Is this urine really negative? A systematic review of tampering methods in urine drug screening and testing

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 33-42

  Jaffee, William B ^a,b   Trucco, Elisa ^a   Levy, Sharon ^b   Weiss, Roger D ^a,b  

^a MCLEAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Adulteration; Drug screening; Substance abuse detection; Urinalysis; Urine screening

Indexed keywords

ACETIC ACID; AMMONIA; AMPHETAMINE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CANNABIS; COCAINE; DETERGENT; GLUTARALDEHYDE; HYPOCHLORITE SODIUM; LYSERGIDE; NITRITE; OPIATE; PEROXIDASE; PEROXIDE; SOAP; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM HYDROXIDE; TETRYZOLINE; STREET DRUG;

ARTICLE; CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG SCREENING; FALSE NEGATIVE RESULT; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SAMPLING; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; URINALYSIS; IMMUNOASSAY; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LEGAL ASPECT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RECUMBENCY; REVIEW; STANDARD; UNITED STATES; URINE;

DECEPTION; FALSE NEGATIVE REACTIONS; GUIDELINES; HUMANS; IMMUNOASSAY; STREET DRUGS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE DETECTION; UNITED STATES;

EID: 35248829202     PISSN: 07405472     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2006.11.008     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Baiker C., Serrano L., and Lindner B. Hypochlorite adulteration of urine causing decreased concentration of delta 9-THC-COOH by GC/MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 18 (1994) 101-103
2. Brunk S. False-negative GC/MS assay for carboxy THC due to ibuprofen interference. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 12 (1988) 290-291
3. Cassells N.P., and Craston D.H. The effects of commonly used adulterants on the detection of spiked LSD by an enzyme immunoassay. Science & Justice 38 (1998) 109-117
4. Cody J.T., and Schwarzhoff R.H. Impact of adulterants on RIA analysis of urine for drugs of abuse. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 13 (1989) 277-284
5. Cody J.T., and Valtier S. Effects of Stealth adulterant on immunoassay testing for drugs of abuse. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 25 (2001) 466-470
6. Cody J.T., Valtier S., and Kuhlman J. Analysis of morphine and codeine in samples adulterated with Stealth. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 25 (2001) 572-575
7. Cone E.J., Lange R., and Darwin W.D. In vivo adulteration: excess fluid ingestion causes false-negative marijuana and cocaine urine test results. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 22 (1998) 460-473
8. Dasgupta A. Urinary adulterants and drugs-of-abuse testing. Mlo: Medical Laboratory Observer 35 (2003) 26-28
9. Dasgupta A. Adulteration of drugs-of-abuse specimens. In: Wong R.C., and Tse H.Y. (Eds). Drugs of abuse: body fluid testing (2005), Humana Press, Totowa 215-232
10. Dasgupta A., Chughtai O., Hannah C., Davis B., and Wells A. Comparison of spot tests with AdultaCheck 6 and Intect 7 urine test strips for detecting the presence of adulterants in urine specimens. Clinica Chimica Acta 348 (2004) 19-25
11. Dasgupta A., Wahed A., and Wells A. Rapid spot tests for detecting the presence of adulterants in urine specimens submitted for drug testing. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 117 (2002) 325-329
12. ElSohly M.A., Feng S., Kopycki W.J., Murphy T.P., Jones A.B., Davis A., et al. A procedure to overcome interferences caused by the adulterant "Klear" in the GC-MS analysis of 11-nor-delta9-THC-9-COOH. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 21 (1997) 240-242
13. George S., and Braithwaite R.A. An investigation into the extent of possible dilution of specimens received for urinary drugs of abuse screening. Addiction 90 (1995) 967-970
14. George S., and Braithwaite R.A. The effect of glutaraldehyde adulteration of urine specimens on syva EMIT II drugs-of-abuse assays. J Anal Toxicol 20 (1996) 195-196
15. Goldberger B.A., and Caplan Y.H. Effect of glutaraldehyde (UrinAid) on detection of abused drugs in urine by immunoassay. Clinical Chemistry 40 (1994) 1605-1606
16. Hoffman A., and Silvers J. Steal this urine test: fighting drug hysteria in America (1987), Penguin Books, New York
17. Jaffee W.B., Trucco E., Levy S., and Weiss R.D. Ensuring validity in urine drug screens and tests (2006) Manuscript submitted for publication
18. Kunsman G.W., Levine B., and Smith M.L. Vitamin B2 interference with TDx drugs-of-abuse assays. Journal of Forensic Sciences 43 (1998) 1225-1227
19. Lewis J.H. Drug detection and its role in law enforcement. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 205 (2001) 1-6
20. Linder M.W., and Valdes R. Mechanism and elimination of aspirin-induced interference in Emit II d.a.u. assays. Clinical Chemistry 40 (1994) 1512-1516
21. Mikkelsen S.L., and Ash K.O. Adulterants causing false-negatives in illicit drug testing. Clinical Chemistry 34 (1988) 2333-2336
22. O'Connor E., Ostheimer D., and Wu A.H.B. Limitations of forensic urine drug testing in methodology and by adulteration. AACC TDM/Tox 14 (1993) 277-288
23. Paul B.D., and Jacobs A. Effects of oxidizing adulterants on detection of 11-nor-delta9-THC-9-carboxylic acid in urine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 26 (2002) 460-463
24. Peace M.R., and Tarnai L.D. Performance evaluation of three on-site adulterant detection devices for urine specimens. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 26 (2002) 464-470
25. Pearson S.D., Ash K.O., and Urry F.M. Mechanism of false-negative urine cannabinoid immunoassay screens by Visine eyedrops. Clinical Chemistry 35 (1989) 636-638
26. Schwarzhoff R., and Cody J.T. The effects of adulterating agents on FPIA analysis of urine for drugs of abuse. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 17 (1993) 14-17
27. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Mandatory guidelines for federal workplace drug testing programs. Federal Register 69 (2004) 19644-19673
28. Tsai S.C., ElSohly M.A., Dubrovsky T., Twarowska B., Towt J., and Salamone S.J. Determination of five abused drugs in nitrite-adulterated urine by immunoassays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 22 (1998) 474-480
29. Uebel R.A., and Wium C.A. Toxicological screening for drugs of abuse in samples adulterated with household chemicals. South African Medical Journal 92 (2002) 547-549
30. Valtier S., and Cody J.T. A procedure for the detection of Stealth adulterant in urine samples. Clinical Laboratory Science 15 (2002) 111-115
31. Wagener R.E., Linder M.W., and Valdes R. Decreased signal in Emit assays of drugs of abuse in urine after ingestion of aspirin: potential for false-negative results. Clinical Chemistry 40 (1994) 608-612
32. Wagener R.E., and Valdes R. False-negative cocaine measurements in urine induced by the ingestion of salicylates. Journal of Clinical Immunoassay 16 (1993) 65
33. Warner A. Interference of common household chemicals in immunoassay methods for drugs of abuse. Clinical Chemistry 35 (1989) 648-651
34. Winek C.L., Elzein E.O., Wahba W.W., and Feldman J.A. Interference of herbal drinks with urinalysis for drugs of abuse. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 17 (1993) 246-247
35. Wong R. The effect of adulterants on urine screen for drugs of abuse: detection by an on-site dipstick device. American Clinical Laboratory 21 (2002) 37-39
36. In: Wong R.C., and Tse H.Y. (Eds). Drugs of abuse: body fluid testing (2005), Humana Press, Totowa 1-10
37. Wu A.H., Bristol B., Sexton K., Cassella-McLane G., Holtman V., and Hill D.W. Adulteration of urine by "Urine Luck". Clinical Chemistry 45 (1999) 1051-1057
38. Wu A.H., Forte E., Casella G., Sun K., Hemphill G., Foery R., et al. CEDIA for screening drugs of abuse in urine and the effect of adulterants. Journal of Forensic Sciences 40 (1995) 614-618