-
1
-
-
35348846617
-
-
Thomas Painter, diary entry for 25 September 1940, folder 24, box 35, series IV D.2, Thomas Painter Collection, Kinsey Institute, Indiana University at Bloomington; reproduced by permission of the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Inc. In 1943, Painter began corresponding with Alfred Kinsey, and his papers primarily document their collaboration in the post-war period. For more on Painter, see Henry L. Minton, Departing from Deviance: A History of Homosexual Rights and Emancipatory Science in America Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002, pp. 122-58. In 1940, his homosexuality would not yet have been treated uniformly as a disqualifying mental defect; as Allan Bérubé has shown, this policy only became part of the instructions for psychiatric screening in the first half of 1941
-
Thomas Painter, diary entry for 25 September 1940, folder 24, box 35, series IV D.2., Thomas Painter Collection, Kinsey Institute, Indiana University at Bloomington; reproduced by permission of the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Inc. In 1943, Painter began corresponding with Alfred Kinsey, and his papers primarily document their collaboration in the post-war period. For more on Painter, see Henry L. Minton, Departing from Deviance: A History of Homosexual Rights and Emancipatory Science in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), pp. 122-58. In 1940, his homosexuality would not yet have been treated uniformly as a disqualifying mental defect; as Allan Bérubé has shown, this policy only became part of the instructions for psychiatric screening in the first half of 1941.
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
0035175589
-
Gender, Citizenship and Subjectivity: Some Historical and Theoretical Considerations
-
See
-
See Kathleen Canning and Sonya O. Rose, 'Gender, Citizenship and Subjectivity: Some Historical and Theoretical Considerations', Gender & History 13 (2001), pp. 427-43
-
(2001)
Gender & History
, vol.13
, pp. 427-443
-
-
Canning, K.1
Rose, S.O.2
-
4
-
-
0009143609
-
-
New York: Routledge
-
Keith Faulks, Citizenship (New York: Routledge, 2000).
-
(2000)
Citizenship
-
-
Faulks, K.1
-
6
-
-
35348829875
-
-
'16,000,000 to Enroll Today in First Peacetime Draft; 1,107,000 to Register Here', New York Times, 16 October 1940. See George Q. Flynn, The Draft, 1940-1973 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993).
-
'16,000,000 to Enroll Today in First Peacetime Draft; 1,107,000 to Register Here', New York Times, 16 October 1940. See George Q. Flynn, The Draft, 1940-1973 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993).
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
35348847227
-
-
Ned Rorem, telephone interview with the author, 19 July 2000. All interview transcripts are in the author's possession
-
Ned Rorem, telephone interview with the author, 19 July 2000. All interview transcripts are in the author's possession.
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
35348902634
-
-
See John Whiteclay Chambers II, To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America (New York: Free Press, 1987). As Michael Geyer notes, 'the same language of obligation - and it is a liberal language - which makes men into citizens and, hence, into warriors, makes nonwarriors or unwilling fighters into - well, it makes them not really men': Michael Geyer, 'War and the Context of General History in an Age of Total War: Comment on Peter Paret, Justifying the Obligation of Military Service
-
See John Whiteclay Chambers II, To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America (New York: Free Press, 1987). As Michael Geyer notes, 'the same language of obligation - and it is a liberal language - which makes men into citizens and, hence, into warriors, makes nonwarriors or unwilling fighters into - well, it makes them not really men': Michael Geyer, 'War and the Context of General History in an Age of Total War: Comment on Peter Paret, "Justifying the Obligation of Military Service"
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
35348926085
-
-
and Michael Howard, World War One: The Crisis in European History', Journal of Military History 57.5 (1993), pp. 145-63, here pp. 154-5.
-
and Michael Howard, "World War One: The Crisis in European History"', Journal of Military History 57.5 (1993), pp. 145-63, here pp. 154-5.
-
-
-
-
12
-
-
35348869892
-
-
The phrase 'the best of all possible wars' is from Lawrence S. Wittner, Rebels against War: The American Peace Movement, 1933-1983 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984), p. 97.
-
The phrase 'the best of all possible wars' is from Lawrence S. Wittner, Rebels against War: The American Peace Movement, 1933-1983 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984), p. 97.
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
35348886622
-
No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies, pp. 221-52; Margot Canaday, 'Building a Straight State: Sexuality and Social Citizenship under the 1944 G.I. Bill
-
Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies, pp. 221-52; Margot Canaday, 'Building a Straight State: Sexuality and Social Citizenship under the 1944 G.I. Bill', Journal of American History 90 (2003), pp. 935-57.
-
(2003)
Journal of American History
, vol.90
, pp. 935-957
-
-
Kerber1
-
15
-
-
35348887860
-
-
Frances H. Early, 'New Historical Perspectives on Gendered Peace Studies', Women's Studies Quarterly 23.3-4 (1995), pp. 22-31, here p. 27
-
Frances H. Early, 'New Historical Perspectives on Gendered Peace Studies', Women's Studies Quarterly 23.3-4 (1995), pp. 22-31, here p. 27
-
-
-
-
18
-
-
35348887857
-
Heroes or Yellow-Bellies? Masculinity and the Conscientious Objector
-
see also
-
see also Marlene Epp, 'Heroes or Yellow-Bellies? Masculinity and the Conscientious Objector', Journal of Mennonite Studies 17 (1999), pp. 107-17
-
(1999)
Journal of Mennonite Studies
, vol.17
, pp. 107-117
-
-
Epp, M.1
-
19
-
-
35348815636
-
Alternative Service and Alternative Gender Roles: Conscientious Objectors in B. C. DuringWorldWar II
-
and Marlene Epp, 'Alternative Service and Alternative Gender Roles: Conscientious Objectors in B. C. DuringWorldWar II', B. C. Studies 105-106 (1995), pp. 139-58.
-
(1995)
B. C. Studies
, vol.105-106
, pp. 139-158
-
-
Epp, M.1
-
22
-
-
35348878629
-
-
James Tracy, Direct Action: Radical Pacifism from the Union Eight to the Chicago Seven (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp. 13-16; Goossen, Women Against the Good War, p. 2.
-
James Tracy, Direct Action: Radical Pacifism from the Union Eight to the Chicago Seven (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp. 13-16; Goossen, Women Against the Good War, p. 2.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
35348882761
-
-
Congress Looks at the Conscientious Objector (Washington, DC: National Service Board for Religious Objectors, 1944), p. 61. Indeed, in 1943, the Office of War Information researched and prepared a report on conscientious objection, but apparently never released it 'for fear of increasing the problem'; Colonel John Langston, memo to Colonel Dunkle, 20 November 1943, attached to draft 'Outline on Conscientious Objectors', in Class IV-Conscientious Objectors (General) 2 folder, box 42, Conscientious Objectors General File, Records of the Selective Service System, RG 147, United States National Archives, College Park, Maryland (COGF).
-
Congress Looks at the Conscientious Objector (Washington, DC: National Service Board for Religious Objectors, 1944), p. 61. Indeed, in 1943, the Office of War Information researched and prepared a report on conscientious objection, but apparently never released it 'for fear of increasing the problem'; Colonel John Langston, memo to Colonel Dunkle, 20 November 1943, attached to draft 'Outline on Conscientious Objectors', in Class IV-Conscientious Objectors (General) vol. 2 folder, box 42, Conscientious Objectors General File, Records of the Selective Service System, RG 147, United States National Archives, College Park, Maryland (COGF).
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
35348904512
-
-
'Lew Ayres, Movies and the War', Douglas Dispatch (Arizona), 26 May 1942 (carried from the Tucson Star), Lew Ayres clippings file, box 65, Records of the Center on Conscience and War (CCW Records), Swarthmore College Peace Collection (SCPC), Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. This and all other periodical clippings cited, except from the New York Times, the Reporter and where otherwise noted, are drawn from the chronologically ordered clippings files in boxes 58, 59 and 65, CCW Records.
-
'Lew Ayres, Movies and the War', Douglas Dispatch (Arizona), 26 May 1942 (carried from the Tucson Star), Lew Ayres clippings file, box 65, Records of the Center on Conscience and War (CCW Records), Swarthmore College Peace Collection (SCPC), Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. This and all other periodical clippings cited, except from the New York Times, the Reporter and where otherwise noted, are drawn from the chronologically ordered clippings files in boxes 58, 59 and 65, CCW Records.
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
35348886186
-
-
An Army private wrote to Time that Ayres's stand was 'indicative of what the American People wrote into their Bill of Rights and what we fight our wars about, Jennifer Frost, Conscientious Objection and Popular Culture: The Case of LewAyres, in Peter Brock and Thomas P. Socknat (eds, Challenge toMars: Essays on Pacifism from 1918 to 1945 Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999, pp. 360-69, here p. 364
-
An Army private wrote to Time that Ayres's stand was 'indicative of what the American People wrote into their Bill of Rights and what we fight our wars about'. Jennifer Frost, 'Conscientious Objection and Popular Culture: The Case of LewAyres', in Peter Brock and Thomas P. Socknat (eds), Challenge toMars: Essays on Pacifism from 1918 to 1945 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), pp. 360-69, here p. 364.
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
35348849149
-
Temperate Heroes: Concepts of Masculinity in SecondWorldWar Britain
-
See also, Stefan Dudink, Karen Hagemann and Josh Tosh eds, Manchester: Manchester University Press
-
See also Sonya O. Rose, 'Temperate Heroes: Concepts of Masculinity in SecondWorldWar Britain', in Stefan Dudink, Karen Hagemann and Josh Tosh (eds), Masculinities in Politics and War: Gendering Modern History (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), pp. 177-95.
-
(2004)
Masculinities in Politics and War: Gendering Modern History
, pp. 177-195
-
-
Rose, S.O.1
-
27
-
-
35348831795
-
-
'Two Brothers - One a Soldier, One a Conscientious Objector', letter to Redbook, n. d. [but in September 1942 folder].
-
'Two Brothers - One a Soldier, One a Conscientious Objector', letter to Redbook, n. d. [but in September 1942 folder].
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
35348853835
-
-
Goossen, Women Against the Good War, p. 130. When the US Supreme Court ruled in 1928 that the Hungarian Jewish pacifist and suffragist Rosika Schwimmer could not be naturalised if she refused to state her willingness in her immigration papers to take up arms on the nation's behalf, Oliver Wendell Holmes observed that, as a woman in her fifties, she 'would not be allowed to bear arms if she wanted to, United States v. Schwimmer, 279 U.S. 644, 653-54 1929, Holmes, J, dissenting, quoted by Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies p. 246. Marlene Epp, studying masculinity among Canadian Mennonite religious objectors in alternative service camps, argues that 'the media and COs themselves used descriptive language and metaphors which likened Alternative Service to the military, Heroes or Yellow-Bellies, p. 1
-
Goossen, Women Against the Good War, p. 130. When the US Supreme Court ruled in 1928 that the Hungarian Jewish pacifist and suffragist Rosika Schwimmer could not be naturalised if she refused to state her willingness in her immigration papers to take up arms on the nation's behalf, Oliver Wendell Holmes observed that, as a woman in her fifties, she 'would not be allowed to bear arms if she wanted to'. United States v. Schwimmer, 279 U.S. 644, 653-54 (1929) (Holmes, J., dissenting), quoted by Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies p. 246. Marlene Epp, studying masculinity among Canadian Mennonite religious objectors in alternative service camps, argues that 'the media and COs themselves used descriptive language and metaphors which likened Alternative Service to the military' ('Heroes or Yellow-Bellies', p. 1).
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
35348913228
-
-
Thomas Painter, diary entry for 25 September 1940.
-
Thomas Painter, diary entry for 25 September 1940.
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
35348905094
-
-
Jean Ledwith King to John Culver King, 20 June 1945, in John Culver King Papers, Michigan Historical Collections, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (quoted by permission of Jean L. King), emphasis in the original.
-
Jean Ledwith King to John Culver King, 20 June 1945, in John Culver King Papers, Michigan Historical Collections, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (quoted by permission of Jean L. King), emphasis in the original.
-
-
-
-
31
-
-
35348840972
-
-
'Suggestions for the President's Radio Talk on Selective Service', attached to letter from Ward H. Maris to 'Mr. Hassett', 27 September 1940, Selective Service Legislation folder, box 1, Official File 1413, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York (hereafter OF 1413). On the role of sincerity in twentieth-century jurisprudence concerning the free exercise of religion, see Kenneth Marin, 'Note, Employment Division v. Smith: The Supreme Court Alters the State of Free Exercise Doctrine', American University Law Review 40 (1991), pp. 1431-76, here pp. 1431, 1438 n. 40.
-
'Suggestions for the President's Radio Talk on Selective Service', attached to letter from Ward H. Maris to 'Mr. Hassett', 27 September 1940, Selective Service Legislation folder, box 1, Official File 1413, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York (hereafter OF 1413). On the role of sincerity in twentieth-century jurisprudence concerning the free exercise of religion, see Kenneth Marin, 'Note, Employment Division v. Smith: The Supreme Court Alters the State of Free Exercise Doctrine', American University Law Review 40 (1991), pp. 1431-76, here pp. 1431, 1438 n. 40.
-
-
-
-
32
-
-
35348928202
-
Conscientious Objectors
-
Connecticut, 19 December
-
'Conscientious Objectors', New London Day (Connecticut), 19 December 1942.
-
(1942)
New London Day
-
-
-
33
-
-
35348888475
-
-
Clarence Dykstra to Helen E. Rhoads, 10 December 1940, Class IV-E: Conscientious Objectors (Pennsylvania): (Selective Service System - General File Room) folder, box 1, COGF.
-
Clarence Dykstra to Helen E. Rhoads, 10 December 1940, Class IV-E: Conscientious Objectors (Pennsylvania): (Selective Service System - General File Room) folder, box 1, COGF.
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
35348847223
-
-
Major A. J. Lewis to Major Edward S. Shattuck, 3 February 1942, Class IV-E: Conscientious Objectors (General) 1 folder, box 17, COGF.
-
Major A. J. Lewis to Major Edward S. Shattuck, 3 February 1942, Class IV-E: Conscientious Objectors (General) vol. 1 folder, box 17, COGF.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
35348861425
-
-
James Madison's proposed Bill of Rights, as originally introduced in the House of Representatives, would have coupled the people's right to keep and bear arms with the right of religious dissenters not to be 'compelled to render military service in person'. Quakers and other religious pacifists were exempted from the Civil War draft. Sibley and Jacob, Conscription of Conscience, p. v
-
James Madison's proposed Bill of Rights, as originally introduced in the House of Representatives, would have coupled the people's right to keep and bear arms with the right of religious dissenters not to be 'compelled to render military service in person'. Quakers and other religious pacifists were exempted from the Civil War draft. Sibley and Jacob, Conscription of Conscience, p. v
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
35348866862
-
-
John Whiteclay Chambers II, 'Conscientious Objectors and the American State from Colonial Times to the Present', in Charles C. Moskos and John Whiteclay Chambers II (eds), The New Conscientious Objection: From Sacred to Secular Resistance (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 23-46, here p. 29.
-
John Whiteclay Chambers II, 'Conscientious Objectors and the American State from Colonial Times to the Present', in Charles C. Moskos and John Whiteclay Chambers II (eds), The New Conscientious Objection: From Sacred to Secular Resistance (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 23-46, here p. 29.
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
35348881002
-
-
Objections without a religious basis were recognised following the Supreme Court's 1965 ruling in Seeley vs. United States. See Peter Irons, The Courage of Their Convictions (New York: Free Press, 1988), p. 163.
-
Objections without a religious basis were recognised following the Supreme Court's 1965 ruling in Seeley vs. United States. See Peter Irons, The Courage of Their Convictions (New York: Free Press, 1988), p. 163.
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
35348820659
-
-
Samuel Rosenman (comp.), Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 9 (New York: Macmillan, 1941), p. 473.
-
Samuel Rosenman (comp.), Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, vol. 9 (New York: Macmillan, 1941), p. 473.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
0037771508
-
-
Scott H. Bennett, 'Free American Political Prisoners : Pacifist Activism and Civil Liberties, 1945-48', Journal of Peace Research 40 (2003), pp. 413-33, here p. 415.
-
Scott H. Bennett, '"Free American Political Prisoners" : Pacifist Activism and Civil Liberties, 1945-48', Journal of Peace Research 40 (2003), pp. 413-33, here p. 415.
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
35348926084
-
-
Charles C. Moskos and John Whiteclay Chambers II, 'Introduction: The Secularization of Conscience', in The New Conscientious Objection, pp. 3-21; see also Wittner, Rebels against War, p. 14.
-
Charles C. Moskos and John Whiteclay Chambers II, 'Introduction: The Secularization of Conscience', in The New Conscientious Objection, pp. 3-21; see also Wittner, Rebels against War, p. 14.
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
35348924955
-
-
Matthew F. McGuire to J. Edgar Hoover, 2 January 1941, 345. Class IV-E: Conscientious Objectors (General) folder, box 2, COGF. See also Attorney General Robert H. Jackson to Franklin D. Roosevelt, 5 November 1940, box 1, OF 1413.
-
Matthew F. McGuire to J. Edgar Hoover, 2 January 1941, 345. Class IV-E: Conscientious Objectors (General) folder, box 2, COGF. See also Attorney General Robert H. Jackson to Franklin D. Roosevelt, 5 November 1940, box 1, OF 1413.
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
35348892730
-
The Army and You
-
pamphlet, April-December folder, box 1, OF 1413
-
'The Army and You', pamphlet, April-December 1941 folder, box 1, OF 1413.
-
(1941)
-
-
-
48
-
-
35348837315
-
-
Peter Shaw, pseud, telephone interview with the author, 5 July 2000. The 4-E classification designated those recognised as objectors to both combatant and non-combatant service, but available for alternative service 'of national importance
-
'Peter Shaw' (pseud.), telephone interview with the author, 5 July 2000. The 4-E classification designated those recognised as objectors to both combatant and non-combatant service, but available for alternative service 'of national importance'.
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
35348916047
-
-
Sam Goldberg, pseud, telephone interview with the author, 19 July 2000
-
'Sam Goldberg' (pseud.), telephone interview with the author, 19 July 2000.
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
35348859632
-
-
Bayard Rustin to Local Board No. 63, 16 November 1943, reel 1, Bayard Rustin Papers, microfilm edn (University Publications of America).
-
Bayard Rustin to Local Board No. 63, 16 November 1943, reel 1, Bayard Rustin Papers, microfilm edn (University Publications of America).
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
35348835500
-
-
Stanfield further suggests that historians, in emphasising the role of military service as a means for minority groups to stake claims to full (male) citizenship, have tended to marginalise parallel African American traditions of refusing to take up arms in defence of a racist society. John H. Stanfield II, 'The Dilemma of Conscientious Objection for Afro-Americans', in Moskos and Chambers (eds), New Conscientious Objection, pp. 47-56.
-
Stanfield further suggests that historians, in emphasising the role of military service as a means for minority groups to stake claims to full (male) citizenship, have tended to marginalise parallel African American traditions of refusing to take up arms in defence of a racist society. John H. Stanfield II, 'The Dilemma of Conscientious Objection for Afro-Americans', in Moskos and Chambers (eds), New Conscientious Objection, pp. 47-56.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
35348847225
-
Draft Dodger, Spurning Court's Patriotic Pleas, Sent to Prison
-
New Jersey, 20 May
-
'Draft Dodger, Spurning Court's Patriotic Pleas, Sent to Prison', Trenton Times (New Jersey), 20 May 1942.
-
(1942)
Trenton Times
-
-
-
54
-
-
0003775156
-
-
See, New York: Free Press
-
See Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class (New York: Free Press, 1994), pp. 166-72
-
(1994)
Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class
, pp. 166-172
-
-
Kelley, R.D.G.1
-
55
-
-
34247961966
-
Blacks and the Draft: A History of Institutional Racism
-
Paul T. Murray, 'Blacks and the Draft: A History of Institutional Racism', Journal of Black Studies 2 (1971), pp. 57-76.
-
(1971)
Journal of Black Studies
, vol.2
, pp. 57-76
-
-
Murray, P.T.1
-
56
-
-
0037914996
-
The Conservative Aims of Militant Rhetoric: Black Protest duringWorldWar II
-
Lee Finkle, 'The Conservative Aims of Militant Rhetoric: Black Protest duringWorldWar II', Journal of American History 60 (1973), p. 708.
-
(1973)
Journal of American History
, vol.60
, pp. 708
-
-
Finkle, L.1
-
57
-
-
35348903289
-
A Conscientious Objector Finds No Friends on Coast
-
29 August
-
'A Conscientious Objector Finds No Friends on Coast', Chicago Defender, 29 August 1942, p. 17.
-
(1942)
Chicago Defender
, pp. 17
-
-
-
58
-
-
35348863787
-
-
Charley Cherokee, 'National Grapevine', column in the Chicago Defender; quoted in 'From the Press', Reporter 4.11 (1 December 1945), p. 4.
-
Charley Cherokee, 'National Grapevine', column in the Chicago Defender; quoted in 'From the Press', Reporter 4.11 (1 December 1945), p. 4.
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
35348903918
-
-
Toshiyuki Fukushima, interview with the author, 23 October 1999; Toshiyuki Fukushima to Samuel Marble, 26 June 1945, box 59, Records of the American Friends Service Committee/Civilian Public Service Personnel Records, SCPC
-
Toshiyuki Fukushima, interview with the author, 23 October 1999; Toshiyuki Fukushima to Samuel Marble, 26 June 1945, box 59, Records of the American Friends Service Committee/Civilian Public Service Personnel Records, SCPC.
-
-
-
-
60
-
-
35348873225
-
-
Igal Roodenko, supplementary statement attached to Selective Service Form 47, folder on draft and CPS orders, box 1, Igal Roodenko Papers, SCPC.
-
Igal Roodenko, supplementary statement attached to Selective Service Form 47, folder on draft and CPS orders, box 1, Igal Roodenko Papers, SCPC.
-
-
-
-
61
-
-
35348861426
-
-
Presidential Appeal and Advisory Docket No. 507, copy attached to James Rowe, Jr,memotoUSAttorneys and Hearing Officers, 27 February 1942, Class IV-E: Conscientious Objectors (General) 2 folder, box 17, COGF.
-
Presidential Appeal and Advisory Docket No. 507, copy attached to James Rowe, Jr,memotoUSAttorneys and Hearing Officers, 27 February 1942, Class IV-E: Conscientious Objectors (General) vol. 2 folder, box 17, COGF.
-
-
-
-
62
-
-
0038916520
-
I Want a Girl, Just Like the Girl that Married Harry James : American Women and the Problem of Political Obligation in World War II
-
Robert B. Westbrook, '"I Want a Girl, Just Like the Girl that Married Harry James" : American Women and the Problem of Political Obligation in World War II', American Quarterly 42 (1990), pp. 587-614.
-
(1990)
American Quarterly
, vol.42
, pp. 587-614
-
-
Westbrook, R.B.1
-
63
-
-
35348925457
-
-
Sibley and Jacob, Conscription of Conscience, p. 62; Frost, 'Conscientious Objection and Popular Culture', p. 363.
-
Sibley and Jacob, Conscription of Conscience, p. 62; Frost, 'Conscientious Objection and Popular Culture', p. 363.
-
-
-
-
64
-
-
35348922962
-
Alternative Service and Alternative Gender Roles'; Goossen
-
See
-
See Epp, 'Alternative Service and Alternative Gender Roles'; Goossen, Women Against the Good War.
-
Women Against the Good War
-
-
Epp1
-
65
-
-
35348855780
-
A Conscientious Objector Tells Why He Fights
-
New York, 8 October
-
'A Conscientious Objector Tells Why He Fights', Dundee Observer (New York), 8 October 1942.
-
(1942)
Dundee Observer
-
-
-
69
-
-
35348868053
-
One Man's Opinion
-
District of Columbia, 4 April
-
Hugh S. Johnson, 'One Man's Opinion', Washington News (District of Columbia), 4 April 1942.
-
(1942)
Washington News
-
-
Johnson, H.S.1
-
70
-
-
35348883716
-
-
ed, Public Opinion, 1935-1946 Princeton: Princeton University Press
-
'Conscientious Objectors', in Hadley Cantril (ed.), Public Opinion, 1935-1946 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), p. 135.
-
(1951)
Conscientious Objectors
, pp. 135
-
-
-
71
-
-
35348823760
-
-
Paul Comly French to Clarence E. Pickett, 3 December 1940, enclosed in Paul Comly French to Lewis B. Hershey, 11 January 1946, Class IV-E: Conscientious Objectors (General) 1 folder, box 95, COGF.
-
Paul Comly French to Clarence E. Pickett, 3 December 1940, enclosed in Paul Comly French to Lewis B. Hershey, 11 January 1946, Class IV-E: Conscientious Objectors (General) vol. 1 folder, box 95, COGF.
-
-
-
-
72
-
-
35348882178
-
-
See e.g, Carpentersville, IL, 6 August
-
See e.g., Editorial, Fox Valley Mirror (Carpentersville, IL), 6 August 1943.
-
(1943)
Fox Valley Mirror
-
-
Editorial1
-
73
-
-
35348844681
-
-
'From the Papers', Reporter, 15 July 1944; Frederick L. Rushton, 'All Out for Peace', Worcester Telegram (Massachusetts), 27 September 1942
-
'From the Papers', Reporter, 15 July 1944; Frederick L. Rushton, 'All Out for Peace', Worcester Telegram (Massachusetts), 27 September 1942
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
35348847224
-
They Object to War But Not to Work
-
Memphis, TN, 9 November
-
Bob Marks, 'They Object to War But Not to Work', Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN), 9 November 1941
-
(1941)
Commercial Appeal
-
-
Marks, B.1
-
76
-
-
35348826208
-
-
Quoted in Lee Bartlett, 'From Waldport to San Francisco: Art and Politics Make Peace', Literary Review 32 (1988), pp. 9-15, here p. 12.
-
Quoted in Lee Bartlett, 'From Waldport to San Francisco: Art and Politics Make Peace', Literary Review 32 (1988), pp. 9-15, here p. 12.
-
-
-
-
77
-
-
35348895078
-
-
ed. Katherine Bucknell NewYork: HarperCollins, 1997
-
Christopher Isherwood, Diaries, Volume 1: 1939-1960, ed. Katherine Bucknell (NewYork: HarperCollins, 1997), pp. 274-5.
-
(1939)
Diaries
, vol.1
, pp. 274-275
-
-
Isherwood, C.1
-
78
-
-
58149440086
-
-
Adrian E. Gory and David C. McClelland, 'Characteristics of Conscientious Objectors in World War II', Journal of Consulting Psychology 11 (1947), pp. 245-57, here p. 254.
-
Adrian E. Gory and David C. McClelland, 'Characteristics of Conscientious Objectors in World War II', Journal of Consulting Psychology 11 (1947), pp. 245-57, here p. 254.
-
-
-
-
79
-
-
0039019728
-
She Didn't Raise Her Boy to Be a Slacker: Motherhood, Conscription, and the Culture of the First World War
-
Susan Zeiger, 'She Didn't Raise Her Boy to Be a Slacker: Motherhood, Conscription, and the Culture of the First World War', Feminist Studies 22 (1996), pp. 7-39.
-
(1996)
Feminist Studies
, vol.22
, pp. 7-39
-
-
Zeiger, S.1
-
80
-
-
35348909066
-
-
Charles F. Irons, 'Bucking the Current', letter to Des Moines Tribune Register, 11 October 1942.
-
Charles F. Irons, 'Bucking the Current', letter to Des Moines Tribune Register, 11 October 1942.
-
-
-
-
81
-
-
35348895077
-
-
Editorial, Denison Review (Iowa), 7 December 1944, quoted in 'From the Papers', Reporter, 1 January 1945.
-
Editorial, Denison Review (Iowa), 7 December 1944, quoted in 'From the Papers', Reporter, 1 January 1945.
-
-
-
-
84
-
-
35348884931
-
-
Letter to Boston Globe column, 'Victory Forum', 14 March 1942.
-
Letter to Boston Globe column, 'Victory Forum', 14 March 1942.
-
-
-
-
86
-
-
35348928790
-
-
'Ex-Student Sent to Prison in Draft Case', Madison (WI) Journal, 9 March 1942.
-
'Ex-Student Sent to Prison in Draft Case', Madison (WI) Journal, 9 March 1942.
-
-
-
-
87
-
-
35348866245
-
-
'Frank Lloyd Wright Strikes Back in Attack by Judge', Los Angeles Times, 20 December 1942 (see also item on Wright, 'Headaches' , Time, 28 December 1942)
-
'Frank Lloyd Wright Strikes Back in Attack by Judge', Los Angeles Times, 20 December 1942 (see also item on Wright, 'Headaches' , Time, 28 December 1942)
-
-
-
-
88
-
-
35348868054
-
Draft Objector Lectured, Placed on 3-Year Probation
-
9 March, COs and pacifists were often fired from teaching jobs, as the CCW clippings file shows
-
'Draft Objector Lectured, Placed on 3-Year Probation', Chicago Daily News, 9 March 1942. COs and pacifists were often fired from teaching jobs, as the CCW clippings file shows.
-
(1942)
Chicago Daily News
-
-
-
89
-
-
35348916678
-
-
'Advice for Jasper Deeter of the Hedgerow Theater', Philadelphia Record, 7 October 1942; 'Should Exempt Actors', Variety, 7 October 1942
-
'Advice for Jasper Deeter of the Hedgerow Theater', Philadelphia Record, 7 October 1942; 'Should Exempt Actors', Variety, 7 October 1942
-
-
-
-
90
-
-
35348898482
-
3 at Hedgerow Deferred; Roosevelt Order Fought
-
19 October
-
'3 at Hedgerow Deferred; Roosevelt Order Fought', Philadelphia Bulletin, 19 October 1942
-
(1942)
Philadelphia Bulletin
-
-
-
91
-
-
35348821930
-
War Is Far Away for 3 Deferred at Hedgerow
-
21 October
-
John M. Cummings, 'War Is Far Away for 3 Deferred at Hedgerow', Philadelphia Inquirer, 21 October 1942.
-
(1942)
Philadelphia Inquirer
-
-
Cummings, J.M.1
-
92
-
-
35348898992
-
-
Harry S. Truman to Franklin D. Roosevelt, 16 April 1942, in May-June 1942 folder, box 6, OF 1413. See also Endicott Peabody to Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1 May 1942, in the same folder.
-
Harry S. Truman to Franklin D. Roosevelt, 16 April 1942, in May-June 1942 folder, box 6, OF 1413. See also Endicott Peabody to Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1 May 1942, in the same folder.
-
-
-
-
93
-
-
35348862534
-
-
31 December, Julius Eichel Papers, SCPC
-
Julius Eichel, typescript, 31 December 1941, in '1941-42, 1973-78 dated writings' folder, box 1, Julius Eichel Papers, SCPC.
-
(1941)
1941-42, 1973-78 dated writings' folder, box
, vol.1
-
-
Eichel, J.1
typescript2
-
94
-
-
35348918900
-
-
James V. Bennett to Senator James M. Mead, 25 September 1946, copy in Sandstone hunger strike folder, box 2, Igal Roodenko Papers, SCPC.
-
James V. Bennett to Senator James M. Mead, 25 September 1946, copy in Sandstone hunger strike folder, box 2, Igal Roodenko Papers, SCPC.
-
-
-
-
96
-
-
84928847220
-
The Radical Conscientious Objectors ofWorld War Two:WArtime Experience and Postwar Activism
-
Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, 'The Radical Conscientious Objectors ofWorld War Two:WArtime Experience and Postwar Activism', Radical History Review 45 (1989), pp. 5-29
-
(1989)
Radical History Review
, vol.45
, pp. 5-29
-
-
Lemke-Santangelo, G.1
-
97
-
-
35348917650
-
-
Tracy, Direct Action. An exception is John D'Emilio, Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin (New York: Free Press, 2003).
-
Tracy, Direct Action. An exception is John D'Emilio, Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin (New York: Free Press, 2003).
-
-
-
-
98
-
-
35348897922
-
-
Open letter from the organisation Peacemakers, as quoted in Tracy, Direct Action, p. 78, emphasis added by Tracy; see also Harold S. Gray to Attorney General Francis Biddle, 27 April 1942, copy in 1941-1943 correspondence folder, box 1, Eichel Papers, SCPC. On the language of authenticity and individualism, see Doug Rossinow, The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity, and the New Left in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).
-
Open letter from the organisation Peacemakers, as quoted in Tracy, Direct Action, p. 78, emphasis added by Tracy; see also Harold S. Gray to Attorney General Francis Biddle, 27 April 1942, copy in 1941-1943 correspondence folder, box 1, Eichel Papers, SCPC. On the language of authenticity and individualism, see Doug Rossinow, The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity, and the New Left in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).
-
-
-
-
99
-
-
35348915456
-
-
Jack Fialkoff to Julius Eichel, 3 September 1943, in 1941-1943 correspondence folder, box 1, Eichel Papers, SCPC.
-
Jack Fialkoff to Julius Eichel, 3 September 1943, in 1941-1943 correspondence folder, box 1, Eichel Papers, SCPC.
-
-
-
-
100
-
-
35348833601
-
-
Ralph DiGia, 'My Resistance to World War II', pp. 38-52, here pp. 47-8, and David Dellinger, 'Why I Refused to Register in the October 1940 Draft and a Little of What It Led To', pp. 20-37, here p. 36
-
Ralph DiGia, 'My Resistance to World War II', pp. 38-52, here pp. 47-8, and David Dellinger, 'Why I Refused to Register in the October 1940 Draft and a Little of What It Led To', pp. 20-37, here p. 36
-
-
-
-
101
-
-
35348899584
-
-
both in Larry Gara and Lenna Mae Gara (eds), A Few Small Candles: War Resisters of World War II Tell Their Stories (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999).
-
both in Larry Gara and Lenna Mae Gara (eds), A Few Small Candles: War Resisters of World War II Tell Their Stories (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999).
-
-
-
-
102
-
-
35348906212
-
-
Bayard Rustin to Doris Grotewohl, 5 May 1944, reel 1, Rustin Papers.
-
Bayard Rustin to Doris Grotewohl, 5 May 1944, reel 1, Rustin Papers.
-
-
-
-
105
-
-
35348913833
-
-
Stephen Cary, telephone interview with the author, 5 July 2000
-
Stephen Cary, telephone interview with the author, 5 July 2000.
-
-
-
-
106
-
-
35348863786
-
-
H. Otto Dahlke, 'Values and Group Behavior in Two Camps for Conscientious Objectors', American Journal of Sociology 51 (1945), pp. 22-33, here p. 27.
-
H. Otto Dahlke, 'Values and Group Behavior in Two Camps for Conscientious Objectors', American Journal of Sociology 51 (1945), pp. 22-33, here p. 27.
-
-
-
-
107
-
-
35348886624
-
-
Letter from David M. Metcalf, 28 December 1943, in 1941-1943 correspondence folder, Eichel Papers, SCPC.
-
Letter from David M. Metcalf, 28 December 1943, in 1941-1943 correspondence folder, Eichel Papers, SCPC.
-
-
-
-
109
-
-
35348846616
-
-
JessieWallace Hughan, 'War Resistance in the Atomic Age', quoted in Bennett, Radical Pacifism, p. 138.
-
JessieWallace Hughan, 'War Resistance in the Atomic Age', quoted in Bennett, Radical Pacifism, p. 138.
-
-
-
-
112
-
-
0042391613
-
Politics in an Age of Anxiety : ColdWar Political Culture and the Crisis in American Masculinity, 1949-1960
-
K. A. Cuordileone, '"Politics in an Age of Anxiety" : ColdWar Political Culture and the Crisis in American Masculinity, 1949-1960', Journal of American History 87 (2000), pp. 515-45.
-
(2000)
Journal of American History
, vol.87
, pp. 515-545
-
-
Cuordileone, K.A.1
-
113
-
-
0040993004
-
Politics in an Age of Anxiety"'; Frank Costigliola, '"Unceasing Pressure for Penetration": Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War
-
Cuordileone, '"Politics in an Age of Anxiety"'; Frank Costigliola, '"Unceasing Pressure for Penetration": Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War', Journal of American History 83 (1997), pp. 1309-39
-
(1997)
Journal of American History
, vol.83
, pp. 1309-1339
-
-
Cuordileone1
-
115
-
-
84936823975
-
Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals
-
Carol Cohn, 'Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals', Signs 12 (1987), pp. 687-718.
-
(1987)
Signs
, vol.12
, pp. 687-718
-
-
Cohn, C.1
-
116
-
-
35348922961
-
-
An important exception is David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004
-
An important exception is David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).
-
-
-
-
118
-
-
0003673472
-
-
Among manyworks onwomen in the post-war period, see, revised edn; New York: Basic Books
-
Among manyworks onwomen in the post-war period, see Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (revised edn; New York: Basic Books, 1999)
-
(1999)
Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era
-
-
Tyler May, E.1
-
120
-
-
0037756279
-
Our Skirts Gave Them Courage : The Civil Defense Protest Movement in New York City
-
See, Meyerowitz ed
-
See Dee Garrison, '"Our Skirts Gave Them Courage" : The Civil Defense Protest Movement in New York City, 1955-1961', in Meyerowitz (ed.), Not June Cleaver, pp. 201-26
-
(1955)
Not June Cleaver
, pp. 201-226
-
-
Garrison, D.1
-
122
-
-
35348831793
-
-
Laura McEnaney, Civil Defense Begins at Home: Militarization Meets Everyday Life in the Fifties (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).
-
Laura McEnaney, Civil Defense Begins at Home: Militarization Meets Everyday Life in the Fifties (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).
-
-
-
-
124
-
-
84901878507
-
-
See also Michael Foley, 'The Point of Ultimate Indignity or a Beloved Community? The Draft Resistance Movement and New Left Gender Dynamics', in John McMillian and Paul Buhle (eds), The New Left Revisited (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003), pp. 178-98, esp. pp. 179, 183-6
-
See also Michael Foley, 'The "Point of Ultimate Indignity" or a "Beloved Community?" The Draft Resistance Movement and New Left Gender Dynamics', in John McMillian and Paul Buhle (eds), The New Left Revisited (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003), pp. 178-98, esp. pp. 179, 183-6
-
-
-
-
126
-
-
35348813812
-
-
For the debate on universal military training in the post-war period, see Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On the notion of the 'free world', see Wittner, Rebels against War, p. 99.
-
For the debate on universal military training in the post-war period, see Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On the notion of the 'free world', see Wittner, Rebels against War, p. 99.
-
-
-
-
127
-
-
35348831192
-
-
See e.g., Paul Fussell, Doing Battle: The Making of a Skeptic (Boston: Little, Brown, 1996), excerpted in ClintWillis (ed.), TheWar: Stories of Life and Death fromWorldWar HI (NewYork:Thunder's Mouth Press, 1999), p. 25.
-
See e.g., Paul Fussell, Doing Battle: The Making of a Skeptic (Boston: Little, Brown, 1996), excerpted in ClintWillis (ed.), TheWar: Stories of Life and Death fromWorldWar HI (NewYork:Thunder's Mouth Press, 1999), p. 25.
-
-
-
-
128
-
-
0013092706
-
Rivers and Sassoon: The Inscription of Male Gender Anxieties
-
See also, and, eds, New Haven: Yale University Press
-
See also Elaine Showalter, 'Rivers and Sassoon: The Inscription of Male Gender Anxieties', in Margaret Randolph Higonnet, Jane Jenson, Sonya Michel and Margaret CollinsWeitz (eds), Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), pp. 61-9.
-
(1987)
Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars
, pp. 61-69
-
-
Showalter, E.1
-
129
-
-
35348903917
-
-
Samuel A. Stouffer, Edward A. Suchman, Leland C. DeVinney, Shirley A. Star and Robin M. Williams, Jr, The American Soldier, 1: Adjustment during Army Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949), pp. 208-9; on reluctance and disillusionment, see p. 450.
-
Samuel A. Stouffer, Edward A. Suchman, Leland C. DeVinney, Shirley A. Star and Robin M. Williams, Jr, The American Soldier, vol. 1: Adjustment during Army Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949), pp. 208-9; on reluctance and disillusionment, see p. 450.
-
-
-
-
130
-
-
35348921237
-
-
'The Army and You' pamphlet (cited above) declared that the Army was 'part of your payment on a great national insurance policy'; one's mettle would be tested by deprivation, and later one would regain 'those civilian privileges and luxuries which you temporarily forego'.
-
'The Army and You' pamphlet (cited above) declared that the Army was 'part of your payment on a great national insurance policy'; one's mettle would be tested by deprivation, and later one would regain 'those civilian privileges and luxuries which you temporarily forego'.
-
-
-
|