Membranous nephropathy

Journal of Nephrology

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 268-287

  Ponticelli, Claudio ^a,b  

^a ISTITUTO AUXOLOGICO ITALIANO   (Italy)

^b NONE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Corticosteroids; Cyclosporine; Cytotoxic drugs; Glomerulonephritis; Immunosuppressive therapy; Membranous nephropathy; Nephrotic syndrome

Indexed keywords

ADEFOVIR; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENT; CAPTOPRIL; CHLORAMBUCIL; CLEVUDINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOTROPIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENTECAVIR; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; LAMIVUDINE; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PEGINTERFERON; PENICILLAMINE; PLACEBO; RIBAVIRIN; RITUXIMAB; TELBIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AZOOSPERMIA; BLADDER DISEASE; BONE MARROW DISEASE; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CUSHINGOID SYNDROME; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EDEMA; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLOMERULOPATHY; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION; GONADAL DISEASE; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; IDIOPATHIC DISEASE; INFECTION; INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS; KIDNEY BIOPSY; KIDNEY FAILURE; LABORATORY TEST; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS NEPHRITIS; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; OBESITY; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PODOCYTE; PROGNOSIS; PROTEINURIA; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REMISSION; REPEATED DRUG DOSE; SIDE EFFECT; SODIUM RESTRICTION; TREATMENT DURATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, MEMBRANOUS; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 35348888421     PISSN: 11218428     EISSN: 17246059     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Ehrenreich T, Churg J. Pathology of membranous nephropathy. In Sommers SC (Ed). Pathology annual. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts 1968; 145-86.
2. Donadio JV Jr, Torres VE, Velosa JA, Wagoner RD, Holley KE, Okamura M, Ilstrup DM, Chu CP. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy: the natural history of untreated patients. Kidney Int 1988; 33: 708-15.
3. Noel LH, Zanetti M, Droz D, Barbanel C. Long-term prognosis of idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis: study of 116 untreated patients. Am J Med 1978; 66: 82-90.
4. Hogan SL, Muller KE, Jennette JC, Falk RJ. A review of therapeutic studies of idiopathic membranous glomerulopathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25: 862-75.
5. Schena P. Survey of the Italian Registry of Renal Biopsies: frequency of the renal diseases for 7 consecutive years. The Italian Group of Renal Immunopathology. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12: 418-26.
6. Haas M, Meehan SM, Karrison TG, Spargo BH. Changing etiologies of unexplained adult nephrotic syndrome: a comparison of renal biopsy findings from 1976-1979 and 1995-1997. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 30: 621-31.
7. Braden GL, Mulhern JG, O'Shea MH, Nash SV, Ucci AA Jr, Germain MJ. Changing incidence of glomerular diseases in adults. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35: 878-83.
8. Dragovic D, Rosenstock JL, Wahl SJ, Panagopoulos G, DeVita MV, Michelis MF. Increasing incidence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and an examination of demographic patterns. Clin Nephrol 2005; 63: 1-7.
9. Filler G, Young E, Geier P, Carpenter B, Drukker A, Feber J. Is there really an increase in non-minimal change nephrotic syndrome in children? Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42: 1107-13.
10. Nair R, Bell JM, Walker PD. Renal biopsy in patients aged 80 years and older. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44: 618-26.
11. Vendemia F, Gesualdo L, Schena FP, D'Amico G; Renal Immunopathology Study Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology. Epidemiology of primary glomerulonephritis in the elderly: report from the Italian Registry of Renal Biopsy. J Nephrol 2001; 14: 340-52.
12. Waldherr R, Ilkenhans C, Ritz E. How frequent is glomerulonephritis in diabetes mellitus type II? Clin Nephrol 1992; 37: 271-3.
13. Yoshikawa Y, Truong LD, Mattioli CA, Ordonez NG, Balsaver AM. Membranous glomerulonephritis in diabetic patients: a study of 15 cases and review of the literature. Mod Pathol 1990; 3: 36-42.
14. Hironaka K, Makino H, Ikeda S, Haramoto T, Ota Z. Nondiabetic renal disease complicating diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Complications 1991; 5: 148-9.
15. Adu D, Berisa F, Howie AJ, Emery P, Bacon PA, McConkey B, McGonigle RJ, Michaels J, Popert A.J. Glomerulonephritis in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32: 1008-11.
16. Ponticelli C, Banfi G, Moroni G. Systemic lupus erythematosus. In Davison A, Cameron JS, Grunfeld JP, Ponticelli C, Ritz E, Winearls C, van Ypersele C Eds. Oxford textbook of clinical nephrology (3rd edn). Oxford: Oxford University Press 2005; 824-42.
17. Adu D, Williams DG, Taube D, Vilches AR, Turner DR, Cameron JS, Ogg CS. Late onset systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus-like disease in patients with apparent idiopathic glomerulonephritis. Q J Med 1983; 52: 471-87.
18. Lefaucheur C, Stengel B, Nochy D, Martel P, Hill GS, Jacquot C, Rossert J. Membranous nephropathy and cancer: epidemiologic evidence and determinants of high-risk cancer association. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 1510-7.
19. Ohtani H, Wakul H, Komatsuda A, Okuyama S, Masai R, Maki N, Kigawa A, Sawada K, Imai H. Distribution of glomerular IgG subclass deposits in malignancy-associated membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 574-9.
20. Ponticelli C, Passerini P. Membranous nephropathy. In Ponticelli C, Glassock RJ Eds. Treatment of primary glomerulonephritis. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1997; 146-85.
21. Burnstein DM, Korbet SM, Schwartz MM. Membranous glomerulonephritis and malignancy. Am J Kidney Dis 1993; 1: 5-10.
22. Lai AS, Lai KN. Viral nephropathy. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2006; 2: 254-62.
23. Gonzalo A, Mampaso F, Barcena R, Gallego N, Ortuno J. Membranous nephropathy associated with hepatitis B virus infection: long-term clinical and histological outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 416-8.
24. Seedat YK. Glomerular disease in the tropics. Semin Nephrol 2003; 23: 12-20.
25. Schieppati A, Mosconi L, Perna A, Mecca G, Bertani T, Garattini S, Remuzzi G. Prognosis of untreated patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1993;329: 85-9.
26. Zucchelli P, Ponticelli C, Cagnoli L, Passerini P. Long-term outcome of idiopathic membranous nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1987; 2: 73-8.
27. Ponticelli C, Zucchelli P, Passerini P, Cesana B, Locatelli F, Pasquall S, Sasdelli M, Redaelli B, Grassi C, Pozzi C, Bizzarri D, Banfi G. A 10-year follow-up of a randomized study with methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1995; 48: 1600-4.
28. Du Buf-Vereijken PW, Branten AJ, Wetzels JF. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy: outline and rationale of a treatment strategy. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46: 1012-29.
29. Kida H, Asamoto T, Yokoyama H, Tomosugi N, Hattori N. Long-term prognosis of membranous nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1986; 25: 64-9.
30. Honkanen E. Survival in idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1986; 25: 122-8.
31. Ordonez JD, Hiatt RA, Killebrew EJ, Fireman BH. The increased risk of coronary heart disease associated with nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 1993; 44: 638-42.
32. Phillips A, Shaper AG, Whincup PH. Association between serum albumin and mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer and other causes. Lancet 1989; 2: 1434-6.
33. Vincent JL, Dubois MJ, Navickis RJ, Wilkes MM. Hypoalbuminemia in acute illness: is there a rationale for intervention? A meta-analysis of cohort studies and controlled trials. Ann Surg 2003; 237: 319-34.
34. Bellomo R, Atkins RC. Membranous nephropathy and thromboembolism: is prophylactic anticoagulation warranted? Nephron 1989; 63: 249-54.
35. MacTier R, Boulton-Jones JM, Payton CD, McLay A. The natural history of membranous nephropathy in the west of Scotland. Q J Med 1986; 60: 793-802.
36. O'Callaghan CA, Hicks J, Doll H, Sacks SH, Cameron JS. Characteristics and outcome of membranous nephropathy in older patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2002; 33: 157-65.
37. Go A, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu C. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1296-305.
38. Anavekar NS, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Solomon SD, Kober L, Rouleau JL, White HD, Nordlander R, Maggioni A, Dickstein K, Zelenkofske S, Leimberger JD, Califf RM, Pfeffer MA. Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2005; 351: 1285-95.
39. Manjunath G, Tighiouart H, Ibrahim H, MacLeod B, Salem DN, Griffith JL, Coresh J, Levey AS, Sarnak MJ. Level of kidney function as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 47-55.
40. Vanholder R, Massy Z, Argiles A, Spasovski G, Verbeke F, Lameire N; European Uremic Toxin Work Group. Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 1048-56.
41. Kerjaschki D, Farquar MG. The pathogenic antigen of Heymann nephritis is a membrane glycoprotein of the renal proximal tubule brush border. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79: 557-81.
42. Herz J, Hamann U, Rogne S, Myklebost O, Gausepohl H, Stanley KK. Surface location and high affinity for calcium of a 500-kd liver membrane protein closely related to the LDL-receptor suggest a physiological role as lipoprotein receptor. EMBO J 1988; 7: 4119-27.
43. Kerjaschki D, Neale TJ. Molecular mechanisms of glomerular injury in rat experimental membranous nephropathy (Heymann nephritis). J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 12: 2518-26.
44. Farquhar MG. Molecular analysis of the pathological autoimmune antigens of Heymann nephritis. Am J Pathol 1996; 148: 1331-7.
45. Kerjaschki D. Pathomechanisms and molecular basis of membranous glomerulopathy. Lancet 2004; 364: 1194-6.
46. Mentzel S, Van Son JP, De Jong AS, Dijkman HB, Koene RA, Wetzels JF, Assmann KJ. Mouse glomerular epithelial cells in culture with features of podocytes in vivo express aminopeptidase A and angiotensinogen but not other components of the renin-angiotensin system. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997; 8: 706-19.
47. Salant DJ, Belok S, Madaio MP, Couser WG. A new role for complement in experimental membranous nephropathy in rats. J Clin Invest 1980; 66: 1339-50.
48. Cybulsky AV, Quigg RJ, Salant DJ. Experimental membranous nephropathy redux. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289: F660-71.
49. Couser WG. Membranous nephropathy: a long road but well traveled. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 1184-7.
50. Debiec H, Guigonis V, Mougenot B, Decobert F, Haymann JP, Bensman A, Deschenes G, Ronco PM. Antenatal membranous glomerulonephritis due to anti-neutral endopeptidase antibodies. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 2053-60.
51. Hinglais N, Kazatchkine MD, Bhakdi S, Appay MD, Mandet C, Grossetete J, Bariety J. Immunohistochemical study of the C5b-9 complex of complement in human kidneys. Kidney Int 1986; 30: 399-410.
52. Papagianni AA, Alexopoulos E, Leontsini M, Papadimitriou M. C5b-9 and adhesion molecules in human idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17: 57-63.
53. Coupes BM, Kon SP Brenchley PE, Short CD, Mallick NP. The temporal relationship between urinary C5b-9 and C3dg and clinical parameters in human membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993; 8: 397-401.
54. Kon SP, Coupes B, Short CD, Solomon LR, Raftery MJ, Mallick NP, Brenchley PE. Urinary C5b-9 excretion and clinical course in idiopathic human membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1995; 48: 1953-8.
55. Rastaldi MP, Candiano G, Musante L, Bruschi M, Armelloni S, Rimoldi L, Tardanico R, Cherchi SS, Ferrario F, Montinaro V, Haupt R, Parodi S, Carnevali ML, Allegri L, Camussi G, Gesualdo L, Scolari F, Ghiggeri GM. Glomerular clusterin is associated with PKC-alpha/beta regulation and good outcome of membranous glomerulonephritis in humans. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 477-85.
56. Laluck BJ, Cattran DC. Prognosis after a complete remission in adult patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33: 1026-32.
57. Maisonneuve P, Agodoa L, Gellert R, Stewart JH, Buccianti G, Lowenfels AB, Wolfe RA, Jones E, Disney AP, Briggs D, McCredie M, Boyle P. Distribution of primary renal diseases leading to end-stage renal failure in the United States, Europe, and Australia/New Zealand: results from an international comparative study. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35:157-65.
58. Neugarten J, Acharya A, Silbiger SR. Effect of gender on the progression of nondiabetic renal disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 319-29.
59. Habib R, Kleinknecht C, Gubler MC. Extramembranous glomerulonephritis in children: report of 50 cases. J Pediatrics 1973; 82: 754-66.
60. Makker SP. Treatment of membranous nephropathy in children. Semin Nephrol 2003; 23: 379-85.
61. Louis CU, Morgenstern BZ, Butani L. Thrombotic complications in childhood-onset idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 2003; 18: 1298-300.
62. Passerini P, Como G, Vigano E, Melis P, Pozzi C, Altieri P, Ponticelli C. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in the elderly. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993; 8: 1321-5.
63. Zent R, Nagai R, Cattran DC. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in the elderly: a comparative study. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29: 200-6.
64. Pei Y, Cattran DC, Greenwood C. Predicting chronic renal insufficiency in idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1992; 42: 960-6.
65. Kibriya MG, Tishkov I, Nikolov D. Immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide and prednisolone in severe idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994; 9: 138-43.
66. Mallick NP, Short C, Manos J. Clinical membranous nephropathy. Nephron 1983; 34: 209-19.
67. Davison AM, Cameron JS, Kerr DN, Ogg CS, Wilkinson RW. The natural history of renal function in untreated idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis in adults. Clin Nephrol 1984; 2: 61-7.
68. Marx BE, Marx M. Prediction in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1999; 56: 666-73.
69. Cattran DC, Pei Y, Greenwood CM, Ponticelli C, Passerini P, Honkanen E. Validation of a predictive model of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: its clinical and research implications. Kidney Int 1997; 51: 901-7.
70. Cattran D. Management of membranous nephropathy: when and what for treatment. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005 16: 1188-94.
71. Bazzi C, Petrini C, Rizza V, Arrigo G, Beltrame A, Pisano L, D'Amico G. Urinary excretion of IgG and alpha(1)-microglobulin predicts clinical course better than extent of proteinuria in membranous nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38: 240-8.
72. Branten AJ, du Buf-Vereijken PW, Klasen IS, Bosch FH, Feith GW, Hollander DA, Wetzels JF. Urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin and IgG predict prognosis in idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a validation study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 169-74.
73. Passerini P, Pasquali S, Cesana B, Zucchelli P, Ponticelli C. Long-term outcome of patients with membranous nephropathy after complete remission of proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989; 4: 525-9.
74. Troyanov S, Wall CA, Miller JA, Scholey JW, Cattran DC; Toronto Glomerulonephritis Registry Group. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy: definition and relevance of a partial remission. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 1199-205.
75. Ponticelli C, Passerini P, Altieri P, Locatelli F, Pappalettera M. Remission and relapses in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992; 7 (Suppl 1): 85-90.
76. Troyanov S, Roasio L, Pandes M, Herzenberg AM, Cattran DC. Renal pathology in idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a new perspective. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1641-8.
77. Dumoulin A, Hill GS, Montseny JJ, Meyrier A. Clinical and morphological prognostic factors in membranous nephropathy: significance of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 38-48.
78. Wehrmann M, Bohle A, Bogenschutz O, Eissele R, Freislederer A, Ohlschlegel C, Schumm G, Batz C, Gartner HV. Long-term prognosis of chronic idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis: an analysis of 334 cases with particular regard to tubulo-interstitial changes. Clin Nephrol 1989; 31: 67-76.
79. Ponticelli C, Zucchelli P, Passerini P, Cagnoli L, Cesana B, Pozzi C, Pasquali S, Imbasciati E, Grassi C, Redaelli B, Sasdelli M. A randomized trial of methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 8-13.
80. Yoshimoto K, Yokoyama H, Wada T, Furuichi K, Sakai N, Iwata Y, Goshima S, Kida H. Pathologic findings of initial biopsies reflect the outcomes of membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 148-53.
81. Hill GS. Drug-associated glomerulopathies. Toxicol Pathol 1986; 14: 37-44.
82. Beauvais P, Vaudour G, Boccon Gibod L, Levy M. Membranous nephropathy associated with ovarian tumour in a young girl: recovery after removal. Eur J Pediatr 1989; 148: 624-5.
83. Tang S, Lai FM, Lui YH, Tang CS, Kung NN, Ho YW, Chan KW, Leung JC, Lai KN. Lamivudine in hepatitis B-associated membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2005; 68: 1750-8.
84. Farrell GC, Teoh NC. Management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a new era of disease control. Intern Med J 2006; 36: 100-3.
85. Bruchfeld A, Lindahl K, Stahle L, Soderberg M, Schvarcz R. Interferon and ribavirin treatment in patients with hepatitis C-associated renal disease and renal insufficiency. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 1573-80.
86. Moroni G, Maccario M, Banfi G, Quaglini S, Ponticelli C. Treatment of membranous lupus nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 681-6.
87. D'Amico G. Statins and renal diseases: from primary prevention to renal replacement therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17 (4 Suppl 2): S148-52.
88. Sarasin F, Schifferli J. Prophylactic anticoagulation in nephrotic patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1994; 45: 578-85.
89. Ruggenenti P, Mosconi L, Vendramin G, Moriggi M, Remuzzi A, Sangalli F, Remuzzi G. ACE inhibition improves glomerular size selectivity in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy and persistent nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35: 381-91.
90. Praga M, Borstein B, Andres A, Arenas J, Oliet A, Montoyo C, Ruilope LM, Rodicio JL. Nephrotic proteinuria without hypoalbuminemia: clinical characteristics and response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 17: 330-8.
91. Stegeman CA, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE. Treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: the dilemma of who, when, and how. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995; 10: 1982-4.
92. Collaborative study of the adult idiopathic nephritic syndrome: a controlled study of short-term prednisone treatment in adults with membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1979; 301: 1301-6.
93. Cameron JS, Healy MJ, Adu D. The Medical Research Council Trial of short-term high-dose alternate day prednisone in idiopathic membranous nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome in adults. Q J Med 1990; 274: 133-56.
94. Cattran DC, Delmore T, Roscoe J, Cole E, Cardella C, Charron R, Ritchie S. A randomized controlled trial of prednisone in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 210-5.
95. Donadio JV Jr, Torres VE, Velosa JA, Wagoner RD, Holley KE, Okamura M, Ilstrup DM, Chu CP. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy: the natural history of untreated patients. Kidney Int 1988; 33: 708-15.
96. Lagrue G, Bernard D. Bariéty J, Druet P, Guenel J. Traitement par le chlorambucil et l'azathioprine dans les glomerulonephrites primitives: resultats d'une etude controlée. J Urol Nephrol 1975; 81: 655-72.
97. Murphy BF, McDonald I, Fairley KF, Kincaid-Smith P. Randomized controlled trial of cyclophosphamide, warfarin and dipyridamole in idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1992; 37: 229-34.
98. Ponticelli C, Altieri P, Scolari F, Passerini P, Roccatello D, Cesana B, Melis P, Valzorio B, Sasdelli M, Pasquali S, Pozzi C, Piccoli G, Lupo A, Segagni S, Antonucci F, Dugo M, Minari M, Scalia A, Pedrini L, Pisano G, Grassi C, Farina M, Bellazzi R. A randomized study comparing methylprednisolone plus chlorambucil versus methylprednisolone plus cyclophosphamide in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: 444-50.
99. Passerini P, Ponticelli C. Corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and chlorambucil therapy of membranous nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2003; 23: 355-61.
100. Passerini P, Como G, Vigano E, Melis P, Pozzi C, Altieri P, Ponticelli C. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in the elderly. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993; 8: 1321-5.
101. Rollino C, Basolo B, Roccatello D, Vallero A, Funaro L, Piccoli G. Outcome of membranous glomerulonephritis in the elderly. Contrib Nephrol 1993; 105: 71-4.
102. Berg AL, Arnadottir M. ACTH-induced improvement in the nephrotic syndrome in patients with a variety of diagnoses. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 1305-7.
103. Picardi L, Villa G, Galli F, Piazza V, Bovio G, Efficace E, Montagna G, Semeraro L, Segagni S, Salvadeo A. ACTH therapy in nephrotic syndrome induced by idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 2004; 62: 403-4.
104. Ponticelli C, Passerini P, Salvadori M, Manno C, Viola BF, Pasquali S, Mandolfo S, Messa P. A randomized pilot trial comparing methylprednisolone plus a cytotoxic agent versus synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47: 233-40.
105. Ponticelli C, Villa M. Does cyclosporine have a role in the treatment of membranous nephropathy? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 23-5.
106. Fritsche L, Budde K, Farber L, Charisse G, Kunz R, Gaedeke J, Neumayer HH. Treatment of membranous glomerulopathy with cyclosporin A: how much patience is required? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 1036-8.
107. Cattran DC, Appel GB, Hebert LA, Hunsicker LG, Pohl MA, Hoy WE, Maxwell DR, Kunis CL; North America Nephrotic Syndrome Study Group. Cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant membranous nephropathy: a randomized trial. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 1484-90.
108. Alexopoulos E, Papagianni A, Tsamelashvili M, Leontsini M, Memmos D. Induction and long-term treatment with cyclosporine in membranous nephropathy with the nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 3127-32.
109. Goumenos DS, Kalliakmani P, Tsakas S, Sotsiou F, Vlachojannis JG. The remission of nephrotic syndrome with cyclosporin treatment does not attenuate the progression of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 2004; 61: 17-24.
110. Ambavalanan S, Fauvell JP, Sibley RK, Myers BD. Mechanism of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine in membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 290-8.
111. Miller G, Zimmerman R 3rd, Radhakrishnan J, Appel G. Use of mycophenolate mofetil in resistant membranous nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: 250-6.
112. Choi J, Eustace JA, Gimenez LF, Atta MG, Scheel PJ, Sothinathan R, Briggs WA. Mycophenolate mofetil treatment for primary glomerular diseases. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 1098-114.
113. Ruggenenti P, Chiurchiu C, Abbate M, Perna A, Travedi P. Bontempelli M, Remuzzi G. Rituximab for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: who can benefit? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 738-48.
114. Fervenza FC, Herzenberg AM, Erickson SB, Dillon JJ, Cosio F, Leung N, Cohen IM, Wochos DN, Haudelevich M, Berstralh E, Cattran DC. Variation in response to rituximab in the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN): preliminary results at 1 year. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 570A.
115. Palla R, Cirami C, Panichi V, Bianchi AM, Parrini M, Grazi G. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy of membranous nephropathy: efficacy and safety. Clin Nephrol 1991; 35: 98-104.
116. Yokoyama H, Goshima S, Wada T, Takaeda M, Furuichi K, Kobayashi K, Kida H. The short- and long-term outcomes of membranous nephropathy treated with intravenous immune globulin therapy. Kanazawa Study Group for Renal Diseases and Hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 2379-86.
117. Mathieson PW, Turner AN, Maidment CG, Evans DJ, Rees AJ. Prednisolone and chlorambucil treatment in idiopathic membranous nephropathy with deteriorating renal function. Lancet 1988; 2: 869-72.
118. Warwick GL, Geddes CG, Boulton-Jones JM. Prednisolone and chlorambucil therapy for idiopathic membranous nephropathy with progressive renal failure. Q J Med 1994; 87: 223-9.
119. Brunkhorst R, Wrenger E, Koch KM. Low-dose prednisolone/chlorambucil therapy in patients with severe membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Invest 1994; 72: 277-80.
120. Reichert CJ, Koene KA, Wetzels JF, Huysmans FT, Assman K. Preserving renal function in patients with membranous nephropathy: daily oral chlorambucil compared with intermittent monthly pulses of cyclophosphamide. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 328-33.
121. Torres A, Dominguez-Gil B, Carreno A, Hernandez E, Morales E, Segura J, Gonzalez E, Praga M. Conservative versus immunosuppressive treatment of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 219-27.
122. Williams PS, Bone JM. Immunosuppression can arrest progressive renal failure due to idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989; 4: 181-6.
123. Goumenos DS, Ahuja M, Davlouros P, El Nahas AM, Brown CB. Prednisolone and azathioprine in membranous nephropathy: a 10-year follow-up study. Clin Nephrol 2006; 65: 317-23.
124. Bruns FJ, Adler S, Fraley DS, Segel DP. Sustained remission of membranous glomerulonephritis after cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 725-30.
125. Jindal K, West M, Bear R, Goldstein M. Long-term benefits of therapy with cyclophosphamide and prednisone in patients with membranous glomerulonephrltis and impaired renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 44: 61-7.
126. du Buf-Vereijken PW, Branten AJ, Wetzels JF; Membranous Nephropathy Study Group. Cytotoxic therapy for membranous nephropathy and renal insufficiency: improved renal survival but high relapse rate. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 1142-8.
127. Cattran DC, Greenwood C, Ritchie S, Bernstein K, Churchill DN, Clark WF, Morrin PA, Lavoie S. A controlled trial of cyclosporine in patients with progressive membranous nephropathy. Canadian Glomerulonephritis Study Group. Kidney Int 1995; 47: 1130-5.
128. Glassock RJ. The-treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a dilemma or a conundrum? Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44: 562-6.
129. Yasuda Y, Cohen CD, Henger A, Kretzler M; European Renal cDNA Bank (ERCB) Consortium. Gene expression profiling analysis in nephrology: towards molecular definition of renal disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2006; 10: 91-8.
130. Renal Disease Subcommittee of the American College of Rheumatology, Ad Hoc Committee on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Response Criteria. The American College of Rheumatology response criteria for proliferative and membranous renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 421-32.
131. Cohen CD, Calvaresi N, Armelloni S, Schmid H, Henger A, Ott U, Rastaldi MR Kretzler M. CD20 positive infiltrates in human membranous glomerulonephritis. J Nephrol 2005; 18: 328-33.
132. Berg AL, Nilsson-Ehle P. Direct effects of ACTH on plasma lipoprotein metabolism in man: studies in vivo and in vitro. Metabolism 1994; 43: 90-7.
133. Ghiggeri GM, Bruschi M, Candiano G, Rastaldi P, Scolari F, Passerini P, Musante L, Pertica N, Caridi G, Ferrario F, Perfumo F, Ponticelli C. Depletion of clusterin in renal diseases causino nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 2184-94.
134. Nangaku M, Couser WG. Mechanisms of immune-deposit formation and the mediation of immune renal injury. Clin Exp Nephrol 2005; 9: 183-91.