Modeled direct photolytic decomposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 41, Issue 20, 2007, Pages 7016-7021

  Kuivikko, Miika ^a   Kotiaho, Tapio ^a   Hartonen, Kari ^a   Tanskanen, Aapo ^b   Vähätalo, Anssi V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION; PHOTOLYTIC DECOMPOSITION;

IRRADIATION; PHOTOLYSIS; QUANTUM YIELD; SOLAR RADIATION;

ETHERS;

OCTANE; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER;

ETHERS; IRRADIATION; PHOTOLYSIS; QUANTUM YIELD; SOLAR RADIATION;

DECOMPOSITION; HALF LIFE; IRRADIANCE; LATITUDE; MODELING; OCEAN; PBDE; PHOTOLYSIS; SEASONAL VARIATION; SOLAR RADIATION; SPATIAL VARIATION; SUMMER;

ARTICLE; ATLANTIC OCEAN; BALTIC SEA; CALCULATION; COASTAL WATERS; DECOMPOSITION; LATITUDE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PHOTOLYSIS; POLARIMETRY; QUANTUM YIELD; SEASONAL VARIATION; SOLAR RADIATION; SUMMER; SUNLIGHT;

ETHERS; MODELS, CHEMICAL; OCEANS AND SEAS; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY, ULTRAVIOLET; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); BALTIC SEA;

TETRA;

EID: 35348814476     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es070422+     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. D'Silva, K.; Fernandes, A.; Rose, M. Brominated micropollutants-Igniting the flame retardant issue. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 34, 141-207.
2. Hites, R. A. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: A meta-analysis of concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 945-956.
3. Bromine Sciences and Environmental Forum (BSEF). Total market demand by region in the year 2003. http://www.bsef.com/publications/ Deca_factsheet_final_2006.pdf (accessed Aug 2007).
4. Stoker, T. E.; Ferrell, J.; Hedge, J. M.; Crofton, K. M.; Cooper, R. L.; Laws, S. C. Assessment of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture, in the EDSP male and female pubertal protocol. Toxicol. Sci. 2003, 72, 135-136.
5. Eriksson, P.; Viberg, H.; Jakobsson, E.; Orn, U.; Fredriksson, A. B. A brominated flame retardant, 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: Uptake, retention, and induction of neurobehavioral alterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development. Toxicol. Sci. 2002, 67, 98-103.
6. Arnout, F. H.; Schure, T.; Larson, P.; Agrell, C.; Boon, J. P. Atmospheric transport of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls to the Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 1282-1287.
7. Jurado, E.; Jaward, F.; Lohmann, R.; Jones, K. G.; Simó, R.; Daghs, J. Wet deposition of persistent organic pollutants to the global oceans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 2426-2435.
8. de Wit, C. A.; Alaee, M.; Muir, D. C. G. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the Artic. Chemosphere 2006, 64, 209-232.
9. Rayne, S.; Ikonomou, M. G. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in an advanced wastewater treatment plant. Part 1: Concentrations, patterns, and influence of treatment processes. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2005, 4, 353-367.
10. Gerecke, A. C.; Hartmann, P. C.; Heeb, N. V.; Kohler, H-P. E.; Giger, W.; Schmid, P.; Zennegg, M.; Kohler, M. Anaerobic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 1078-1083.
11. He, J.; Robbock, K. R.; Alvarez-Cohen, L. Microbial reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 4429-4434.
12. Watanabe, I.; Tatsukawa, R. Formation of brominated dibenzofurans from the photolysis of flame retardant decabromobiphenyl ether in hexane solution by UV and sun light. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1987, 39, 953-959.
13. da Rosa, M. B.; Kruger, H. U.; Thomas, S.; Zetzsch, C. Photolytic debromination and degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether, an exploratory kinetic study in toluene. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 2003, 12, 940-945.
14. Söderström, G.; Sellström, U.; de Wit, C. A.; Tysklind, M. Photolytic debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 127-132.
15. Eriksson, J.; Green, N.; Marsh, G.; Bergman, Å. Photochemical decomposition of 15 polybrominated diphenyl ethers in methanol/water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 3119-3125.
16. Bezares-Cruz, J.; Jafvert, C. T.; Hua, I. Solar decomposition of decabrominated ether: Products and quantum yield. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 18, 358-371.
17. Ahn, M-Y.; Filley, T. R.; Jafvert, C. T.; Nies, L.; Hua, I.; Bezares-Cruz, J. Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether adsorbed onto clay minerals, metal oxides and sediment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 215-220.
18. Sanchez-Prado, L.; Llompart, M.; Lores, M.; Garcia-Jares, C.; Cela, R. Investigation of photodegradation products generated after UV-irradiation of five polybrominated diphenyl ethers using photo solid-phase microextraction. J. Chromatogr., A 2005, 1071, 85-92.
19. Rayne, S.; Wan, P.; Ikonomou, M. Photochemistry of a major commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant congener: 2,2′,4,4′,5, 5′-Hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE153). Environ. Int. 2006, 32, 575-585.
20. Hu, C.; Muller-Karger, F. E.; Zepp, R. G. Absorbance, absorption coefficient, and apparent quantum yield: A comment on common ambiguity in the use of these optical concepts. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2002, 47, 1261-1267.
21. Mayer, B.; Kylling, A. Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations - description and examples of use. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005, 1855-1877.
22. Eck, T. F.; Bhartia, P. K.; Kerr, J. B. Satellite estimation of the spectral UVB irradiance using TOMS derived ozone and reflectivity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1995, 22, 611-614.
23. Quiekenden, T. I.; Irwin, J. A. The ultraviolet-absorption spectrum of liquid water. J. Chem. Phys. 1980, 78, 4416-4428.
24. Pope, R. M.; Fry, E. S. Absorption spectrum (380-700 nm) of pure water: 2. Integrating cavity measurements. Appl. Opt. 1997, 36, 8710-8723.
25. de Boyer Montegut, C.; Madec, G.; Fischer, A. S.; Lazar, A.; Iudicone, D. Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: An examination of profile data and profile based climatology. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, doi:10.1029/2004JC002378.
26. Siegel, D. A.; Maritorena, S.; Nelson, N. B.; Hansel, D. A.; Lorenzi-Kayser, M. Global distribution and dynamics of colored dissolved and detrital organic material. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, doi:10.1029/2001JC000965.
27. Siegel, D. A.; Maritorena, S.; Nelson, N. B.; Behrenfeld, M. J. Independence and interpendence among global ocean color properties: Reassessing the bio-optical assumptions. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, doi:10.1029/2004JC002527.
28. Oros, D. R.; Hoover, D.; Rodigari, F.; Crane, D.; Sericano, J. Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water, surface sediments and bivalves from the San Francisco estuary. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 33-41.
29. Booij, K.; Zegers, B. N.; Boon, J. P. Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants along the Dutch coast as derived from their accumulation in SPMDs and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Chemosphere 2002, 46, 683-688.
30. Vähätalo, A. V.; Salkinoja-Salonen, M.; Taalas, P.; Salonen, K. Spectrum of the quantum yield for photochemical mineralization of dissolved organic carbon in a humic lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2000, 45, 664-676.
31. Gouin, T.; Harner, T. Modelling the environmental fate of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ. Int. 2003, 29, 717-724.
32. Soermo, E. G.; Salmer, M. P.; Jenssen, B. M.; Hop, H.; Baek, K.; Kovacs, K. M.; Lydersen, C.; Falk-Petersen, S.; Gabrielsen, G. W.; Lie, E.; Skaare, J. U. Biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ether and hexabromocyclododecane flame retardants in the polar bear food chain in Svalbard, Norway. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2006, 25, 2505-2511.