The Pleistocene easternmost distribution in Eurasia of the species associated with the Eemian Palaeoloxodon antiquus assemblage

Mammal Review

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 224-245

  Pushkina, Diana ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Aurochs; Bubalus; Eemian; Giant deer; Hippopotamus; Inter glacial; Palaeoloxodon; Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis; USSR

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; EXTINCTION; FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGE; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; INTERGLACIAL; PLEISTOCENE; SPECIES OCCURRENCE; UNGULATE;

EURASIA; USSR;

BOS PRIMIGENIUS; BUBALUS; BUBALUS MURRENSIS; CERVIDAE; ELEPHAS ANTIQUUS; HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS; MAMMALIA; PALAEOLOXODON;

EID: 35348928216     PISSN: 03051838     EISSN: 13652907     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00109.x     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Aaris-Sørensen, K. & Liljegren, R. (2004) Late Pleistocene remains of giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus Blumenbach) in Scandinavia: chronology and environment. Boreas, 33, 61-73.
2. Acevedo, P., Delibes-Mateos, M., Escudero, M.A., Vicente, J., Marco, J. & Gortazar, C. (2005) Environmental constraints in the colonization sequence of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758) across the Iberian Mountains, Spain. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 1671-1680.
3. Alexeeva, L.I. (1980) Characteristics of the theriocomplex of the last interglacial period of the Russian Plain. In: Mammals of Eastern Europe during the Anthropogene. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, 93, 68-74. [In Russian.]
4. Alexeyeva, L.I. & Tikhomirov, S.V. (1989) The last phase of the development of the Late Glacial theriofauna. In: Materials of the Mammoth Fauna of Northern Eurasia. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, 198, 111-119. [In Russian.]
5. van Andel, T.H. (2002) The climate and landscape of the middle part of the Weichselian Glaciation in Europe: The stage 3 project. Quaternary Research, 57, 1-8.
6. Azzaroli, A., de Giuli, C., Ficcarelli, G. & Torre, D. (1988) Late Pliocene to early Mid-Pleistocene mammals in Eurasia: Faunal succession and dispersal events. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 66, 77-100.
7. Baryshnikov, G.F. (1987) Mammals of the Caucasus of the early Palaeolithic. In: Pleistocene Mammals of Northern Eurasia. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, 168, 3-20. [In Russian.]
8. Baryshnikov, G.F., Geren, K. & Mezhlumjan, S.K. (1989) Dicerorhinus etruscus brachycephalus from Erevan Mousterian site. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, 198, 103-110. [In Russian.]
9. Bedetti, C., Palombo, M.R. & Sardella, R. (2001) Last occurrences of large mammals and birds in the late Quaternary of the Italian peninsula. In: The World of Elephants (Ed. by G. Cavarretta, P. Gioia, M. Mussi & M.R. Palombo), pp. 701-703. CNR, Rome, Italy.
10. Borissiak, A.A. & Belyaeva, E.I. (1948) Localities of the Tertiary mammals on the USSR territory. Academy of Sciences USSR, Proceedings of the Paleontological Institute, 15, 1-116. [In Russian.]
11. Bosscha Erdbrink, D.P., Brewer, J.G. & Mol, D. (2001) Some remarkable Weichselian elephant remains. Deinsea, 8, 21-26.
12. Bradshaw, R.H.W., Hannon, G.E. & Lister, A.M. (2003) A long-term perspective on ungulate-vegetation interactions. Forest Ecology and Management, 181, 267-280.
13. Bridgland, D.R., Schreve, D.C., Keen, D.H., Meyrick, R. & Westaway, R. (2004) Biostratigraphical correlation between the late Quaternary sequence of the Thames and key fluvial localities in central Germany. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 115, 125-140.
14. Bunzel-Drüke, M. (2001) Ecological substitutes for Wild horse (Equus ferus Boddaert, 1785= E.przewalskii Poljakov, 1881) and Aurochs (Bos primigenius Bojanus, 1827). Natur- und Kulturlandschaft, Höxter/Jena, Band 4, p.10 AFKP (WWF Large Herbivore Initiative). http://www.abu-naturschutz.de/_dnload/substitu.pdf.
15. Burchak-Abramovich, N.I. (1952) The finding of the fossil water buffalo (Bubalus) in the Caucasus. Izvestija Academii Nauk Azerbajanskoj SSR, 2, 63-75. [In Russian.]
16. Burchak-Abramovich, N.I. (1957) Fossil Bulls of the Old World, Vol. 1. AN Azerb. SSR, Baku, Azerbaijan. [In Russian.]
17. Clutton-Brock, J. (1999) A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
18. Cox, C.B. & Moore, P.M. (2000) Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach, 6th edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
19. Currant, A. (1989) The Quaternary origins of the modern British mammal fauna. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 38, 23-30.
20. Currant, A. & Jacobi, R. (2001) A formal mammalian biostratigraphy for the late Pleistocene of Britain. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 1707-1716.
21. van Dam, I., Mol, D., de Vos, J. & Reumer, J.W.F. (1997) De eerste vondst van de Europese waterbuffel, Bubalus murrensis (Berckhemer, 1927) in Nederland. Cranium, 14, 49-54.
22. David, A.I. (1985) Mammal remains from the excavations of the Palaeolithic site Trinka I. In: Fauna and Flora of the Late Cenozoic in Moldavia, pp. 5-14. Shtiinsta, Kishinev, Moldova. [In Russian.]
23. David, A.I. & Lungu, A.N. (1972) Mammal remains in Karagash. In: Vertebrates of the Neogene and Pleistocene of Moldova (Ed. by A.I. David), pp. 19-36. Shtiintsa, Kishinev, Moldova.
24. David, A.I., Shushpanov, K.I., Voloshina, M.I. & Negadev-Nikonov, K.N. (1982) Faunal complexes of the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Moldavia. In: Faunal Complexes, Biostratigraphy of Pliocene and Pleistocene in Moldavia, pp. 7-14. XI Congress INQUA AN MSSR, Shtiinsta, Kishinev, Moldova. [In Russian.]
25. Dong, W., Xu, Q., Jin, C. & Li Y. (1996) The evolution of Quaternary large herbivores from north-east China and its relationship with paleoclimatical variation. Vetebrata Palasiatica, 34, 68-70.
26. Dubrovo, I.A. (1981) Die fossilen Elefanten Japans. Quartärpaläontologie, 4, 49-84.
27. Dubrovo, I.A. (1985) Problems of the systematics of fossil elephants. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 170, 241-245.
28. Dubrovo, I.A. (1990) The Pleistocene elephants of Siberia. In: Megafauna and Man, Discovery of America's Heartland (Ed. by L.D. Agenbroad, J.L. Mead & L.W. Nelson), pp. 1-8. Hot Springs, SD, USA.
29. Dubrovo, I.A., Nigarov, A.N. & Fedorov, P.V. (1996) On the proportion of the marine and continental Plio-Pleistocene deposits in Western Turkmenia. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 4, 95-102.
30. Farchad, F. & Sahabi, Y. (1961) La présence d un elephant dans le quaternaire de l'Iran. Comptes rendu sommaire de la société géologique de france, 15, 304-305.
31. Forsten, A. & Sharapov, S. (2000) Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan. Geodiversitas, 22, 293-314.
32. Fortelius, M., Mazza, P. & Sala, B. (1993) Stephanorhinus (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) of the Western European Pleistocene, with a revision of S. etruscus (Falconer, 1868). Palaeontographia Italica, 80, 63-155.
33. Garutt, V.E. (1972) On a finding of the palaeoloxodont elephant in Eastern Urals. In: Questions of Stratigraphy and Correlation of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Deposits of Northern and Southern Parts of Eastern Urals (Ed. by V.L. Yakhimovich), pp. 19-26. AN SSSR, Geology Institute, Ufa, Bashkirija, Russia. [In Russian.]
34. Garutt, V.E. (1986) Origin of elephants, Elephantidae and their phylogeny. In: Mammals of the Quaternary Fauna of the USSR. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, 149, 15-32. [In Russian.]
35. Garutt, V.E. & Vangengeim, E.A. (1982) Order Proboscidea. In: Stratigraphy of the USSR, Quaternary System (Ed. by E.V. Shantser), pp. 311-317. Nedra, Moscow, Russia. [In Russian.]
36. Gerbova, V.G. & Krasnov, I.I. (1982) Brief historical overview of the Quaternary system stratigraphy research. In: Stratigraphy of the USSR, Quaternary System (Ed. by E.V. Shantser), pp. 9-45. Nedra, Moscow, Russia. [In Russian.]
37. Graham, R.W. & Lundelius, E.L., Jr (1984) Coevolutionary disequilibrium and Pleistocene extinctions. In: Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution (Ed. by P.S. Martin & R.G. Klein), pp. 223-249. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, USA.
38. Granoszewski, W., Demske, D., Nita, M., Heumann, G. & Andreev, A.A. (2005) Vegetation and climate variability during the Last Interglacial evidenced in the pollen record from Lake Baikal. Global and Planetary Change, 46, 187-198.
39. Gromov, V.I. (1972) Tiraspolian faunal complex. In: Geology and fauna of the lower and middle Pleistocene of Europe. Commission on the Quaternary Period Research (Ed. by I.K. Ivanova & N.A. Konstantinova), pp. 168-177. Nauka, Moscow. [In Russian.]
40. Gromov, I.M. & Baranova, G.I., eds. (1981) Catalogue of the USSR Mammals (Pliocene-Present). Academy of Sciences USSR, Zoological Institute, Nauka, Leningrad, Russia. [In Russian.]
41. Hone, D.W.E. & Benton, M.J. (2005) The evolution of large size: How does Cope's Rule work? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 4-6.
42. Howard, W.R. (1997) A warm future in the past. Nature, 388, 418-419.
43. Imetkhanov, A.B. & Kalmykov, N.P. (1988) Fauna and Flora of the Cainozoic in Burjatija (Catalogue). AN SSSR, Ulan-Ude, Burjatia, Russia. [In Russian.]
44. Isaac, J.L. (2005) Potential causes and life-history consequences of sexual size dimorphism in mammals. Mammal Review, 35, 101-115.
45. Kahlke, H.-D. (1975a) Die Rhinocerotiden-Reste aus den Travertinen von Weimar-Ehringsdorf. In: Das Pleistozän von Weimar-Ehringsdorf (Ed. by H.D. Kahlke), pp. 337-397. Abhandlungen des Zentralen Geologischen Instituts, Paläontologische Abhandlungen, Germany.
46. Kahlke, H.-D. (1975b) Die Suedgrenze des spätpleistozänen Europäish-Sibirischen Faunenblocks on Ostasien. Quartärpaläontologie, 1, 243-253.
47. Kahlke, H.-D. (1986) Biostratigraphical correlations (mammals) of the Quaternary continental deposits of Europe and the Far East. Quartärpaläontologie, 6, 83-86.
48. Kahlke, R.-D. (1987) On the occurrence of Hippopotamus (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) in the Pleistocene Achalkalaki (Gruzinian SSR, Soviet Union) and on the distribution of the genus in south-east Europe. Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften, Berlin, 15, 407-414.
49. Kahlke, R.-D. (1999) The History of the Origin, Evolution and Dispersal of the Late Pleistocene Mammuthus-Coelodonta Faunal Complex in Eurasia (Large Mammals). Mammoth site of Hot Springs, Fenske Companies, Rapid City, SD, USA.
50. Kahlke, R.-D. (2001) Die Unterpleistozäne Komplexfundstelle Untermassfeld -zusammenfassung des kenntnisstandes sowie synthetische betrachtungen zu genesemodell, Paläoökologie und Stratigraphie. Das Pleistozän von Untermassfeld bei Meiningen (Thüringen), 40, 931-1030.
51. Kalinovskij, P.F. (1983) Teriofauna of the Late Anthropogene and Holocene of Belorussia. 'Science and Engineering' Press, Minsk, Belorussia. [In Russian.]
52. Kamei, T. (1981) Faunal succession of Pleistocene mammals in the Japanese Islands: An aspect. Quartärpaläontopogie, 4, 165-174.
53. Khromov, A.A., Arkhangelskij, M.S. & Ivanov, A.V. (2001) Large Quaternary Mammals of the Central and Lower Volga Region. International University of Nature, Society and Human, Dubna, Russia. [In Russian.]
54. van Kolfschoten, T. (1995) On the application of fossil mammals to the reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment of northwestern Europe. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 38, 73-84.
55. van Kolfschoten, T. (2000) The Eemian mammal fauna of Central Europe. Geologie en Mijnbouw/Nethrlands Journal of Geosciences, 79, 269-281.
56. von Koenigswald, W. (1999) Migration and extinction in the Quaternary faunas of Central and Western Europe. Annales Geologiques des pays Helleniques 1e serie, 39, A327.
57. von Koenigswald, W. (2003) Mode and causes for the Pleistocene turnovers in the mammalian fauna of Central Europe. Deinsea, 10, 305-312.
58. von Koenigswald, W. & Heinrich, W.-D. (1996) Kurze Charakterisierung der Veränderungen in der Säugetierfauna des Jungquartärs in Mitteleuropa. Tubinger Monographien zur Urgeschichte, 11, 437-448.
59. von Koenigswald, W. & Heinrich, W.-D. (1999) Mittelpleistozäne Säugetierfaunen aus Mitteleuropa der Versuch einer biostratigraphischen Zuordnung. Darmstädterbeiträge zur Naturgeschichte, 9, 53-112.
60. Kondo, Y. & Mazima, N., Nojiri-ko Research Group (2001) Palaeoloxodon naumanni and its environment at the Palaeolithic site of Lake Nojiri, Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan. In: The World of Elephants (Ed. by G. Cavarretta, P. Gioia, M. Mussi & M.R. Palombo), pp. 284-288. CNR, Rome, Italy.
61. Kowalski, K. (1980) Origin of mammals of the Arctic tundra. Folia Quaternaria, 51, 3-16.
62. Kowalski, K. (1989) History and evolution of the terrestrial fauna of Poland. Folia Quaternaria, Krakow, 59-60. [In Polish.]
63. Kozhamkulova, B.S. (1969) The Anthropogene Fossil Fauna of Kazakhstan. Academy of Kazakh Republic, Inst. Zool, Alma-Ata, Russia. [In Russian.]
64. Kozhamkulova, B.S. (1990) Theriocomplexes of the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene and their analogues in Eastern Europe and Asiatic part of the USSR. In: Vertebrate Fauna and Flora of the Mesozoic and Cainozoic of Kazakhstan (Ed. by P.A. Tleuberdina), pp. 5-17. Academy of Kazakh Republic, Inst. Zool, Alma-Ata, Russia. [In Russian.]
65. Kozhamkulova, B.S. & Kochenov, V.G. (1989) Correlation of the early Pleistocene mammal fauna in Kazakhstan and Moldavia. In: Quaternary Age, Palaeolontology and Archaeology (Ed. by A.I. David), pp. 26-32. Shtiintsa, Kishinev, Moldavia. [In Russian.]
66. Kubiak, H. (2001) Remains of the fossil elephants in Poland. In: The World of Elephants (Ed. by G. Cavarretta, P. Gioia, M. Mussi & M.R. Palombo), pp. 18-22. CNR, Rome, Italy.
67. Lister, A.M. (2004) The impact of Quaternary Ice Ages on mammalian evolution. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London B, 359, 221-241.
68. Lister, A.M. & Sher, A.V. (2001) The origin and evolution of the woolly mammoth. Science, 294, 1094-1097.
69. Lister, A.M., Sher, A.V., van Essen, H. & Wie, G. (2005a) The pattern and process of mammoth evolution in Eurasia. Quaternary International, 126-128, 49-64.
70. Lister, A.M., Edwards, C.J., Nock, D.A.W., Bunce, M., van Pijlen, I.A., Bradley, D.G., Thomas, M.G. & Barnes, I. (2005b) The phylogenetic position of the 'giant deer' Megaloceros giganteus. Nature, 438, 850-853.
71. Malez, M. (1986) Die Quartären Vertebraten-Faunen in der SFR Jugoslawien. Qurtärpaläontologie, 6, 101-117.
72. Markova, A.K. (1984) Late Pleistocene mammal fauna of Russian Plain. In: Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union (Ed. by A.A. Velichko), pp. 209-218. Longman Group Limited, London, UK; Minnesota University Press, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
73. Markova, A.K. (2000) The Mikulino (=Eemian) mammal faunas of the Russian plain and Crimea. Geologie en Mijnbouw/Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 79, 293-301.
74. Markova, A.K. (2007) Pleistocene mammal faunas of Eastern Europe. Quaternary International, 160, 100-111.
75. Markova, A.K., Smirnov, N.G., Kozharinov, A.V., Kazantseva, N.E., Simakova, A.N. & Kitaev, L.M. (1995) Late Pleistocene distribution and diversity of mammals in Northern Eurasia. Paleontologia i Evolucio, 28-29, 5-143.
76. Mol, D., van den Bergh, G.D. & de Vos, J. (1999) Fossil proboscideans from the Netherlands, the North Sea and the Oosterschelde estuary. Deinsea (Mammoths & the Mammoth Fauna), 6, 119-145.
77. Mol, D., Post, K., Reumer, J.W.F., de Vos, J. & Laban, C. (2003) Het Gat: Preliminary note on a Bavelian fauna from the North Sea with possibly two mammoth species. Deinsea, 9, 253-266.
78. Nowak, R.M. (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. II. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, USA; London, UK.
79. Ovodov, N.D. (1977) Late Anthropogene mammal (Mammalia) fauna of south of the Ussurijan area. In: Fauna and Systematics of the Vertebrates of Siberia, pp. 157-177. Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka, Novosibirsk, Russia. [In Russian.]
80. Palombo, M.R., Anzidei, A.P. & Arnoldus-Huyzendveld, A. (2003) La Polledrara di Cecanibbio: One of the richest Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus sites of the late Middle Pleistocene in Italy. Deinsea, 9, 317-330.
81. Pavlinov, I.Y. (1999) The Nature of Russia: Animal Life. Mammals, Vol. 1. quot;AST", "Astrel", Moscow.
82. Petronio, C. (1995) Note on the taxonomy of Pleistocene hippopotamuses. Ibex, Journal of Mountain Ecology, 3, 53-55.
83. Prokopenko, A.A., Williams, D.-F., Kuzmin, M.I., Karabanov, E.B., Khursevich, G.K. & Peck, J.A. (2002) Muted climate variations in continental Siberia during the mid-Pleistocene epoch. Nature, 418, 65-68.
84. Qiu, Z.-X. (2006) Quaternary environmental changes and evolution of large mammals in North China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 44, 109-132.
85. Scheglova, V.V. (1963) About Anthropogene mammal fauna of Belorussia. In: Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Belorussia, 4, 216-248. Science and Engineering Press, Minsk, Belorussia. [In Russian.]
86. Schreve, D.C. (2001) Differentiation of the British late Middle Pleistocene interglacials: The evidence from mammalian biostratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 1693-1705.
87. Shafie, M.M. (1993) Environmental effects on water buffalo production. World Animal Review, 77, 2-6.
88. Sher, A.V. (1971) Mammals and Stratigraphy of the Pleistocene in the Far North-East of the USSR and North America. [Nauka], Moscow, Russia. [In Russian.]
89. Sher, A.V. (1992) Beringian fauna and early Quaternary mammalian dispersal in Eurasia: Ecological aspects. Courier Forschungs-Institute Senckenberg, 153, 125-133.
90. Sher, A.V. (1997) Late Quaternary extinction of large mammals in northern Eurasia: A new look at the Siberian contribution. NATO ASI Series, 147, 319-339.
91. Sher, A.V., Kuzmina, S.A., Kuznetsova, T.V. & Sulerzhitsky, L.D. (2005) New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the East Siberian Arctic derived from fossil insects plants and mammals. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 533-569.
92. Spiridonov, G. & Spassov, N. (1998) Large mammals of Bulgaria. Bulgaria's Biological Diversity: Conservation Status and Needs Assessment, Biodiversity Support Program (Ed. by C. Meine), pp. 467-481. Washington, D.C., USA.
93. Stewart, J.R. & Lister, A.M. (2001) Cryptic northern refugia and the origins of modern biota. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16, 608-613.
94. Stuart, A.J. (1986) Pleistocene occurrence of hippopotamus in Britain. Quartärpaläontologie, 6, 209-218.
95. Stuart, A.J. (1991) Mammalian extinctions in the late Pleistocene of Northern Eurasia and North America. Biological Reviews, 66, 453-562.
96. Stuart, A.J. (2005) The extinction of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) in Europe. Quaternary International, 126/128, 171-177.
97. Stuart, A.J. & Lister, A.M. (2001) The mammalian faunas of Pakefield/ Kessingland and Corton, Suffolk, UK: Evidence for a new temperate episode in the British early Middle Pleistocene. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 1677-1692.
98. Stuart, A.J., Kosintsev, P.A., Higham, T.F.G. & Lister, A.M. (2004) Plesitocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth. Nature, 431, 684-689.
99. Svistun, V.I., David, A.I. & Nesin, V.A. (1989) A camel skull from the middle Pleistocene deposits in Moldavia. In: Quaternary Age Palaeolontology and Archaeology (Ed. by A.I. David), pp. 52-60. Shtiintsa, Kishinev, Moldavia. [In Russian.]
100. Takahashi, K., Soeda, Y., Yamada, G., Akamatsu, M., Izuho, M. & Aoki, K. (2003) Replacement of Mammuthus primigenius and Palaeoloxodon naumanni accompanying climate change in Japan. Japan Association for Quaternary Research Newsletter, 10, 12-13.
101. Tchernov, E., Kolska Horwitz, L., Ronen, A. & Lister, A. (1994) The faunal remains from Evron Quarry in relation to other lower Palaeolithic hominid sites in the southern Levant. Quaternary Research, 42, 328-339.
102. Tong, H. & Patou-Mathis, M. (2003) Mammoth and other proboscideans in China during the Late Pleistocene. Deinsea, 9, 421-428.
103. Udvardy, M.D.F. (1969) Dynamic Zoogeography (with Special Reference to Land Mammals). Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, USA.
104. Vangengeim, E.A. (1977) Palaeontological foundation of the Anthropogene stratigraphy of Northern Asia. Nauka, Moscow. [In Russian.]
105. Vamgengeim E.A. & Sher, A.V. (1972) Analogues of the Tiraspolian faunal complex in Siberia. In: Geology and fauna of the lower and middle Pleistocene of Europe. Commission on the Quaternary Period Research (Ed. by I.K. Ivanova & N.A. Konstantinova), pp. 245-255. Nauka, Moscow. [In Russian.]
106. Vangengeim, E.A. & Zhegallo, V.I. (1982) Order Perissodactyla. In: Stratigraphy of the USSR, Quaternary System (Ed. by E.V. Shanster), pp. 317-326. Nedra, Moscow, Russia. [In Russian.]
107. Vangengeim, E.A., Pevzner, M.A. & Tesakov, A.S. (2001) Zonal division of the Quaternary of Eastern Europe based on small mammals. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 9, 76-88. [In Russian].
108. Vasil'ev, S.A. (2003) Faunal exploitation, subsistence practices and Pleistocene extinctions in Paleolithic Siberia. Deinsea, 9, 513-556.
109. Vasil'ev, S.A., Kuzmin, Y.V., Orlova, L.A. & Dementiev, V.N. (2002) Radiocarbon-based chronology of the Paleolithic in Siberia and its relevance to the peopling of the New World. Radiocarbon, 44, 503-530.
110. Vereshchagin, N.K. (1959) The Mammals of the Caucasus. USSR Academy of Sciences Press (Zool. Instit.), Moscow-Leningrad, Russia. [In Russian.]
111. Vereshchagin, N.K. & Baryshnikov, G.F. (1980) Areas of ungulates in the fauna of the USSR in the Anthropogene. In: Mammals of Eastern Europe during the Anthropogene. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, 93, 3-20. [In Russian.]
112. Vereshchagin, N.K. & Baryshnikov, G.F. (1984) Quaternary mammalian extinctions in Northern Eurasia. In: Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution (Ed. by P.S. Martin & R.G. Klein), pp. 483-516. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, USA.
113. Vereshchagin, N.K. & Baryshnikov, G.F. (1985) Extinction of mammals during Quaternary in Northern Eurasia. In: Mammals of Northern Eurasia during the Quaternary. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, 131, 3-38. [In Russian.]
114. Vereshchagin, N.K. & Kuzmina, I.E. (1984) Late Pleistocene mammal fauna of Siberia. In: Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union. Mammals of Northern Eurasia During the Quaternary (Ed. by A.A. Velichko), pp. 219-222. Minnesota University Press, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
115. Webb, S.D. & Barnosky, A.D. (1989) Faunal dynamics of Pleistocene mammals. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 17, 413-438.
116. Xue, X.-X. & Li, X.-C. (2000) Fossil Bubalus from Shaanxi, distribution and phylogeny of fossil Bubalus in China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 38, 218-231.
117. Xue, X.-X., Zhou, W., Zhou, J., Head, J. & Jull, A.J.T. (2000) Biological records of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment changes from Guanzhong area, Shaanxi Province during the last glacial maximum. Chinese Science Bulletin, 45, 841-844.
118. Yakhimovich, V.L. & Chigurjaeva, A.A. (1972) Geological conditions of depositing the remains of the elephant Palaeoloxodon in the west Urals. In: Questions of Stratigraphy and Correlation of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Deposits of the North- and South-Eastern Urals (Ed. by V.L. Yakhimovich), pp. 27-34. AN SSSR, Geology Institute, Ufa, Bashkirija, Russia. [In Russian.];
119. Zagwijn, W.H. (1996) An analysis of Eemian climate in Western and Central Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 15, 451-469.
120. Zhou M. (1962) The first occurrence of fossil hippopotamus in China. Vertebrate Palasiatica, 5, 39-40.