Personality diatheses: A superior explanation than disorder

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 37, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 1521-1525

  Tyrer, Peter ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMORBIDITY; EGO; EGOSYNTONICITY; EXTRAVERSION; HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; ONSET AGE; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PSYCHOSOCIAL WITHDRAWAL; REVIEW; SCHIZOIDISM; SOCIAL STATUS;

DISEASE PROGRESSION; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 35348974114     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: 14698978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291707000153     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. APA (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn). American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.
2. Alexander, F. (1930). The neurotic character. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 11, 291-311.
3. Blashfield, R. & Breen, M. (1989). Face validity of the DSM-III-R personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 146, 1575-1579.
4. Bronisch, T. (1992). Diagnostik von Persönlichkeitstö rungen nach den Kriterien aktueller internationaler Klassifikationssysteme. Verhaltenstherapie 2, 140-150.
5. Bronisch, T. & Klerman, G. L. (1991). Personality functioning - change and stability in relationship to symptoms and psychopathology. Journal of Personality Disorders 5, 307-317.
6. Casey, P. & Tyrer, P. (1990). Personality disorder and psychiatric illness in general practice. British Journal of Psychiatry 156, 261-265.
7. Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A. & Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301, 386-389.
8. Clark, L. A. & Harrison, J. A. (2001). Assessment instruments. In: Handbook of Personality Disorders: Theory, Research and Treatment (ed. W. John Livesley), pp. 277-306. Guilford: New York.
9. Clark, L. A., Livesley, W. J. & Morey, L. (1997). Personality disorder assessment: the challenge of construct validity. Journal of Personality Disorders 11, 205-231.
10. Coid, J. W. (1993). An affective syndrome in psychopaths with borderline personality disorder? British Journal of Psychiatry 162, 641-650.
11. Coid, J., Yang, M., Tyrer, P., Roberts, A. & Singleton, N. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder among adults aged 16-74 in Great Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry 188, 423-431.
12. Goldberg, S. C., Shulz, S. C., Shulz, P. M., Resnick, R. J., Haymer, R. M. & Friedel, R. O. (1986). Borderline and schizotypal personality disorders treated with low dose thiothixene versus placebo. Archives of General Psychiatry 43, 680-686.
13. Grilo, C. M., Becker, D. F., Edell, W. S. & McGlashan, T. H. (2001). Stability and change of DSM-III-R personality disorder dimensions in adolescents followed up 2 years after psychiatric hospitalisation. Comprehensive Psychiatry 42, 364-368.
14. Karterud, S., Pedersen, G., Bjordal, E., Braband, J., Friis, S., Haaseth, O., Haavaldsen, G., Irion, T., Leirvag, H., Torum, E. & Urnes, O. (2003). Day treatment of patients with personality disorders: experiences from a Norwegian treatment research network. Journal of Personality Disorders 17, 243-262.
15. Kendell, R. & Jablensky, A. (2003). Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 4-12.
16. Kendler, K. S. & Eaves, L. J. (1986). Models for the joint effects of genotype and environment on liability to psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 143, 279-289.
17. Keown, P., Holloway, F. & Kuipers, E. (2002). The prevalence of personality disorders, psychotic disorders and affective disorders amongst the patients seen by a community mental health team in London. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 37, 225-229.
18. Khan, A. A., Jacobson, K. C., Gardner, C. O. & Kendler, K. S. (2005). Personality and comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 190-196.
19. Koenigsberg, H. W., Reynolds, D., Goodman, M., New, A. S., Mitropoulou, V., Trestman, R. L., Silverman, J. & Siever, L. J. (2003). Risperidone in the treatment of schizotypal personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 64, 628-634.
20. Krueger, R. F. (2005). Continuity of Axes I and II: towards a unified model of personality, personality disorders, and clinical disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders 19, 233-261.
21. Leonhard, K. (1968). Akzentuierte Personlichkeiten. Verlag Volk und Gesundheit: Berlin.
22. Livesley, W. J. (1987). A systematic approach to the delineation of personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 144, 772-777.
23. Loranger, A. W., Lenzegweger, M. F., Gartner, A. F., Susman, V. L., Herzig, J., Zammit, G. K., Gartner, J. D., Abrams, R. C. & Young, R. C. (1991). Trait-state artifacts and the diagnosis of personality disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, 720-728.
24. Moran, P., Coffey, C., Mann, A., Carlin, J. B. & Patton, G. C. (2006). Personality and substance use disorders in young adults. British Journal of Psychiatry 188, 374-379.
25. Moran, P., Jenkins, R., Tylee, A., Blizard, R. & Mann, A. (2000). The prevalence of personality disorder among UK primary care attenders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 102, 52-57.
26. Mulder, R. T. & Joyce, P. R. (1997). Temperament and the structure of personality disorder symptoms. Psychological Medicine 27, 99-106.
27. Ranger, M., Methuen, C., Rutter, D, Rao, B. & Tyrer, P. (2004). Prevalence of personality disorder in the caseload of an inner city assertive outreach team. Psychiatric Bulletin 28, 441-443.
28. Reich, J. (2002). Clinical correlates of stress induced personality disorder. Psychiatric Annals 32, 581-588.
29. Rutter, M. (1987). Temperament, personality and personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 150, 443-458.
30. Schneider, K. (1923). Die psychopathischen Personlichkeiten. Springer: Berlin.
31. Seivewright, H., Tyrer, P. & Johnson, T. (2002). Change in personality status in neurotic disorders. Lancet 359, 2253-2254.
32. Seivewright, H., Tyrer, P. & Johnson, T. (2004). Persistent social dysfunction in anxious and depressed patients with personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 109, 104-109.
33. Shea, M. T., Stout, R., Gunderson, J., Morey, L. C., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T., Skodol, A. E., Dyck, I., Zanarini, M. C. & Keller, M. B. (2002). Short-term diagnostic stability of schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 2036-2041.
34. Siever, L. J. & Davis, K. L. (1991). A psychobiologic perspective on the personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 148, 1647-1658.
35. Skodol, A. E., Pagano, M. E., Bender, D. S., Shea, M. T., Gunderson, J. G., Yen, S., Stout, R. L., Morey, L. C., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., Zanarini, M. C. & McGlashan, T. H. (2005). Stability of functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder over two years. Psychological Medicine 35, 443-451.
36. Tyrer, P. (1999). Borderline personality disorder: a motley diagnosis in need of reform. Lancet 354, 2095-2096.
37. Tyrer, P., Casey, P. & Gall, J. (1983). The relationship between neurosis and personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 142, 404-408.
38. Tyrer, P., Gunderson, J., Lyons, M. & Tohen, M. (1997). Extent of comorbidity between mental state and personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders 11, 242-259.
39. Tyrer, P. & Johnson, T. (1996). Establishing the severity of personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 153, 1593-1597.
40. Tyrer, P., Mitchard, S., Methuen, C. & Ranger, M. (2003b). Treatment-rejecting and treatment-seeking personality disorders: Type R and Type S. Journal of Personality Disorders 17, 265-270.
41. Tyrer, P., Seivewright, N., Ferguson, B., Murphy, S., Darling, C., Brothwell, J., Kingdon, D. & Johnson, A. L. (1990). The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: relationship between personality status and symptoms. Psychological Medicine 20, 423-431.
42. Tyrer, P., Seivewright, N., Ferguson, B. & Tyrer, J. (1992). The general neurotic syndrome: a coaxial diagnosis of anxiety, depression and personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 85, 201-206.
43. Tyrer, P., Seivewright, H. & Johnson, T. (2004). The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: predictors of 12 year outcome of dysthymic, panic and generalised anxiety disorder. Psychological Medicine 34, 1385-1394.
44. Tyrer, P., Sensky, T. & Mitchard, S. (2003a). The principles of nidotherapy in the treatment of persistent mental and personality disorders. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 72, 350-356.
45. WHO (1992). ICD-10: Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. World Health Organisation: Geneva.
46. Widiger, T. A. & Simonsen, E. (2005). Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders 19, 110-130.
47. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F., Dubo, E. D., Sickel, A. E., Trikha, A., Levin, A. & Reynolds, V. (1998). Axis I comorbidity of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 155, 1733-1739.
48. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J. & Silk, K. R. (2003). The longitudinal course of borderline psychopathology: 6-year prospective follow-up of the phenomenology of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 274-283.
49. Zimmerman, M. (1994). Diagnosing personality disorders. A review of issues and research methods. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 225-245.