Exploring the Legacy of Reserve Mining: What Does the Longest Environmental Trial in History Tell Us About the Meaning of American Environmentalism?

Journal of Policy History

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 339-368

  Huffman, Thomas R ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 35349007298     PISSN: 08980306     EISSN: 15284190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jph.2000.0022     Document Type: Article

References (244)

1. On the “longest environmental trial”: “Reserve Mining Case Finally Concludes,” Minneapolis Tribune, 24 April 1982
2. “Epic Reserve Mining Case Played Out After 12 Years,” St. Paul Pioneer Press, 25 April 1982
3. “Settlement Ends Mine Dumping Suit,” New York Times, 25 April 1982
4. Lettie McSpadden, “The Courts and Environmental Policy,” in James P. Lester, ed. Environmental Politics and Policy: Theories and Evidence, 2d ed. (Durham, 1995), 242-77
5. Daniel A. Farber, “Risk Regulation in Perspective: Reserve Mining Revisited,” Environmental Law 21:4 (Summer 1991): 1321–57.
6. Frank D. Schaumburg, Judgment Reserved: A Landmark Environmental Case (Reston, Va. 1976). Among the many criticisms of Judgment: Arlene Letho, “General Critique,” ca. early 1977, Save Lake Superior Association Papers, Box 1, Northeast Minnesota Historical Center, Duluth
7. “Merritt Clashes with Author of Reserve Book,” MinneapolisTribune, 4 January 1977
8. “PR Man Helps Select Author of Book on Reserve Case,” Science, 195, 4277 (4 February 1977) : 468
9. “The Case of the Hidden Sponsor,” Columbia Journalism Review 16:2 (July-August 1977): 13–15
10. Odum Fanning, “Vanity Press,” Environment 19:6 (August-September 1977): 45–47.
11. Robert V. Bartlett, The Reserve Mining Controversy: Science, Technology, and Environmental Quality (Bloomington, 1980)
12. “New Book Calls Reserve Case Political” and
13. “Author Feels Reserve Book is Objective,” Duluth News-Tribune, 13 July 1980
14. “Book Really Tells Taconite Tale,” St. Paul Dispatch, 19 July 1980
15. Dieter Maithes, review in American Political Science Review 75 (June 1981): 487–88
16. David Walker review in Minnesota History 47:5 (Spring 1981): 205–6.
17. Thomas F. Bastow, “This Vast Pollution …”: United States of America v. Reserve Mining Company (Washington, D.C. 1986)
18. Justice William O. Douglas, dissent in United States v. Reserve Mining Co. Memorandum Decision, 95 S.Ct. (11 October 1974): 287–88
19. “Zeal Gets the Better of Anti-Reserve Attorney in Telling Pollution Case,” Duluth News-Tribune, 7 July 1986
20. “Commerce Nominee Faces His Critics Today,” New York Times, 10 September 1987
21. Glenn N. Sandvik review in Minnesota History 57 (Summer 1991): 240.
22. Farber, “Risk Regulation in Perspective,” 1322–26
23. Roger W. Findley and Daniel A. Farber, Environmental Law in a Nutshell, 4th ed. (St. Paul, Minn. 1996): 157-81
24. Daniel A. Farber, “The Legacy of Reserve Mining,” in “A Tribute to Judge Myron Bright,” Minnesota Law Review 83:2 (December 1998): 299–302.
25. On Reserve and Ethyl, see Judge Wright's reference in Ethyl Corporation v. EPA (541 F.2d 1, D.C. Cir. 1976): 37-46, 60-61, 68-72, 108-10, 119, 125-29
26. “Court Backs Curb on Gasoline Lead,” New York Times, 20 March 1976
27. Sheila Jasanoff, Science at the Bar: Law, Science and Technology in America (Cambridge, Mass. 1995), 36-39
28. Robert V. Percival, “Responding to Environmental Risk: A Pluralistic Perspective,” Pace Environmental Review 14 (Summer 1997): 518-21.
29. On Lord and Wright: “You have to Stand and Be Counted: Activist Judges,” Washington Post, 20 July 1976.
30. For examples of imminent and substantial endangerment and Reserve precedent, see these EPA memoranda (from website: epa.gov): Lee M. Thomas and Courtney M. Price, Office of Solid Waste and Special Counsel for Enforcement, EPA to Regional Administrators, “Guidance Memorandum on Use and Issuance of Administrative Orders on Section 106(a) of CERCLA,” 8 September, 1983, 6–7
31. Christopher Sproul, Office of Regional Counsel, Region 9 to UIC Section Chief, Region 9, “The Meaning of ‘Endangers' or ‘Imminent and Substantial Endangerment’ of Drinking Water Sources Under the Safe Drinking Water Act,” 28 January 1988, 8–13.
32. The legal scholarship on the importance of Reserve to the development of environmental risk regulation is copious. Some additional recent examples include: David M. O’Brien, What Process is Due? Courts and Science-Policy Disputes (New York, 1987), 71-106
33. Edward Schartzbauer and Sidney Shindell, “Cancer and the Adjudicative Process: The Interface of Environmental Protection and Toxic Tort Law,” American Journal of Law and Medicine 14 (1988): 23-27, 61- 63
34. John S. Applegate, “The Perils of Unreasonable Risk: Information, Regulatory Policy, and Toxic Substances Control,” Columbia Law Review 91 (March 1991): 264-67, 271-74, 286-88
35. Edward J. Burger, “Better Science by Litigators, Better Management by Courts: Drawing on the Pre-Daubert Experience in the Post-Daubert Era,” National Legal Center for the Public Interest (January 1997): 10-14.
36. Two contemporary statements of Bright and Lord on Reserve Ming are found in Myron H. Bright, “The Economy Versus the Environment,” North Dakota Law Review 53 (1977): 319-23, and
37. Miles Lord, “Keynote Address,” in H. F. Kraybill, ed. Aquatic Pollutants and Biologic Effects (New York: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 298, 29 September 1977), 201–9.
38. See also “A Tribute to Judge Myron H. Bright,” Minnesota Law Review, 219–24
39. Sheldon Engelmayer and Robert Wagman, Lord's Justice (Garden City, N.J. 1985), chap. 6, “The Warrior Judge”
40. Verna C. Corgan, Controversy, Courts, and Community: The Rhetoric of Miles Welton Lord (Westport, Conn. 1995).
41. On Fride, see Edward T. Fride and Raymond L. Erickson, “The Reserve Mining Controversy: Some Reflections and Projections,” Eastern Mineral Law Foundations 3 (1982): 14-1-14-20
42. “Duluth's Edward Fride, Best Known as Reserve Trial Lawyer, Dies at 59,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 26 February 1986
43. “Reserve Case Transformed Lawyer into Specialist,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 14 March 1988
44. “An Era Ends at Reserve Mining,” Duluth News-Tribune, 25 May 1980.
45. See also Sharon Hatch Dodge, “Satellite Date and Environmental Law: Technology Ripe for Litigation Application,” Pace Environmental Law Review 14 (Summer 1997): 699–700.
46. Terence Kehoe, Cleaning Up the Great Lakes: From Cooperation to Confrontation (DeKalb, Ill. 1997), chaps. 4-5, epilogue
47. Samuel P. Hays, Explorations in Environmental History (Pittsburgh, 1998)
48. Walter Rosenbaum, Environmental Politics and Policy, 3d ed. (Washington, D.C. 1995), chap. 5.
49. Hays, Explorations in Environmental History
50. Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (New York, 1987)
51. William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991).
52. Some additional sources providing direction in these areas are Jeffery K. Stine and Joel A. Tarr, “At the Intersection of Histories: Technology and the Environment,” Technology and Culture 39:4 (October 1998): 601-40
53. E. W. Davis, Pioneering with Taconite (St. Paul, Minn. 1964)
54. Peter J. Kakela, “Iron Ore: From Depletion to Abundance,” Science, 212, 4491 (10 April 1981): 132-136
55. “At 25, Taconite Amendment to Die: It Was a Premier Fight of the ‘60s, “Minneapolis Star Tribune, 3 November 1989
56. Duane A. Smith, Mining America: The Industry and the Environment, 1800-1980 (Niwot, Colo. 1993)
57. Thomas Michael Power, Lost Landscapes and Failed Economics: The Search for a Value of Place (Washington, D.C. 1996), chaps. 1-5, 11
58. Andrew Hurley, Environmental Inequalities: Class, Race, and Industrial Pollution in Gary, Indiana, 1940-1980 (Chapel Hill, 1995)
59. John Strohmeyer, Crisis in Bethlehem: Big Steel's Struggle to Survive (Pittsburgh, 1994)
60. Manuel G. Velasquez, Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1982), chap. 5
61. Tom L. Beauchamp, Case Studies in Business, Society, and Ethics, 3d ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1993), chap. 3.
62. “Reserve's New Taconite Project,” Engineering and Mining Journal 157:12 (December 1956): 75#x2013;103
63. “Tailings Disposal System for Reserve Mining,” World Mining 31:13 (December 1978): 46-51
64. David N. Skillings, “Reserve's Environmental Improvement Project,” Skillings' Mining Review 69:2 (12 January 1980): 14-15, 58-61
65. Michael P. Sassos, “Reserve's Mine Management System,” Engineering and Mining Journal 185:9 (September 1984): 42-49.
66. On Verity, see C. William Verity Jr. Faith in Men: The Story of Armco Steel Corporation (New York, 1971)
67. Growver Heiman, “The Maverick Who Made Armco Stronger Than Steel,” Nation's Business 68:5 (May 1980): 51-59
68. Doug Sword, “Former Armco Chief Recalls Glory Years,” Cincinnati Business Courier 3:3 (26 May 1986): 1-4
69. “Commerce Nominee Lobbied to Block Illegal Dumping Case,” Chicago Tribune, 30 August 1987
70. “Nominee's Ties to Tailings Case May Be Factor,” Duluth News-Tribune, 26 August 1987
71. Alden Lind, “Cabinet Pick Resisted Cleanup,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 29 August 1987
72. “Humphrey Urges That Verity be Rejected for Commerce Post,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 5 September 1987
73. Grant Merritt, “Senate Should Reject Verity Nomination,” St. Paul Pioneer Press, 23 September 1987
74. “Commerce Nominee Faces His Critics Today,” New York Times, 10 September 1987
75. Hearing Before the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate on Nomination of C. William Verity, Jr. to be Secretary, Department of Commerce, 10 September 1987 (Washington D.C. 1987)
76. “Verity Says He Regrets Pollution,” Saint Paul Pioneer Press, 11 September 1987
77. “Verity's Veritable Change of Heart,” Duluth News-Tribune, 14 September 1987
78. “Calvin William Verity, Jr.” Current Biography Yearbook 1988 (New York, 1988), 588-91.
79. Typical of the USW attitude throughout the pollution controversy: John Engberg, “Brief of the United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO, Amicus Curiae,” in Reserve Mining Co. V. United States of America, United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, No. 74- 1291, September Term 1973, 24 October 1974, Minnesota Attorney General Reserve Mining Files (AGRM), Minnesota Historical Society (MHS), Box IV-37.
80. See also “Rallying Strikers Hear Latest Steel Offer,” Minneapolis Star, 7 November 1977
81. “Reserve Co. Workers Reestablish Blockade,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 22 April 1987
82. “Permanent Closure of Taconite Disposal Site Could Cost x0024;57 Million,” 13 September 1987
83. “Cyprus Minerals Stance Worries Steelworkers Union,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 12 April 1989
84. “Trustee Finds Reserve His Most Complex Case,” Duluth News-Tribune, 18 June 1989
85. “Former Reserve Workers Are Part of Taconite Revival,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 3 December 1989
86. Steven Zaburunov, “Northshore's Success: One Year Later and Still Making Iron,” Engineering and Mining Journal 191:12 (December 1990): 26-28
87. “Armco Settles Dispute Over Reserve Mining Pension Fund,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 1 July 1994
88. Philip W. Nyden, Steelworkers Rank-And-File: The Political Economy of a Union Reform Movement (New York, 1984), 133
89. Richard Kazis and Richard Grossman, Fear at Work: Job Blackmail, Labor, and the Environment (New York, 1982).
90. Samuel S. Epstein, rev. ed. The Politics of Cancer (Garden City, 1979), 89-102, 308-10
91. Edith Efron, The Apocalyptics: Cancer and the Big Lie (New York, 1984), 71-73, 95, 117, 237, 483.
92. Two contrasting views generally on asbestos and the role of health sciences in environmentalism from the 1970s to the 1990s are found in Aaron Wildavsky, But Is It True? A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues (Cambridge, Mass. 1995), and
93. Robert N. Proctor, Cancer Wars: How Politics Shapes What We Know and Don’t Know About Cancer (New York, 1995).
94. Most of the significant earlier medical evidence in the litigation is summarized in Federal Judge Myron Bright's decision: 514 F.2d 492 (8th Cir. March 1975), 506–20.
95. Later studies are summarized in Farber, “Risk Regulation in Perspective,” Environmental Law, passim. In Expendable Americans (New York, 1974), Paul Brodeur places Irving Selikoff and Mount Sinai in the context of the Reserve Mining asbestos debate.
96. Also on Selikoff: “The Asbestos Mess,” New York Times, 25 November 1990
97. “No Meeting of the Minds on Asbestos,” Science 252, 5034 (15 November 1991): 928-931
98. “Irving Selikoff is Dead at 77,” New York Times, 22 May 1992.
99. Dr. Arnold L. Brown's reflections on Reserve Mining: “United States v. Reserve Mining Co. : Prediction in the Face of Uncertainty,” in Lawrence B. Novey, ed. Causation and Financial Compensation: Claims of Personal Injury from Toxic Chemical Exposure (Washington, D.C. 1986), 209-13.
100. Philip M. Cook, Gary E. Glass, James H. Tucker, “Asbestiform Amphibole Minerals: Detection and Measurement of High Concentrations in Municipal Water Supplies,” Science, 185, 4154 (6 September 1974): 853–55
101. Philip M. Cook and Gayle F. Olson, “Ingested Mineral Fibers: Elimination in Human Urine,” Science, 204, 4389 (13 April 1979): 195-98
102. See also Marshall S. Shapo, A Nation of Guinea Pigs (New York, 1979), chap. 7
103. “Asbestos Discharges: A Shadow in the Lake”
104. Burger, “Better Science by Litigators,” National Legal Center, 10-12.
105. C. William Verity, “Armco Defends Itself,” Chicago Tribune, 21 April 1975
106. Tibor Zoltai and James H. Stout, Comments on Asbestiform and Fibrous Mineral Fragments, Relative to Reserve Mining Company Taconite Deposits (Minneapolis, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 24 March 1976)
107. Irving J. Selikoff and Douglas H. K. Lee, Asbestos and Disease (New York, 1978)
108. A. M. Langer et al. “The Contamination of Lake Superior with Amphibole Gangue Minerals,” in Irving J. Selikoff and E. Cuyler Hammond, eds. Health Hazards of Asbestos Exposure (New York: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 330, 14 December 1979), 549–72
109. Richard W. Ojakangas and Charles L. Matsch, Minnesota's Geology (Minneapolis, 1982), 136-38
110. Paul Gross and Daniel C. Braun, Toxic and Biomedical Effects of Fibers (Park Ridge, 1984), chap. 2
111. H. Catherine W Skinner, Malcolm Ross, Clifford Frondel, Asbestos and Other Fibrous Materials: Mineralogy, Crystal Chemistry, and Health Effects (New York, 1988). To the end of the federal trial, the plaintiffs and defendants were arguing about the health effects of Reserve discharges and “asbestos.”
112. See, for example, George W. Wright, M.D. “A Current Status Report Concerning Asbestos-Related Disease, Especially with Respect to Ingestion,” Reserve Mining Co. Memorandum, 1 September 1980, AGRM, Box VIII-2
113. “Gold Mine Study Discloses Peril,” New York Times, 30 March 1975
114. “S.D. Gold Mine is Named in Cancer Study,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 17 April 1975
115. “Misusing Science,” Duluth News-Tribune, 6 December 1975
116. Zoltai and Stout, Comments on Asbestiform, 13–33
117. J. Dean Gillam et al. “Mortality Patterns Among Hard Rock Miners Exposed to an Asbestiform Mineral,” in Umberto Saffiotti, and Joseph K. Wagoner, eds. Occupational Carcinogenesis (New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 271, 28 May 1976), 336–52
118. J. C. McDonald et al. “Mortality After Long Exposure to Cummingtonite-Grunerite,” American Review of Respiratory Disease 118 (1978): 271-77
119. Epstein, Politics of Cancer, 86–87
120. Gross and Braun, Toxic and Biomedical Effects, 39–44
121. D. P. Brown et al. “Retrospective Cohort Mortality Study of Underground Gold Mine Workers,” Cancer Research Monographs 2 (1986): 335-50.
122. On ingested asbestos, including Duluth studies, see J. Corbett McDonald, “Health Implications of Environmental Exposure to Asbestos,” Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) 62 (October 1985): 319-28
123. “Report on Cancer Risks Associated with the Ingestion of Asbestos,” EHP 72 (June 1987): 253-65
124. K. D. MacRae, “Asbestos in Drinking Water and Cancer,” Journal of the Royal College of Physicians 22:1 (January 1988): 7-10
125. M. S. Kanarek, “Epidemiological Studies on Ingested Mineral Fibers,” IARC Science Publications 90 (1989): 428-37
126. “WHO: Asbestos in Drinking Water No Health Hazard,” Public Health Reports 109 (September-October 1994): 716
127. Robert D. Morris, “Drinking Water and Cancer,” EHP 103 (November 1995): 225-31
128. EPA, “Integrated Risk Information System Substance File: Asbestos,” 1 March 1997 (from website: epa.gov)
129. EPA, Office of Water, “National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Technical Fact Sheet on Asbestos,” in Drinking Water and Health, 27 January 1998 (from website: epa.gov). On the calculation of potential deaths
130. see Farber, “Risk Regulation in Perspective,” 1344–45
131. William J. Nicholson, “Human Cancer Risk From Ingested Asbestos: A Problem of Uncertainty,” EHP 53 (November 1983): 111-13.
132. Ian T. T. Higgins et al. “Mortality of Reserve Mining Company Employees in Relation to Taconite Dust Exposure,” American Journal of Epidemiology 118:5 (1983): 710-19
133. W. Clark Cooper et al. “An Updated Study of Taconite Miners and Millers Exposed to Silica and Non-Asbestiform Amphiboles,” Journal of Occupational Medicine 34:12 (December 1992): 1173-1180.
134. “Lung Study Points to Asbestos Link,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 2 March 1985
135. “Health Worries on the Range,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 3 March 1985
136. “Public Health Relations,” Duluth News-Tribune, 5 March 1985
137. “National Health Experts Find Asbestos Poses No Widespread Threat,”Minneapolis Star Tribune, 13 April 1985
138. “Learn From Unwarranted Health Scare,” DuluthNews-Tribune, 16 April 1985
139. D. L. Parker et al. “Public Health Implications of the Variability in the Interpretation of ‘B’ Readings for Pleural Changes,” Journal of Occupational Medicine 31:9 (1989): 775-80
140. Minnesota Department of Health, Final Report: Feasibil ity Study of a Statewide Pathology-Based Cancer Surveillance System in Minnesota (St. Paul, January 1986)
141. “Cancer Tracking Project Urged,” St. Paul Pioneer Press, 22 March 1987
142. “High Incidence of Asbestos-linked Cancer Prompts Study in Northeastern Minnesota,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 9 February 1994
143. “Cancer Mystery Ignored: Incurable Mesothelioma Is Striking Men in Northeastern Minnesota,” Saint Paul Pioneer Press, 21 December 1997
144. Minnesota Department of Health, “Minnesota Cancer Surveillance System,” in 1997 Guide to Minnesota Health Data Sources (St. Paul, Minn. 1997), 5.
145. On state cancer registries, see Sandra Steingraber, Living Downstream: A Scientist's Personal Investigation of Cancer and the Environment (New York, 1998), 32-45.
146. See Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence and Explorations in Environmental History for an analysis of the political culture of environmentalism.
147. See also Kehoe, Cleaning Up the Great Lakes, chaps. 4-5, epilogue
148. Peter C. Yeager, The Limits of Law: The Public Regulation of Private Pollution (New York, 1991), chap. 4.
149. “Try It—It May Be Safe,” New York Times, 4 October 1974
150. Burdens of Proof in Environmental Litigation, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Environment, Committee on Commerce (Senator Philip Hart, chair), United States Senate on S.1104, Amendment No. 1814, 19 November 1974 (Washington, D.C. 1975)
151. Senator Gaylord Nelson on Environmental Health Act of 1975 and amendments to TSCA, Congressional Record 121:4 (25 February 1975): 4244-47
152. “Whose Risk?” New York Times, 25 April 1975
153. M. R. Banovetz, Reserve Mining Co. “The Senator's Errors,” New York Times, 29 June 1975
154. “Reserve Mining: The Standard of Proof Required to Enjoin an Environmental Hazard to the Public Health,” Minnesota Law Review 59:5 (April 1975): 923-926
155. Prudence Crewdson, “Toxic Substances Controversy Continues,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 34:1 (3 January 1976): 13-17
156. William A. Thomas, “Judicial Treatment of Scientific Uncertainty in the Reserve Mining Case,” in Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Statistics and the Environment (Washington, D.C.: American Statistical Association, 3 March 1976), 6–8
157. Luther J. Carter, “Toxic Substances: Five-Year Struggle for Landmark Bill May Soon Be Over,” Science 194, 4260 (1 October 1976): 40-42
158. “Toxic Substances Control Act,” Public Law 94-469, 94th Congress, 11 October 1976, Section 2(b)(1).
159. On Ruppe, see “Reserve Hearings on Pollution Get Congressional Call,” Saint Paul Pioneer Press, 28 July 1976
160. “Reserve Faces Suit on Cost of Filtration,” Minneapolis Tribune, 31 August 1976
161. “Ruppe Is Challenged on Pollution Record,” Detroit Free Press, 9 July 1992.
162. Ruckelshaus interviewed by Thomas Bastow and Dean Rebuffoni in “Reserve Mining Provided Test for Ruckelshaus,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 25 March 1983.
163. Also: “Mining Firm's Waste in Lake Superior Provides Critical Test of EPA Power,” Chicago Tribune, 24 January 1972
164. Governor Wendell Anderson to William Ruckelshaus, 25 January 1972, Governor Wendell Anderson Papers, Box 25, MHS; Representative John Dingell (D-Mich.)
165. “EPA Asks Court Action to Stop Pollution of Lake Superior,” Congressional Record 118, 3 (3 February 1972): 2592-2594
166. Edmund P. Russell III, “Lost Among the Parts Per Billion: Ecological Protection at the United States Protection Agency,” Environmental History 2:1 (January 1997): 29-51.
167. On the Land Division, see Richard E. Cohen, “Justice Report: Lands Division Seeks New Role, Prepares for Pollution Case Upsurge,” National Journal Reports (19 January 1974): 103–10
168. Susan C. Simon, “Environment Report: Reserve Mining Suit Illustrates Government- Industry Clash,” National Journal Reports (2 March 1974): 309-18.
169. For various environmental activist perspective on Reserve Mining, see David Zwick and Marcy Benstock, Water Wasteland: Ralph Nader's Study Group Report on Water Pollution (New York, 1971), chap. 7
170. “Ralph Nader Reports: America's Unsung Heroines” (profile of Arlene Letho), Ladies’ Home Journal 93:7 (July 1976): 22-24
171. George Laycock, “Call It Lake Inferior,” Audubon 72:3 (May 1970): 48-53
172. John G. Mitchell, “Corporate Responsibility in Silver Bay,” Audubon 77:2 (March 1975): 46-61
173. Grant Merritt interview in Minnesota Environmental Oral History Project, 15 April and 18 May 1988, MHS
174. “Outdoor Life to Honor Izaak Walton League Member David Zentner,” 1WLA News Release, 1 May 1998
175. “Alden Lind: A Warrior of an Activist Wins a National Honor,” Duluth News-Tribune, 14 March 1998.
176. On Verna Mize, see Mize testimony in Environmental Protection Act of 1971, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on the Environment, Committee on Commerce, United States Senate on S.1032 (Senator Philip Hart, chair), 15-16 April 1971 (Washington, D.C. 1971), 63-79
177. “A Housewife Battles to Save a Great Lake's Beauty,” National Observer, 18 December 1971
178. “One Citizen Acts to Save Lake Superior,” in Odum Fanning, Man and His Environment: Citizen Action (New York, 1975), chap. 1
179. “Reserve vs Verna Mize—Her Tailings Fight Ends,” Saint Paul Pioneer Press, 15 March 1980
180. “The Lady of the Lake,” Newsweek, 104, 18 (29 October 1984)
181. “She's Ready to March Against Reserve Again,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 8 December 1984.
182. The Governor Wendell Anderson Papers (1970-76), Governor Rudy Perpich Papers (1976-78, 1983-92), and the Department of Natural Resources Commissioner's Files (1971- 82) in the MHS abound in Reserve Mining materials. See an interview with Robert Herbst, Minnesota DNR Commissioner (1971-77), focusing in part on Reserve Mining: Minnesota Environmental Oral History Project, 16 May 1988, MHS. For overviews of Minnesota political culture during this period, see Daniel J. Elazar, “A Model of Moral Government,” and
183. John E. Haynes, “Reformers, Radicals, and Conservatives,” in Clifford E. Clark Jr. ed. Minnesota in a Century of Change: The State and Its People Since 1900 (St. Paul, Minn. 1989), 329-59, 360-96
184. Homer E. Williamson, “The Minnesota Governor: Potential for Power,” and
185. Scott Shrewsbury, “Minnesota Environmental Politics and Policy,” in Carolyn M. Shrewsbury and Homer E. Williamson, eds. Perspectives on Minnesota Government and Politics, 3d ed. (Edina, 1993), 179-204, 241-71
186. William E. Lass, Minnesota: A History (New York, 1998), chap. 10.
187. “DFL Task Force Hears Force Hears Charges of Taconite Pollution,” Duluth News-Tribune, 16 March 1969
188. “Lawmakers Urge Banning Tailings in Lake Superior,” Duluth News-Tribune, 29 March 1969
189. “To Silver Bay Reserve Men and Women,” Reserve Mining Company Newsletter, 3 April 1969
190. “An Act Relating to Fees for Deposit of Materials in the Waters of the State,” Senate File 2228, 18 April 1969, Governor Anderson Papers, Box
191. “Environmental Policy Act,” Chapter 412, 1973 Laws of Minnesota, 895–907.
192. Letho in “2 Million Asbestos Fibers Per Gulp,” Chicago Tribune, 2 April 1975.
193. For a good overview of what Reserve Mining, and its potential closure, meant to the people of the Iron Range, see Economic Adjustment Strategies in the Event of the Loss of a Major Employer (Duluth: Arrowhead Regional Development Commission, July 1977, 2 vols.)
194. See also Mary Grace Borren et al. Silver Bay: The Price of Indecision (Minneapolis, November 1976)
195. Socio-Economic Group, Regional Copper-Nickel Study, Community Profiles of Eight East Iron Range Communities (St. Paul, Minn. 1977)
196. Peter J. Novak et al. “Community Conflict and Models of Political Participation” (effect of Reserve on Ely), Rural Sociology 47:2 (Summer 1982): 333-48
197. Arnold R. Alanen, “Years of Change on the Iron Range,” in Minnesota in a Century of Change, 155–94
198. “Silver Bay Learns It Can Survive Without Taconite,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 25 June 1989
199. “Taconite is Back: Trimmed-Down Industry Recovers from Lean Years,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 8 January 1996
200. “Out of the Pits: Minnesota Iron Range Pushes Diversification,” Wall Street Journal, 29 December 1996
201. Lass, Minnesota, 184–96, 253-66, 294-301.
202. “Brick through the window,” in Jim Klobuchar, “A Need to Win Calls Perpich Home,” Minneapolis Tribune, 21 April 1982.
203. “Typhoid Mary” in Perpich, “Letter to the Editor,” 10 April 1975, Governor Perpich Papers, Box 4.
204. Jim Klobuchar, a Ranger and a columnist for the Minneapolis newspapers, had many insights on Perpich. For example: “Rodeo Rider to Lead the Grand Ball,” Minneapolis Star, 10 November 1976
205. “Down Here, It's Called an Inaugural,” Minneapolis Star, 30 December 1976
206. Jim Klobuchar, Minstrel: My Adventure in Newspapering (Minneapolis, 1997), chap. 4.
207. Representative of Perpich's philosophy on iron mining, the steel industry, and his background on the Range: “Governor's Remarks for the United Steelworkers,” Pittsburgh, 8 October 1988, Governor Perpich Papers, Box 3.
208. See “Biographical Sketch” in the register to the John Blatnik Papers, MHS
209. “He Was a Giant of Congress,” Duluth News-Tribune, 18 December 1991
210. “John Blatnik: One Who Did So Much For So Many,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 22 December 1991.
211. Merritt quote: “PCA Chief Predicts Pig's Eye Won’t Pass,” Sain Paul Pioneer Press, 3 December 1974.
212. See also Anne L. Millet, “John Blatnik, Democratic Representative from Minnesota,” in Ralph Nader Congress Project: Citizens Look At Congress (Washington, D.C. August 1972), 1–21.
213. Honorable John A. Blatnik, “The Asbestos Problem-Lake Superior,” Remarks at the International Conference on Environmental Health, Primosten, Yugoslavia, 23 October 1973, Blatnik Papers, Box 113.
214. Frederick Stonehouse, The Wreck of The Edmund Fitzgerald (Marquette, 1996 updated edition).
215. Silver Bay, the earliest opening to the iron ore shipping period in eighteen years of operation, Skillings' Mining Review 62:27 (7 July 1973) : 10.
216. See also “Lake Asbestos High, Duluth Area Warned,” Saint Paul Pioneer Press, 21 November 1975
217. Gary E. Glass, “Identification and Distribution of Inorganic Compounds in Water,” in Kraybill, Aquatic Pollutants, 31–46
218. Gary S. Logsdon, Water Filtration for Asbestos Removal (Cincinnati: Environmental Research Laboratory, EPA, December 1979)
219. David L. Peterson, “The Duluth Experience-Asbestos, Water, and the Public,” Journal of the American Waterworks Association, 70:1 (January 1978): 24-28
220. J. R. Millette et al. “Asbestos in Water Supplies of the United States,” and
221. G. S. Logsdon, “Engineering and Operating Approaches for Controlling Asbestos Fibers in Drinking Water,” EHP 53 (November 1983): 45-48, 169- 76.
222. The “Stoddard Report” on Lake Superior tailings pollution: Part I: Summary Report on Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste Disposal in Lake Superior and Part II: Basic Studies on Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste Disposal in Lake Superior (U.S. Department of Interior, December 1968), in Charles Stoddard Papers, Box 3, MHS. For three overviews of Lake Superior that include discussion of the Reserve case, see Margaret Beattie Bogue, Around the Shores of Lake Superior: A Guide to Historic Sites (Madison, 1979)
223. William Ashworth, The Late, Great Lakes: An Environmental History (New York, 1986), 6-7, 88-89, 106-7, 222-23, 242-43
224. Thomas F. Waters, The Superior North Shore: A Natural History of Lake Superior's Northern Lands and Waters (Minneapolis, 1987), 99-103, 302, 306, 309.
225. Compare with Theodora E. Colborn et al. Great Lakes, Great Legacy? (Washington, D.C. 1990), a comprehensive environmental picture of the Great Lakes that does not mention Reserve Mining.
226. Lake Superior Lakewide Management Plan: Stage 3—Reducing Critical Pollutants (Lake Superior Binational Program, Draft-November 1999)
227. John and Ann Mahan, Lake Superior: Story and Spirit (Gaylord, 1998), chap. 2
228. Great Lakes Atlas, 3d ed. (Environment Canada and EPA, 1995), chap. 4
229. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Surface Water Guide: Lake Superior/St. Croix River Basin (St. Paul, December 1997)
230. Lake Superior, in Great Lakes Information Network website, December 1999 (great-lakes.net), describes all seven Lake Superior Areas of Concern, including Torch Lake. See also on Torch Lake: “Torch Lake Superfund Record of Decision,” 30 September 1992 and 31 March 1994, EPA website (epa.gov)
231. Larry Lankton, Cradle to Grave: Life, Work, and Death at the Lake Superior Copper Mines (New York, 1991).
232. A. R. Batterman and P. M. Cook, “Determination of Mineral Fiber Concentration in Fish Tissues,” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38:8 (August 1981): 952-959
233. A. R. Carlson et al. Cadmium and Endrin Toxicity to Fish Containing Mineral Fibers (Springfield: National Technical Information Service, October 1982)
234. Russel H. Plumb and G. Fred Lee, “Oxygen Demand of Taconite Tailings,” Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 55:3 (March 1983): 317-22
235. Claire L. Schelske et al. “Has Silica Increased in Lake Superior Waters?” Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, 23:1 (January 1988): 163-69
236. John R. Tester, Minnesota's Natural Heritage: An Ecological Perspective (Minneapolis, 1995), 277-80.
237. “Waste District Director to Head MPCA,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 24 January 1991
238. “Environmentalists Fear Worst of MPCA's New Chief,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 24 March 1991
239. “MPCA Appointee Passes Key Test,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 27 March 1991
240. Tom Arrandale, “Reinventing the Pollution Police,” Governing Magazine (January 1996): 32-42
241. “State Official Resigns: Williams' Leadership Was Tenure of Change,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 20 June 1996
242. “Back to Business: The State's Former Ranking Environmental Protection Officer Goes to Work for Big Business,” City Pages (Minneapolis), 14 May 1997.
243. Jane E. Brissette, “The Tale of Tailings in Silver Bay: The 25th Anniversary of Reserve Mining,” Corporate Report-Minnesota 25:11 (November 1994): 24-25
244. Grant J. Merritt, “The Reserve Mining Case—20 Years Later,” Focus on International Joint Commission Activities 19:3 (November-December 1994): 1-4.