Race, employment discrimination, and state complicity in wartime Canada, 1939-1945

Labour/ Le Travail

Volumn , Issue 59, 2007, Pages 9-42

  Patrias, Carmela ^a  

^a BROCK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

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EID: 35148869078     PISSN: 07003862     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Library and Archives Canada [hereafter LAC], Ralston Papers, MG 27 III B11, vol.113, Manpower Labour Supply Investigation. Committee's report to the Labour Coordination Committee, October 1941, p. F31. My attention was drawn to this important report by Thomas M. Prymak, Maple Leaf and Trident: The Ukrainian Canadians During the Second World War (Toronto 1988).
2. Carmela Patrias, "Race, Employment Discrimination, and State Complicity in Wartime Canada, 1939-1945," Labour/Le Travail, 59 (Spring 2007), 9-42.
3. Canada, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Eighth Census of Canada, 1941, Vol. 1, general Review and summary Tables (Ottawa 1950), 218-219.
4. For discussion of racialization in Canada see the following works by Vic Satzewich: Racicsm and the Incorporation of Foreign Labour (London 1991);
5. 'The Political Economy of Race and Ethnicity,", in Peter S. Li, ed., Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada, 2nd ed. (Oxford 1999);
6. "Whiteness Limited: Racialization and the Social Construction of 'Peripheral Europeans'," Histoire Social/Social History, 33 (November 2000), 271-289.
7. Also, Kay Anderson, vancouver's Chinatown: Racial Discourse in Canada, 1875-1900 (Kingston and Montreal 1991).
8. The study also relies on wartime newspapers and magazines. The papers of government departments and voluntary associations consulted for the study contained a large number of newspaper clippings. The Hamilton Spectator archive of World War II, available on-line through the Museum of Civilization, provided access not only to the Spectator, but also to The Globe and Mail, the Toronto Telegram and Toronto Daily Star. With the help of Larry Savage, I consulted Le Devoir, the Montreal Gazette, Niagara Falls Review, the St. Catharines Standard, Welland Tribune, the Winnipeg Free Press, the Canadian Forum, and Saturday Night systematically for the war years.
9. See Satzewich, "Whiteness Limited";
10. Constance Backhouse, Colour-Coded: A Legal History of Racism in Canada, 1900-1950 (Toronto 1999), 6.
11. In his path-breaking Patterns of Prejudice: A History of Nativism in Alberta (Toronto 1982), Howard Palmer used the term nativism to describe prejudice against groups of European origin, arguing that racism was inapplicable to white groups.
12. More recently, The Colour of Democracy: Racism in Canadian Society, 2nd ed. (Toronto 2000), by Frances Henry et al., questioned the application of "racism" to groups of European origin on grounds that it diminishes the "colonization" of coloured people, (22)
13. while Eric W. Sager and Christopher Morier, "Immigrants, Ethnicity and Earnings in 1901: Revisiting Canada's Vertical Mosaic," Canadian Historical Review, 83 (2002), 196-229, a quantitative analysis of the 1901 census, suggested that ethnicity had no significant impact on the class position of Canadians.
14. "Peripheral" Europeans is Vic Satzewich's term for eastern and southern Europeans. See Satzewich, "Whiteness Limited."
15. James R. Barrett and David R. Roediger, "Inbetween Peoples: Race, Nationality, and the New Immigrant Working Class," Journal of American Ethnic History, 16 (Spring 1997), 3-44.
16. Another fascinating account of the racialization of European immigrants is Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrant and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, MA 1998).
17. Eric Arnesen, "Whiteness and the Historians' Imagination," International Labor and Working-Class History, 60 (Fall 2001), 3-23.
18. See also contributions from David Brody, Barbara Fields, Eric Foner, and Adolph Reed, Jr. in the same issue.
19. Backhouse, Colour-Coded, 9.
20. N.F. Dreisziger, "The Rise of a Bureaucracy for Multiculturalism: The Origins of the Nationalities Branch, 1939-1941," in Norman Hilmer, Bohdan Kordan, and Lubomyr Luciuk, eds., On Guard for Thee: War, Ethnicity and the Canadian State, 1939-1945 (Ottawa 1988), 1-29;
21. Leslie Pal, Interest of State: The Politics of Language, Multiculturalism and Feminism in Canada (Montreal 1993), 64-77;
22. Bohdan Kordan and Lubomyr Y. Luciuk, "A Prescription for Nationbuilding: Ukrainian Canadians and the Canadian State, 1939-1945," in On Guard for Thee;
23. Bohdan Kordan, Canada and the Ukrainian Question, 1939-1945 (Montreal and Kingston 2001).
24. William R. Young, "Chauvinism and Canadianism," in On Guard for Thee;
25. John Herd Thompson, Ethnic Minorities During Two World Wars (Ottawa 1991).
26. Mark Kristmanson, Plateaus of Freedom: Nationality, Culture and State Security in Canada (Toronto 2002), sees a link between state cultural policy and security concerns in multicultural states.
27. Montreal Gazette, 15 September 1939, 22 May 1940;
28. LAC, Department of Labour fonds [hereafter DL], RG 27, vol. 149, file 611.1:15, Margaret Livingstone to L.B. Pearson, 8 August 1940 and Philippe Lukawecki to Ernest Lapointe, 10 February 1941; LAC, Canadian Citizenship Branch sous fonds [hereafter CCB], RG 26, vol. 36, file: "German and Italian Unemployable," Clarence Gillis, CCF MP, Glace Bay South to Ernest Lapointe, Minister of Justice, 26 September 1940; Acadia University Archives [hereafter AUA], Watson Kirkconnell Papers [hereafter WKP], box 21, file 4, Dorothy Stepler to Watson Kirkconnell, 15 January 1941; Hamilton Spectator, 11 June 1940;
29. Fifth Column Hysteria is Helping Hitler," Saturday Night, 28 December 1940.
30. On dismissals of Japanese Canadians even before Pearl Harbor see Forrest Emmanuel Laviolette, The Canadian Japanese and World War II: A Sociological and Psychological Account (1948; reprint, Toronto 1978),45.
31. LAC, Department of National War Services fonds [hereafter DNWS], RG 44, vol. 36, file: "German and Italian Unemployables," T.C. Davis, Associate Deputy Minister of DNWS, to Norman McLarty, Minister of Labour, 21 December 1940.
32. W. Burton Hurd, Racial Origin and Nativity of the Canadian People (Ottawa 1937); LAC, DNWS, RG 44, vol. 36, file: "German and Italian Unemployable," Harry Hereford, Dominion Commissioner, Dominion Unemployment Relief, Department of Labour, to Justice T.C. Davis, Associate Deputy Minister of National War Services, 18 October 1940.
33. LAC,DEA, RG 25, vol. 1964, file 855-E Pt II, Ernest Lapointe, Minister of Justice, to Prime Minister King, 30 May 1940.
34. LAC, Ian MacKenzie fonds [hereafter IM], MG 27 III B 5, vol. 81(1), file J-25-1: Japanese in Canada problem, January 1942, R.W. Mayhew, Member for Victoria to Prime Minister King, 17 February 1942; LAC, Norman Robertson fonds, MG 30 E 163, vol. 12, file 145, E.W. Bavin, Supt. Intelligence Officer, RCMP, memo to interdepartmental committee, 22 June 1940; LAC, W.L. Mackenzie King papers, MG 26, J1, vol. 325, reel C6806, p. 276562, Olof Hanson MP to King, 1 June 1942; Winnipeg Free Press, 19,20,21,23 May 1940;
35. Montreal Gazette, 22 May 1940.
36. Ontario Archives [hereafter OA], Department of Labour Papers [hereafter DLP], RG 29-135-1-15, Enemy Aliens, E.A. Horton, Director Unemployment Relief, Memo to Municipal Clerks, Municipal Relief Administrators, Provincial Relief Administrators, 10 June 1940.
37. LAC, DNWS, RG 44, vol. 36, file: "German and Italian Unemployable," Harry Herreford, Commissioner, Dominion Unemployment Relief, to T.C. Davis, Associate Deputy Minister of National War Services, 18 October 1940. OA, Hepburn Papers [hereafter HP], RG 3-9, General Correspondence (Public), box 213, file: Public Welfare Department, Clerk, Town of Kenora to Hepburn, 11 June 1940.
38. LAC, DNWS, RG 44, vol. 36, file: "German and Italian Unemployable," T.C. Davis, Associate Deputy Minister of National War Services, to Norman McLarty, Minister of Labour, 21 December 1940.
39. Windsor Daily Star, 22 September 1939, p. 9.
40. LAC, CSB, RG 26, vol. 36, file: "German and Italian Unemployable," Clarence Gillis, CCF MP, Glace Bay South, to Ernest Lapointe, Minister of Justice, 26 September 1940.
41. LAC, CSB, RG 26, vol. 36, file: "German and Italian Unemployable," Clarence Gillis, CCF MP, Glace Bay South, to Ernest Lapointe, Minister of Justice, 26 September 1940.
42. LAC, RP, MG 27 III B11 vol. 113. Manpower Labour Supply Investigation. Committee's report to the Labour Coordination Committee - with appendix and index. October 1941, p. F14.
43. LAC, RP, MG 27 III B11, vol. 113. Manpower Labour Supply Investigation. Committee's report to the Labour Coordination Committee - with appendix and index. October 1941, p. F31.
44. According to Deputy Minister of Immigration W.J. Egan, the classification guided immigrant selection but was not publicized. Select Standing Committee of the House of Commons. Standing Committee on Agriculture and Colonization. Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence and Report. In respect to the consideration of the subject of Immigration, the Immigration Act, Regulations and the work of the Department of Immigration, and Colonization, 1928.
45. For an examination of this classification see Donald Avery, Reluctant Host: Canada's Response to Immigrant Workers, 1896-1994 (Toronto 1994),
46. and Brian Osborne, "Non-Preferred' People: Inter-war Ukrainian Immigration to Canada," in Lubomyr Luciuk and Stella Hryniuk, eds., Canada's Ukrainians: Negotiating an Identity (Toronto 1991), 81-103.
47. John Porter pointed to the connection between immigrants' entrance status and their subsequent placement in Canada's "vertical mosaic," in The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class, and Power in Canada (Toronto 1965).
48. This type of racialization in early 20th-century works such as J.S. Woodsworth, Strangers Within Our Gates; or Coming Canadians (Toronto 1972),
49. and Edmund Bradwin, The Bunkhouse Man: A Study of War and Pay in the Camps of Canada, 1903-1914 (Toronto 1972), is well known. A dissertation written shortly after World War II on the basis of oral interviews in Manitoba illustrates the persistence of such views during the war.
50. See P.J. Giffen, "Rural Adult Education in Manitoba," MA thesis, University of Toronto, 1947.
51. LAC, RP, MG 27 III B11, vol. 113. Manpower Labour Supply Investigation. Committee's report to the Labour Coordination Committee - with appendix and index. October 1941, p. F6.
52. LAC, RP, MG 27 III B11, vol. 113. Manpower Labour Supply Investigation. Committee's report to the Labour Coordination Committee - with appendix and index. October 1941, p. F6.
53. Globe and Mail, 26 December 1941.
54. Montreal Star, 30 December 1941.
55. "Foreigners Dig In," Vancouver Sun, 16 October 1941.
56. La Violette, The Canadian Japanese, 32 n. 5.
57. Giffen, "Rural Adult Education in Manitoba," 155.
58. See also LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 982, file 15: "NSS Foreign-born persons in Canada during war," A.M. Manson, Vancouver, to General Lafleche, Deputy Minister of DNWS, 11 October 1941. "Foreigners and Jobs," Saturday Night, 24 May 1941.
59. LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 632, file 77: Farm Labour Problems, Raymond W. Pincott, Secretary, Vancouver Island Farmers' Council to the Honourable Minister of Agriculture, 20 May 1941.
60. LAC, Canadian Authors' Association, MG 28 I 2, Special Projects or Awards, Writers' War Committee, report of Mary Weekes, Cooksville, Ontario, 30 July 1943. The Writers' War Committee, with Watson Kirkconnell as chairman, was appointed in 1942 by the Canadian Authors' Association "to put the abilities of all Canadian authors at the disposal of the Wartime Information Board." As part of the Committee's efforts, writers from almost every part of Canada submitted fortnightly reports to the WIB, giving their impressions of the trend of public opinion in their districts. Watson Kirkconnell, A Slice of Canada: Memoirs (Toronto 1967), esp. ch. 23.
61. See, for example, Winnipeg Free Press, 14 October 1939;
62. Jeffrey Keshen, Saints, Sinners, and Soldiers: Canada's Second World War (Vancouver 2004), 39.
63. LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 638, file 202: Canada Packers Limited, J.S. Willis, Personnel Director, Canada Packers Ltd., Toronto, to Professor Gilbert Jackson, Montreal, 12 July 1941.
64. LAC, Tracy Philipps fonds [hereafter TP], MG 30 E350, vol.1, file 22, Correspondence July 1941, M. Black, RCMP to Tracy Philipps, 25 July 1941.
65. Ross Murray, "The End of the Canada Packers Myth," The Canadian Forum, 21 (February 1942), 334-335.
66. Winnipeg Free Press, 21 October 1939. The CFL was a small organization formed in the 1930s, when a few members of the All Canadian Congress of Labour left it in protest over the influx of communists.
67. Donald Avery, "Dangerous Foreigners": European Immigrant Workers and Labour Radicalism in Canada, 1896-1932 (Toronto 1979).
68. OA, Drew Papers, RG 3-17, box 436, file 87-G: Fair Employment Practices Act, "Brief Presented to the National Selective Service by the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1942" [hereafter CJC Brief].
69. CJC Brief, Hy Lampert to Mr Hoffman, 31 July 1942; Gertrude Green to Mrs. Sherwin, 21 July 1942.
70. CJC Brief, 2.
71. Canadian Jewish Congress Charities Committee National Archives [hereafter CJCCCNA], CJC Organizational Records, Chronological File Series [hereafter CJCCF], ZA 1943, box 3, file 26, undated confidential memorandum by H.M. Caiserman.
72. CJCCCNA, CJC, CJCCF, ZA 1943, box 3, file 26, H.M. Caiserman to Mrs. S. Levitt, 22 March 1943.
73. Dionne Brand, "'We weren't allowed to go into factory work until Hitler started the war': The 1920s to the 1940s," in Peggy Bristow et al., "We're Rooted Here and They Can't Pull Us Up": Essays in African Canadian Women's History (Toronto 1994), 179.
74. Globe and Mail, 31 October 1942. CJCCCNA, CJC, CJCCF, ZA 1943, box 3, file 22, note from Bernice Marshall, Verdun, dated 3 February 1943.
75. Pamela Sugiman, "Privilege and Oppression: The Configuration of Race, Gender, and Class in Southern Ontario Auto Plants, 1939 to 1949," Labour/Le Travail, 47 (Spring 2001), 89-91.
76. LAC, TP, MG 30 E350, vol. 2, file 15: Eisner Report.
77. Kanadai Magyar Munktás (Canadian Hungarian Worker), 20 August 1941, 14, and Giffen, "Rural Adult Education in Manitoba," 157.
78. CJC Brief, Norman Cowan to Mrs. Sherwin, 17 June 1942.
79. CJC Brief, Adaline Natanson to Mrs. Sherwin, Jewish Employment Service, Toronto, 1 October 1942.
80. Montreal Daily Star, 8 December 1942,
81. cited in Harold Herbert Potter, "The Occupational Adjustments of Montreal Negroes, 1941-48," MA thesis, McGill University, 1949, 74-75.
82. Potter, "The Occupational Adjustments," 119-120. On discrimination against Jewish and "coloured" girls in Toronto, see LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 1522, file XI-2-12-pt. 3, B.G. Sullivan to Mrs. Rex Eaton, 5 July 1943.
83. Globe and Mail, 30 October 1942;
84. see Robin Winks, The Blacks in Canada (Kingston and Montreal 1997), 422.
85. LAC, DNWS, RG 44, vol. 35, file: "Bureau of Public Information - Foreign Section," Davis to H.R. McMillan, 28 February 1942; AUA, WKP, vol. 48, file 20, T.C. Davis, Associate Deputy Minister, Department of National War Services, to Professor Watson Kirkconnell, 3 January 1941.
86. LAC, Department of Munitions and Supply, RG 28, vol. 144, file: Inter-Departmental Committee on Labour Co-ordination, General Correspondence, Pt 3, H.H. Kerr, Regional Director, Ontario, Dominion Provincial War Emergency Training Programme to J.H. Ross, Regional Director, Alberta, 17 November 1941; Joe H. Ross, Regional Director, Alberta, Department of Education, to Mr. Thompson, Supervisor of Training, Department of Labour, Ottawa, 24 November 1941; R.F. Thompson to A.W. Crawford, Director General of Labour Relations, DMS, 27 November 1941; LAC, Privy Council Office fonds, RG 2, vol. 6, file M5: Re: Armed Services Industry. A.D.P. Heeney analysis of manpower supply for Cabinet War Committee.
87. AO, Ministry of Labour, RG 7-16-0-143: Dominion-Provincial War Emergency Training Programme - Conference Proceedings - Ottawa, 16-18 March 1942.
88. LAC, DNWS, RG 44, vol. 36, file: "German and Italian Unemployable," Memorandum of the Interdepartmental Committee on the Treatment of Aliens [by Norman Robertson], 13 August 1940.
89. LAC, Robert England fonds, MG 30 C181, vol. 3, file: Report on the Reorganization of Nationalities Branch, Department of National War Services, by Robert England, 12 June 1944.
90. LAC, DNWS, RG 44, vol. 36, file: "German and Italian Unemployable," memorandum to Labour Co-ordination Committee from A.W. Crawford and W.J. Couper, re: Discrimination in employment against certain nationality groups by war industries, 13 January 1942. The plan is discussed in Dreisziger, "The Rise of a Bureaucracy for Multiculturalism."
91. LAC, DNWS, RG 44, vol. 36, file: "German and Italian Unemployable," T.C. Davis, Associate Deputy Minister, DNWS to Norman McLarty, Minister of Labour, 21 December 1940.
92. LAC, DNWS, RG 44, vol. 36, file: "German and Italian Unemployable," to Employers of Labour and Secretaries of Trade Unions from N.A. McLarty, Minister of Labour, 14 March 1941, "Re - Employment of Citizens and Aliens."
93. LAC, Ian MacKenzie fonds, MG 27 III B5, vol. 32, file X-52, Committee on the Treatment of Aliens and Alien Property, first interim report and file 81 (1) Japanese in Canada problem, January 1942, "Meeting to consider questions concerned with Canadian Japanese and Japanese Nationals in BC, 8 January 1942."
94. LAC, DEA, RG 25, vol. 3005, file 3464-T-40 Civilian Labour Force, Memorandum for Mr. Robertson re the proposed order-in-council postponing the formation of the Canadian Japanese Construction Corps, from HFA [Henry Angus] 1 April 1942; LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 1500, file 2-K-184 NSS Orientals, "Report and Recommendation of the Special Committee on Orientals in British Columbia, December 1940"; Special Committee on Orientals in British Columbia, Reports and Recommendations, 1940.
95. LAC, DEA, RG 25, box 3008, file 3542-40, H.F. Angus to W.J. Couper, Department of Labour, 28 August 1942.
96. OA, RG 7-16-0-93, R.F. Thompson, Supervisor of Youth Training to J.F. Marsh, Department of Labour, 2 May 1940.
97. CJC brief, M.W. Wright to Martin Cohn, CJC, 22 January 1942; Confidential, the Board of Education, Toronto, 19 March 1942. Sponsored classes in 4 Vocational Toronto Schools.
98. Michael D. Stevenson, Canada's Greatest Wartime Muddle: National Selective Service and the Mobilization of Human Resources during World War II (Montreal and Kingston 2001), 20, 122-123.
99. Walter Reuther Library, United Auto Workers Toronto Sub-Regional Office, box 11, file: Meeting November 1943. Minutes of District Council 26, 7-8 November 1942.
100. LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 998, file 2-114-6, NSS Employment of Released Italian Internees L.M. Lymburner, Jr., NSS Officer, Montreal, to A. MacNamara, Deputy Minister of Labour, and Director NSS, 2 March 1943.
101. Potter, "The Occupational Adjustments," 70.
102. Potter, "The Occupational Adjustments," 71.
103. CJCCCNA, CJCCF, ZA 1943, box 3, file 26, Conversation with Mr. Shecter of the National Selective [sic] of Montreal H.M. Caiserman, 11 March 1943.
104. LAC, DEA, RG 25, vol. 3005, file 3464-V-40. London Japanese Advisory Committee to Prime Minister King, 29 June 1944.
105. CJCCCNA, CJC, CJCCF, ZA 1943, box 3, file 26, confidential memo; CJCCCNA, CJCCF, ZA 1943, box 3, file 26; Conversation with Mr. Shecter of the National Selective [sic] of Montreal H.M. Caiserman, 11 March 1943.
106. CJCCCNA, CJCCF, ZA 1942, box 5, file 57, Affidavit by Simon Yasin, 9 September 1942.
107. CJC Brief, J.H. Gringorten to Rabbi Maurice N. Eisendrath, 2 October 1942.
108. Ottawa Evening Journal, 13 October 1942, "Want Congress to Substantiate Charge Made."
109. CJCCCNA, CJCCF, ZA 1943, box 3, file 26, Selective Service Circular No. 81, "Discrimination in Employment." Winnipeg Free Press, 14 October 1942. "Race Prejudice Stories Result in Ottawa Step," Clipping, Spectator Collection.
110. Globe and Mail, 16 November 1942.
111. Ontario Jewish Archives [OJA], JCRC, MG 8 S, file 78, NSS Circular No. 81A, Discrimination in-Employment. For a discussion of the new instructions see CJCCCNA, CJCCF, ZA 1943, box 3, file 26, Louis Rosenberg to Saul Hayes, 24 February 1944; LAC, Jewish Historical Society of Western Canada Collection, Records of the Canadian Jewish Congress, Western Division, MG 28, V 114, vol. 3, file: Executive, Louis Rosenberg, 1944.
112. OA, Amherstburg Community Club papers, H.C. Stratton, Manager of the Unemployment Insurance Commission in Windsor, to Alvin McCurdy, president of the ACC, 28 May 1943.
113. LAC, RP, MG 27 III B11, vol. 113, Manpower Labour Supply Investigation. Committee's Report to the Labour Coordination Committee, October 1941. LAC, RG 27, DL, vol. 980, file: NSS Minutes Advisory Board, NSS 1943-4.
114. LAC, RP, MG 27 III B11, vol. 113, Manpower Labour Supply Investigation. Committee's report to the Labour Coordination Committee, October 1941, pp, 91-96. LAC, RG 27, DL, Labour, vol. 632, file 77, "Farm Labour Patterns," vol. 975, file 1: NSS Canning.
115. LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 998, file: "NSS Aliens, Chinese," Minutes of Meeting in Office of Brigadier Sutherland, D.A.G. 26 March 1943; LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 999, file 2-114-15 "NSS Aliens Chinese," A. MacNamara to A.M. Manson, 5 May 1944.
116. LAC, DEA, RG 25, box 1964, file 855-E-39 part 2, Order in Council, P.C. 1348, 29 February 1942.
117. On the nature of beet work and the difficulty of labour recruitment in this field before World War II, see John Herd Thompson and Allen Seager, "Workers, Growers and Monopolists: The 'Labour Problem' in the Alberta Beet Sugar Industry," Labour/Le Travail, 3 (1978), 153-174.
118. LaViolette, The Canadian Japanese, 74.
119. LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 170, file 614.02:11 Re: Placement of Certain Japanese Families in the Province of Alberta, vol. 2, Japanese conditions in Canada generally, 21 October 1943, Report by Const. J.S. Connor, RCMP, Lethbridge. Ken Adachi, The Enemy That Never Was: A History of Japanese Canadians (Toronto 1976), 281.
120. Adachi, The Enemy That Never Was, 282.
121. LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 644, file 23-2-3-7-1 pt. 1, "Placement and Relocation, Southern Ontario," Mactavish, Acting Eastern Supervisor, BCSC to George Collins, Commissioner, BCSC, 15 January 1944.
122. LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 644, file 23-2-3-7-1 pt. 1, J. Macdonald, Japanese Placement Officer, Unemployment Insurance Commission, to A. MacNamara, Director National Selective Service, 30 October 1943 [?].
123. LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 170, file 614.02:11 Transference of Japanese from BC to Province of Manitoba, vol. 2, from 1 December 1942, R.H. Brown (Commissioner's representative for Manitoba) to MacNamara, 22 March 1943.
124. Stevenson, Canada's Greatest Wartime Muddle, 35.
125. Montreal Gazette, 14 September 1943.
126. United Church Archives, Board of Home Missions, General Files, box 27, file 446, "Report made by Rev. K. Shimizu on resettlement of Japanese Canadians, 21 June 1944."
127. LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 169, file 614.02:11: MacNamara to J.M. Wardle, Directory, Surveys and Engineering Branch, Department of Mines and Resources, 2 June 1943; LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 169, file 614.02:11, Collins to MacNamara, 13 March 1943; LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 169, file 614.02:11 MacNamara to George Collins, 26 April 1943; RG 27, DL, vol. 169, file 614.02:11: MacNamara to Collins, BCSC, 28 April 1943.
128. LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 1485, file 2-153 pt. 2, DNWS, Native Indians, Memorandum, W.S. Arneil, Inspector of Indian Agencies, to Dr. McGill on Indian Reserves and Indian administration in Nova Scotia, 23 August 1941.
129. LAC, Department of Indian Affairs fonds [hereafter DIA], RG 10, vol. 3236, file 600,337. M. Christianson to T.R.L. MacInnes, Secretary of Indian Affairs Branch, 7 November 1941.
130. LAC, DIA, RG 10, vol. 2326, file 600,337, J.P.B. Ostrander, Indian Agent, Battleford, Saskatchewan, to M. Christianson, General Superintendent of Indian Agencies, Regina, 6 November 1941.
131. LAC, DIA, RG 10, vol. 7236, file 600,337, J.P.B. Ostrander, Indian Agent, Battleford, Saskatchewan, to M. Christianson, General Superintendent of Indian Agencies, Regina, 6 November 1941.
132. LAC, DIA, RG 10, vol. 7236, file 600,337.
133. LAC, DIA, RG 10, vol. 7236, file 600,337.
134. LAC, DL, RG 27, vol. 170,614.01. 11 "Transference of Japanese from B.C. to Man., vol. 1, RCMP Report concerning Sugar Beet workers strike against Manitoba Sugar Co. in Fort Garry, Manitoba, 2-3 October 1942."
135. For reliance on Native labour after the war, see Ron Laliberte and Vic Satzewich, "Native Migrant Labour in the Southern Alberta Sugar-beet Industry: Coercion and Paternalism in the Recruitment of Labour," Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 26 (February 1999), 65-85.
136. LAC, Canadian Authors' Association, MG 28 I 2, Special Projects or Awards, Writers' War Committee, file: Edmonton district reports from Edna Jaques, n.d.; Winnipeg Tribune, 12 March 1943.
137. Steven High, "Native Wage Labour and Independent Production during the 'Era of Irrelevance'," Labour/Le Travail, 37 (Spring 1996), 243-264.
138. My attention was drawn to these discussions by Vic Satzewich, "Indian Agents and the 'Indian Problem' in Canada in 1946: Reconsidering the Theory of Coercive Tutelage," The Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 17 (1997), 227-257. LAC, DIA, RG 10, vol. 6771, file 452-32 Pt 2, Reel C-8515, Correspondence Regarding Post War Rehabilitation for Returned Indian Soldiers, R.S. Davis, Indian Agent, Touchewood Indian Agency, report for the month of December 1943.
139. For a detailed study of changing attitudes toward Native people during the war see R. Scott Sheffield, The Red Man's on the Warpath: The Image of the "Indian " and the Second World War (Vancouver 2004).
140. Special Standing Committee on Reconstruction and Reestablishment, Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence No. 8 (Standing Committee), (Ottawa 1944), testimony of D.J. Allan, Indian Affairs Branch, 242-243.
141. Special Standing Committee on Reconstruction, 242-243.
142. Satzewich, "Indian Agents." LAC, DIA, RG 10, vol. 6811, file 470-2-8 Pt. 1, reel C-8534 W.M. Christie, Indian Agent, Williams Lake, B.C., to Glen, 5 February 1946.
143. Special Standing Committee on Reconstruction, testimony of D.J. Allan, superintendent of Reserves and Trust Service, IAB, 243.
144. Special Standing Committee on Reconstruction, testimony of D.J. Allan, 238.
145. Special Standing Committee on Reconstruction, testimony of R.A. Hoey, Superintendent of Welfare and Training, IAB, 254.