypothesis: Kerguelen Islands, Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 48 (2001) 163-187
9. Blain S., Quéguiner B., Armand L., Belviso S., Bombled B., Bopp L., Bowie A., Brunet C., Brussaard C., Carlotti F., Christaki U., Corbière A., Durand I., Ebersbach F., Fuda J.-L., Garcia N., Gerringa L., Griffiths B., Guigue C., Guillerm C., Jacquet S., Jeandel C., Laan P., Lefèvre D., Lo Monaco C., Malits A., Mosseri J., Obernosterer I., Park Y.-H., Picheral M., Pondaven P., Remenyi T., Sandroni V., Sarthou G., Savoye N., Scouarnec L., Souhaut M., Thuiller D., Timmermans K., Trull T., Uitz J., van-Beek P., Veldhuis M., Vincent D., Viollier E., Vong L., and Wagener T. Impacts of natural iron fertilisation on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean. Nature 446 (2007) 1070-1074
10. Boyd P.W., Watson A.J., Law C.S., Abraham E.R., Trull T., Murdoch R., Bakker D.C.E., Bowie A.R., Buesseler K.O., Chang H., Charette M., Croot P., Downing K., Frew R., Gall M., Hadfield M., Hall J., Harvey M., Jameson G., LaRoche J., Liddicoat M., Ling R., Maldonado M.T., McKay R.M., Nodder S., Pickmere S., Pridmore R., Rintoul S., Safi K., Sutton P., Strzepek R., Tanneberger K., Turner S., Waite A., and Zeldis J. A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization. Nature 407 (2000) 695-702
11. Boyd P.W., Law C.S., Wong C.S., Nojiri Y., Tsuda A., Levasseur M., Takeda S., Rivkin R., Harrison P.J., Strzepek R., Gower J., McKay R.M., Abraham E., Arychuk M., Barwell-Clarke J., Crawford W., Crawford D., Hale M., Harada K., Johnson K., Kiyosawa H., Kudo I., Marchetti A., Miller W., Needoba J., Nishioka J., Ogawa H., Page J., Robert M., Saito H., Sastri A., Sherry N., Soutar T., Sutherland N., Taira Y., Whitney F., Wong S.K.E., and Yoshimura T. The decline and fate of an iron-induced subarctic phytoplankton bloom. Nature 428 (2004) 549-553
12. Bronk D.A., Glibert P.M., and Ward B.B. Nitrogen uptake, dissolved organic nitrogen release, and new production. Science 265 (1994) 1843-1846
13. Bucciarelli E., Blain S., and Tréguer P. Iron and manganese in the wake of the Kerguelen Islands (Southern Ocean). Marine Chemistry 73 (2001) 21-36
14. Buesseler K.O. The decoupling of production and particulate export in the surface ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 12 (1998) 297-310
15. Buesseler K.O., and Boyd P.W. Will ocean fertilization work?. Science 300 (2003) 67-68
16. 238U disequilibrium. Deep-Sea Research I 39 (1992) 1115-1137
17. Buesseler K.O., Andrews J.A., Hartman M.C., Belastock R., and Chai F. Regional estimates of the export flux of particulate organic carbon derived from thorium-234 during the JGOFS EqPac program. Deep-Sea Research II 42 (1995) 777-804
18. Buesseler K.O., Ball L., Andrews J., Benitez-Nelson C., Belastock R., Chai F., and Chao Y. Upper ocean export of particulate organic carbon in the Arabian Sea derived from thorium-234. Deep-Sea Research II 45 (1998) 2461-2487
19. Buesseler K.O., Ball L., Andrews J., Cochran J.K., Hirschberg D.J., Bacon M.P., Fleer A., and Brzezinski M. Upper ocean export of particulate organic carbon and biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean along 170°W. Deep-Sea Research II 48 (2001) 4275-4297
20. Buesseler K.O., Barber R.T., Dickson M.-L., Hiscock M.R., Moore J.K., and Sambrotto R. The effect of marginal ice-edge dynamics on production and export in the Southern Ocean along 170°W. Deep-Sea Research II 50 (2003) 579-603
21. Buesseler K.O., Andrews J.E., Pike S.M., and Charette M.A. The effects of iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean. Science 304 (2004) 414-417
22. Buesseler K.O., Andrews J.E., Pike S.M., Charette M.A., Goldson L.E., Brzezinski M.A., and Lance V.P. Particle export during the Southern Ocean Iron Experiment (SOFeX). Limnology and Oceanography 50 (2005) 311-327
23. 234Th as a POC flux proxy. Marine Chemistry 100 (2006) 213-233
24. Charette, M.A., Buesseler, K.O., 2000. Does iron fertilization lead to rapid carbon export in the Southern Ocean. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 1, this issue.
25. 234Th as a tracer in the subtropical and equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 46 (1999) 885-906
26. Charette, M.A., Gonneea, M.E., Morris, P., Statham, P., Fones, G., Planquette, H., Salter, I., Naveira Garabato, A., 2007. Radium isotopes as tracers of iron sources fueling a Southern Ocean phytoplankton bloom. Deep-Sea Research II, in press, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.003.
27. 232Th in seawater. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 80 (1986) 241-251
28. Chisholm S.W., Falkowski P.G., and Cullen J.J. Dis-crediting ocean fertilization. Science 294 (2001) 309-310
29. 238U disequilibria within the California Current. Limnology and Oceanography 30 (1985) 22-33
30. 238U disequilibria. Limnology and Oceanography 32 (1987) 189-200
31. Coale K.H., Johnson K.S., Fitzwater S.E., Gordon R.M., Tanner S., Chavez F.P., Ferioli L., Sakamoto C., Rogers P., Millero F., Steinberg P., Nightingale P., Cooper D., Cochlan W.P., Landry M.R., Constantinou J., Rollwagen G., Trasvina A., and Kudela R. A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 383 (1996) 495-501
32. Coale K.H., Johnson K.S., Chavez F.P., Buesseler K.O., Barber R.T., Brzezinski M.A., Cochlan W.P., Millero F.J., Falkowski P.G., Bauer J.E., Wanninkhof R.H., Kudela R.M., Altabet M.A., Hales B.E., Takahashi T., Landry M.R., Bidigare R.R., Wang X.J., Chase Z., Strutton P.G., Friederich G.E., Gorbunov M.Y., Lance V.P., Hilting A.K., Hiscock M.R., Demarest M., Hiscock W.T., Sullivan K.F., Tanner S.J., Gordon R.M., Hunter C.N., Elrod V.A., Fitzwater S.E., Jones J.L., Tozzi S., Koblizek M., Roberts A.E., Herndon J., Brewster J., Ladizinsky N., Smith G., Cooper D., Timothy D., Brown S.L., Selph K.E., Sheridan C.C., Twining B.S., and Johnson Z.I. Southern Ocean iron enrichment experiment: carbon cycling in high- and low-Si waters. Science 304 (2004) 408-414
33. Cochran J.K., Barnes C., Achman D., and Hirschberg D.J. Thorium-234/Uranium-238 disequilibrium as an indicator of scavenging rates and partuiculate organic carbon fluxes in the Northeast Water Polynya, Greenland. Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (1995) 4399-4410
34. Cochran J.K., Roberts K.A., Barnes C., and Achman D. Radionuclides as indicators of particle and carbon dynamics on the East Greenland Shelf. In: Germain P., et al. (Ed). Radioprotection-colloques, 32(C2), Proceedings of RADOC 96-97 'Radionuclides in the Oceans' (1997), Institute de Protection et de Surete nucleaire, Cherbourg, France 129-136
35. 228Th) as indicators of POC export and particle cycling in the Ross Sea, Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 47 (2000) 3451-3490
36. 234Th. Deep-Sea Research I 52 (2005) 51-68
37. Deacon G. The Antarctic Circumpolar Ocean (1984), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
38. Delanghe D., Bard E., and Hamelin B. New TIMS constraints on the uranium-238 and uranium-234 in seawaters from the main ocean basins and the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Chemistry 80 (2002) 79-93
39. 234Th export to physical processes in the central equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Research I 46 (1999) 831-854
40. Ehrhardt M., and Koeve W. Determination of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, chapter 17. In: Grasshoff K., Kremling K., and Ehrhardt M. (Eds). Methods of Seawater Analysis (1999), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
41. Eppley R.W., and Peterson B.J. Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean. Nature 282 (1979) 677-680
42. Fowler S.W., and Knauer G.A. Role of large particles in the transport of elements and organic compounds through the oceanic water column. Progress in Oceanography 16 (1986) 147-194
43. Gervais F., Riebesell U., and Gorbunov M.Y. Changes in primary productivity and chlorophyll a in response to iron gertilization in the Southern Polar Frontal Zone. Limnology and Oceanography 47 (2002) 1324-1335
44. Gustafsson O., Buesseler K.O., Geyer W.R., Moran S.B., and Gschwend P.M. An assessment of the relative importance of horizontal and vertical transport of the particle-reactive chemicals in the coastal ocean. Continental Shelf Research 18 (1998) 805-829
45. Hoffmann L.J., Peeken I., Lochte K., Assmy P., and Veldhuis M. Different reactions of Southern Ocean phytoplankton size classes to iron fertilization. Limnology and Oceanography 51 (2006) 1217-1229
46. Holeton C.L., Nedelec F., Sanders R., Brown L., Moore C.M., Stevens D.P., Heywood K.J., Statham P.J., and Lucas C.H. Physiological state of phytoplankton communities in the Southwest Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, as measured by fast repetition rate fluorometry. Polar Biology 29 (2005) 44-52
47. Johnson K.S., and Karl D.M. Is ocean fertilization credible and creditable?. Science 296 (2002) 467-468
48. Joos F., Sarmiento J.L., and Siegenthaler U. Estimates of the effect of Southern Ocean iron fertilization on atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Nature 349 (1991) 772-775
49. 228Th from waters of the New York Bight. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 54 (1981) 385-392
50. Korb R.E., and Whitehouse M. Contrasting primary production regimes around South Georgia, Southern Ocean: large blooms versus high nutrient, low chlorophyll waters. Deep-Sea Research I 51 (2004) 721-738
51. Ku T.-L., Knauss K.G., and Mathieu G.G. Uranium in the open ocean: concentration and isotopic composition. Deep-Sea Research 24 (1977) 1005-1017
52. Lam P.J., and Bishop J.K.B. High biomass low export regimes in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 54 (2007) 601-638
53. Law, C.S., Abraham, E.R., Watson, A.J., Liddicoat, M.I., 2003. Vertical eddy diffusion and nutrient supply to the surface mixed layer of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 [doi:10.1029/2002JC001604].
54. Lucas, M., Seeyave, S., Sanders, R., Moore, C.M., Williamson, R., Stinchcombe, M., 2007. Nitrogen uptake responses to a naturally Fe-fertilised phytoplankton bloom during the 2004/5 CROZEX study. Deep-Sea Research II, in press, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.017.
55. 2 change: the iron hypothesis. Paleoceanography 5 (1990) 1-13
56. Martin J.H., Gordon R.M., and Fitzwater S.E. Iron in Antarctic waters. Nature 345 (1990) 156-158
57. Martin J.H., Coale K.H., Johnson K.S., Fitzwater S.E., Gordon R.M., Tanner S.J., Hunter C.N., Elrod V.A., Nowicki J.L., Coley T.L., Barber R.T., Lindley S., Watson A.J., Vanscoy K., Law C.S., Liddicoat M.I., Ling R., Stanton T., Stockel J., Collins C., Anderson A., Bidigare R., Ondrusek M., Latasa M., Millero F.J., Lee K., Yao W., Zhang J.Z., Friederich G., Sakamoto C., Chavez F., Buck K., Kolber Z., Greene R., Falkowski P., Chisholm S.W., Hoge F., Swift R., Yungel J., Turner S., Nightingale P., Hatton A., Liss P., and Tindale N.W. Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 371 (1994) 123-129
58. 2 flux in the sub-Antarctic Ocean. Tellus 51B (1999) 849-861
59. Moore W.S. Determining coastal mixing rates using radium isotopes. Continental Shelf Research 20 (2000) 1993-2007
60. 234Th in continental shelf waters off New England: implications for the role of colloids in oceanic trace metal scavenging. Journal of Marine Research 51 (1993) 893-922
61. Naveira Garabato A.C., Polzin K.L., King B.A., Heywood K.J., and Visbeck M. Widespread intense turbulent mixing in the Southern Ocean. Science 303 (2004) 210-213
62. Nodder S.D., Charette M.A., Waite A.M., Trull T.W., Boyd P.W., Zeldis J., and Buesseler K.O. Particle transformations and export flux during an in situ iron-stimulated algal bloom in the Southern Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 28 (2001) 2409-2412
63. Planquette, H., Statham, P.J., Fones, G.R., Charette, M.A., Moore, M., Salter, I., Nédélec, F.H., Taylor, S.L., French, M., Baker, A.R., Mahowald, N., Jickells, T.D., 2007. Dissolved iron in the vicinity of the Crozet Islands, Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II, in press, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.019.
64. Pollard R.T., and Read J.F. Circulation pathways and transports of the Southern Ocean in the vicinity of the Southwest Indian Ridge. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 (2001) 2881-2898
65. Pollard, R. T., Sanders, R., 2006. RRS Discovery cruises 285/286, 3 Nov-10 Dec 2004, 13 Dec 2004-21 Jan 2005; CROZet circulation, iron fertilization and EXport production experiment (CROZEX). Southampton Oceanography Centre, Cruise Report No. 60.
66. Pollard R.T., Lucas M.I., and Read J.F. Physical controls on biogeochemical zonation in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 49 (2002) 3289-3305
67. Pollard, R.T., Sanders, R., Lucas, M.I., Statham, P.J., 2007a. The Crozet natural iron bloom and EXport experiment (CROZEX). Deep-Sea Research II, in press, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.07.023.
68. Pollard, R.T., Venables, H.J., Read, J.F., Allen, J.T., 2007. Large-scale circulation around the Crozet Plateau controls an annual phytoplankton bloom in the Crozet Basin. Deep-Sea Research II, in press, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.012.
69. Prentice I.C., Farquhar G.D., Fasham M.J.R., Goulden M.L., Heimann M., Jaramillo V.J., Kheshgi H.S., Le Quéré C., Scholes R.J., and Wallace D.W.R. The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide, chapter 3. In: Houghton J.T., Ding Y., Griggs D.J., Noguer M., van der Linden P.J., Dai X., Maskell K., and Johnson C.A. (Eds). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contributions of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the International Panel on Climate Change (2001), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
70. 238U disequilibrium in surface water?. In: Smetacek, V., Bathmann, U., El Naggar, S. (Eds.), The expeditions ANTARKTIS XVIII/1-2 of the Research Vessel Polarstern in 2000. Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschnung (Reports on Polar and Marine Research) 400, AWI, Bremerhaven, Germany, pp. 222-225.
71. Rutgers van der Loeff M.M., and Moore W.S. Determination of natural radioactive tracers. In: Grasshoff K., Kremling K., and Ehrhardt M. (Eds). Methods of Seawater Analysis (1999), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (Chapter 13)
72. 234Th. Deep-Sea Research II 44 (1997) 457-478
73. Rutgers van der Loeff M.M., Buesseler K., Bathmann U., Hense I., and Andrews J. Comparison of carbon and opal export rates between summer and spring bloom periods in the region of the Antarctic Polar Front, SE Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research II 49 (2002) 3849-3869
74. 234Th in aquatic systems. Marine Chemistry 100 (2006) 190-212
75. Salter, I., Lampitt, R.S., Sanders, R., Poulton, A., Kemp, A.E.S., Boorman, B., Saw, K., Pearce, R., 2007. Estimating carbon, silica and diatom export from a naturally fertilised phytoplankton bloom in the Southern Ocean using PELAGRA: a novel drifting sediment trap. Deep-Sea Research II, in press, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.008.
76. Sanders R., and Jickells T. Total organic nutrients in Drake Passage. Deep-Sea Research I 47 (2000) 997-1014
77. Sanders R., Brown L., Henson S., and Lucas M. New production in the Irminger Basin during 2002. Journal of Marine Systems 55 (2005) 291-310
78. Sanders, R., Morris, P.J., Stinchcombe, M., Seeyave, S., Venables, H., Lucas, M., Moore, M., 2007. New production and the f-ratio around the Crozet Plateau in austral summer 2004-5 diagnosed from seasonal changes in inorganic nutrient levels. Deep-Sea Research II, in press, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.007.
79. Santschi P.H., Li Y.-H., and Bell J. Natural radionuclides in the water of Narragansett Bay. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 45 (1979) 201-213
80. 2 and ocean chemistry. Limnology and Oceanography 36 (1991) 1928-1950
81. 234Th sorption and export models in the water column: a review. Marine Chemisrty 100 (2006) 234-249
82. 234Th-based export fluxes during a natural iron fertilization experiment in the Southern Ocean (KEOPS). Deep-Sea Research II, KEOPS issue.
83. Seeyave, S., Lucas, M.I., Moore, C.M., Poulton, A.J., 2007. Phytoplankton productivity and community structure in the vicinity of the Crozet Plateau during austral summer 2004/2005. Deep-Sea Research II, in press, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.010.
84. 234Th ratios in the Ligurian, Tyrrhenian and Aegean Seas. Deep-Sea Research I 53 (2006) 1810-1830
85. Tanaka N., Takeda Y., and Tsunogai S. Biological effect on removal of Th-234, Po-210 and Pb-210 from surface water in Funka Bay, Japan. Geochemica Cosmochemica Acta 47 (1983) 1783-1790
86. 238U disequilibrium approach. Deep-Sea Research II 53 (2006) 1629-1648
87. Tsuda A., Takeda S., Saito H., Nishioka J., Nojiri Y., Kudo I., Kiyosawa H., Shiomoto A., Imai K., Ono T., Shimamoto A., Tsumune D., Yoshimura T., Aono T., Hinuma A., Kinugasa M., Suzuki K., Sohrin Y., Noiri Y., Tani H., Deguchi Y., Tsurushima N., Ogawa H., Fukami K., Kuma K., and Saino T. A mesoscale iron enrichment in the Western Subarctic Pacific induces a large centric diatom bloom. Science 300 (2003) 958-961
88. Tsunogai S., and Minagawa M. Vertical Flux of Organic Materials Estimated from Th-234 in the Oceans (1976), Joint Oceanographic Assembly, Edinburgh
89. Tsunogai S., Taguchi K., and Harada K. Seasonal variation in the difference between observed and calculated particulate fluxes of Th-234 in Funka Bay, Japan. Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan 42 (1986) 91-98
90. 234Th dynamics in the abyssal near-bottom water column?. Deep-Sea Research I 48 (2001) 1279-1307
91. Venables, H.J., Pollard, R.T., Popova, E.E., 2007. Physical conditions controlling the early development of a regular phytoplankton bloom north of the Crozet Plateau, Southern Ocean, described using remotely sensed data. Deep Sea Research II, in press, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.014.
92. Vöge, I., Savoye, N., Berg, G.M., Bertoïa, C., Klaas, C., Bathmann, U., Strass, V., Friedrich, J., Dehairs, F., 2006. 234Th-based export production during the European Iron Fertilization Experiment (EIFEX) Ocean Sciences Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, OS35M-17.
93. 234Th in aquatic systems. Marine Chemistry 100 (2006) 166-189
94. 238U disequilibria in the Black Sea. Deep-Sea Research I 38 (1991) S855-S873
95. 2 levels. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L09703, doi:10.1029/2005GL022449.
96. 2. Eos, Transactions, AGU, 87(36), Ocean Sciences Meeting Supplemental, Abstract OS34F.