Light, electron microscopy and DNA sequences of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum concavum (syn. P. arabianum) with special emphasis on the periflagellar area

Phycologia

Volumn 46, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 549-564

  Mohammad Noor, Normawaty ^a   Moestrup, Øjvind ^a   Daugbjerg, Niels ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

LSU rDNA phylogeny; Periflagellar area; Prorocentrum arabianum; Prorocentrum concavum; Prorocentrum faustiae; Ultrastructure

Indexed keywords

DINOPHYCEAE; PROROCENTRUM; PROROCENTRUM CONCAVUM; PROROCENTRUM FAUSTIAE;

EID: 35048861480     PISSN: 00318884     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2216/06-94.1     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. BIECHELER B. 1952. Recherches sur les Péridiniens. Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique. Supplement 36: 20-22.
2. BURSA A. 1959. The genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg. Morphodynamics, protoplasmatic structures and taxonomy. Canadian Journal of Botany 37: 1-30.
3. CALADO A.J., HANSEN G. & MOESTRUP Ø. 1999. Architecture of the flagellar apparatus and related structures in the type species of Peridinium, P. cinctum (Dinophyceae). European Journal of Phycology 34: 179-191.
4. CROOME R.L. & TYLER P.A. 1987. Prorocentrum playfairi and Prorocentrum foveolata, two new dinoflagellates from Australian freshwater. British Phycological Journal 22: 67-75.
5. DAUGBJERG N., HANSEN G., LARSEN J. & MOESTRUP Ø. 2000. Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates. Phycologia 39: 302-317.
6. DENARDOU-QUENEHERVE A., GRZEBYK D., POUCHUS Y.F., SAUVIAT M.P., ALLIOT E., BIARD J.F., BERLAND B. & VERBIST J.F. 1999. Toxicity of French strains of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum experimental and natural contaminations of mussels. Toxicon 37: 1711-1719.
7. DE RIJK, P., WUYTS J., VAN DER PEER, Y., WINKELMANS T. & DE WACHTER, R. 2000. The European large subunit ribosomal RNA database. Nucleic Acids Research 28: 117-118.
8. DODGE J.D. 1972. The ultrastructure of the dinoflagellate pusule: a unique osmo-regulatory organelle. Protoplasma 75: 285-302.
9. DODGE J.D. & BIBBY B.T. 1973. The Prorocentrales (Dinophyceae) I. A comparative account of fine structure in the genera Prorocentrum and Exuviaella. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 175-187.
10. DOYLE J. & DOYLE J. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemistry Bulletin 19: 11-15.
11. FAUST M.A. 1974. Micromorphology of a small dinoflagellate Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae (Parke & Ballatine) comb. nov. Journal of Phycology 10: 315-322.
12. FAUST M.A. 1990. Morphology details of six benthic species of Prorocentrum (Phyrophyta) from a mangrove island, Twin Cays, Belize, including two new species. Journal of Phycology 26: 548-558.
13. FAUST M.A. 1991. Morphology of ciguatera-causing Prorocentrum lima (Pyrhophyta) from widely differing sites. Journal of Phycology 27: 642-648.
14. FAUST M.A. 1993a. Prorocentrum belizeanum, Prorocentrum elegans and Prorocentrum caribbaeum, three new benthic species (Dinophyceae) from a mangrove island, Twin Cays, Belize. Journal of Phycology 29: 100-107.
15. FAUST M.A. 1993b. Three new benthic species of Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae) from Twin Cays, Belize: P. maculosum sp. nov., P. foraminosum sp. nov. and P. formosum sp. nov. Phycologia 32: 410-418.
16. FAUST M.A. 1994. Three new benthic species of Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae) from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize: P. sabulosum sp. nov., P. sculptile sp. nov., and P. arenarium sp. nov. Journal of Phycology 30: 755-763.
17. FAUST M.A. 1997. Three new benthic species of Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae) from Belize: P. norrisianum sp. nov., P. tropicalis sp. nov., and P. reticulatum sp. nov. Journal of Phycology 33: 851-858.
18. FAUST M.A., LARSEN J. & MOESTRUP Ø. 1999. Potentially toxic phytoplankton. 3. Genus Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae). In: ICES Identification Leaflets for Plankton (Ed. by J.A. Lindley), pp. 1-23. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen.
19. FENSOME R.A., TAYLOR F.J.R., NORRIS G., SARJEANT W.A.S., WHARTON D.I. & WILLIAMS G.L. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Mieropaleontology Special Pub. No. 7, pp. 158-159.
20. FRITZ L. & TRIEMER R.E. 1985. A rapid technique utilizing calcofluor white M2R for the visualization of the dinoflagellate thecal plates. Journal of Phycology 21: 662-664.
21. FUKUYO Y. 1981. Taxonomical study on benthic dinoflagellates collected in corals reefs. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 47: 967-978.
22. GALTIER N., GOUY M. & GAUTIER C. 1996. SeaView and Phylo_win, two graphic tools for sequence alignment and molecular phylogeny. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 12: 543-548.
23. GUILLARD R.R.L. & HARGRAVES P.E. 1993. Stichochrysis immobilis is a diatom, not a chrysophyte. Phycologia 32: 234-236.
24. HANSEN G. & DAUGBJERG N. 2004. Ultrastructure of Gyrodinium spirale, the type species of Gyrodinium (Dinophyceae), including a phylogeny of G. dominans, G. rubrum and G. spirale deduced from partial LSU rDNA sequences. Protist 155: 271-294.
25. HANSEN G. & MOESTRUP Ø. 1998. Light and electron microscopial observations on Peridiniella catenata (Dinophyceae). European Journal of Phycology 33: 293-305.
26. HANSEN G., MOESTRUP Ø. & ROBERTS K.R. 1996. Fine structural observations on Gonyaulax spinifera (Dinophyceae), with special emphasis on the flagellar apparatus. Phycologia 35: 354-366.
27. HANSEN G., DAUGBJERG N. & HENRIKSEN P. 2000a. Comparative study of Gymnodinium mikimotoi and Gymnodinium aureolum comb. nov (Gyrodinium aureolum) based on morphology, pigment composition and molecular data. Journal of Phycology 36: 394-410.
28. HANSEN G., MOESTRUP Ø. & ROBERTS K.R. 2000b. Light and electron microscopial observations on the type species of Gymnodinium, G. fuscum (Dinophyceae). Phycologia 39: 365-376.
29. HOLMES M.J., LEE F.C., KHOO H.W. & TEO S.L.M. 2001. Production of 7-deoxy-okadaic acid by a New Caledonian strain of Prorocentrum lima (Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology 37: 280-288.
30. HONSELL G. & TALARICO L. 1985. The importance of flagellar arrangement and insertion in the interpretation of the theca of Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae). Botanica Marina 28: 15-21.
31. HOPPENRATH M. 2000. A new marine sand-dwelling Prorocentrum species, P. clipeus sp. nov. (Dinophyceae, Prorocentrales) from Helgoland, German Bight, North Sea. European Journal of Protistology 36: 29-33.
32. HU T., DEFREITAS A.S.W., DOYLE J., JACKSON D., MARR J., NIXON E., PLEASANCE S., QILLIAM M.A., WALTER A. & WRIGHT J.L.C. 1993. New DSP toxin derivatives isolated from toxic mussels and the dinoflagellates, Prorocentrum lima and Prorocentrum concavum. In: Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea (Ed. by T.J. Smayda & Y. Shimizu), pp. 507-512. Elsevier Science Publishers, New York.
33. KLEBS G. 1912. Über Flagellaten- und Algen-ähnlichen Peridineen. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorisch-Medizinischen Vereines zu Heidelberg, Neue Folge 11: 369-451.
34. KLUT M.E., BISALPUTRA T. & ANTIA N.J. 1987. Some observations on the structure and function of the dinoflagellate pusule. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 736-744.
35. KOFOID A. & SWEZY O. 1921. The free-living unarmored dinoflagellata. Memoirs of the University of California. University of California Press, Berkeley. Vol. 5: 1-562.
36. KOKINOS J.P. & ANDERSON D.M. 1995. Morphological development of resting cysts in cultures of the marine dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (= L. machaerophorum). Palynology 19: 143-166.
37. LEADBEATER B. & DODGE J.D. 1966. The fine structure of Woloszynskia micra sp. nov., a new marine dinoflagellate. British Phycological Bulletin 3: 1-17.
38. LENAERS G., MAROTEAUX L., MICHOT B. & HERZOG M. 1989. Dinoflagellates in evolution: a molecular phylogenetic analysis of large subunit ribosomal RNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution 29: 40-51.
39. LOEBLICH III A.R. 1976. Dinoflagellate evolution: speculation and evidence. Journal of Protozoology 23: 13-28.
40. LOEBLICH III A.R., SHERLEY J.L. & SCHMIDT R.J. 1979. The correct position of flagellar insertion in Prorocentrum and description of Prorocentrum rhathymum sp. nov. (Pyrrhophyta). Journal of Plankton Research 1: 113-120.
41. MCLACHLAN J.L., BOALCH G.T. & JAHN R. 1997. Reinstatement of the genus Exuviaella (Dinophyceae, Prorocentrophycidae) and assessment of Prorocentrum lima. Phycologia 36: 38-46.
42. MOESTRUP Ø. & DAUGBJERG N. 2007. On dinoflagellate phylogeny and classification. In: Unravelling the algae: the past, present, and future of algae systematics (Ed. by J. Brodie & J.M. Lewis), Systematics Association Special Volume 75, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. in press.
43. MOHAMMAD-NOOR N., DAUGBJERG N., MOESTRUP Ø. & ANTON A. 2007. Marine epibenthic dinoflagellates from Malaysia - a study of live cultures and preserved samples based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Nordic Journal of Botany 24: 629-690.
44. MORTON S.L. 1998. Morphology and toxicology of Prorocentrum faustiae sp. nov., a toxic species of non-planktonic dinoflagellate from Heron Island, Australia. Botanica Marina 41: 565-659.
45. MORTON S.L., MOELLER P.D.R., YOUNG K.A. & LANOUE B. 1998. Okadaic acid production from the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum belizeanum Faust isolated from the Belizean coral reef ecosystem. Toxicon 36: 201-206.
46. MORTON S.L., FAUST M.A., FAIREY E. & MOELLER P.D.R. 2002. Morphology and toxicology of Prorocentrum arabianum sp. nov., (Dinophyceae) a toxic planktonic dinoflagellate from the Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea. Harmful Algae 1: 393-400.
47. MURAKAMI Y., OSHIMA Y. & YASUMOTO T. 1982. Identification of okadaic acid as a toxic component of a marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 48: 69-72.
48. PARKE M. & BALLANTINE D. 1957. A new marine dinoflagellate: Exuviaella mariae-lebouriae n. sp. Journal of Marine Biological Association U.K. 36: 643-650.
49. PEARCE I. & HALLEGRAEFF G.M. 2004. Genetic affinities, ecophysiology and toxicity of Prorocentrum playfairii and P. foveolata (Dinophyceae) from Tasmania freshwaters. Phycologia 43: 271-281.
50. POSADA D. & CRANDALL K.A. 1998. MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817-818.
51. PUIGSERVER M. & ZINGONE A. 2002. Prorocentrum nux sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a small planktonic dinoflagellate from the Mediterranean Sea, and discussion of P. nanum and P. pusillum. Phycologia 41: 29-38.
52. ROBERTS K.R., HEIMANN K. & WETHERBEE R. 1995. The flagellar apparatus and canal structure in Prorocentrum micans (Dinophyceae). Phycologia 34: 313-322.
53. RONQUIST F. & HUELSENBECK J.P. 2003. MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572-1574.
54. SCHOLIN C.A., HERZOG M., SOGIN M. & ANDERSON D.M. 1994. Identification of group-and strain-specific genetic markers for globally distributed Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). II. Sequence analysis of a fragment of the LSU rRNA gene. Journal of Phycology 30: 999-1011.
55. SCHÜTT F. 1895. Die Peridineen der Plankton-Expedition. Part I. Kiel und Leipzig, Verlag von Lipsius & Tischer, pp. 45-55.
56. SCHÜTT F. 1896. Gymnodiniaceae, Prorocentraceae, Peridiniaceae, Bacillariaceae. In: Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Ed. by A. Engler & K. Prantl), 1(1), pp. 6-9.
57. STEIDINGER K.A. & TANGEN K. 1996. Dinoflagellates. In: Identifying marine diatoms and dinoflagellates (Ed. by C.R. Tomas), pp. 387-584. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
58. STEIDINGER K.A., TRUBY E.W. & DAWES C.J. 1978. Ultrastructure of the red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve. I. General description. Journal of Phycology 14: 72-79.
59. SWOFFORD D.L. 2003. PAUP* phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), version 4., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
60. TAYLOR F.J.R. 1980. On dinoflagellate evolution. Biosystems 13: 65-108.
61. TEN-HAGE L., DELAUNAY N., PICHON V., COUTÉ A., PUISEUX-DAO S. & TURQUET J. 2000a. Okadaic acid production from the marine benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum arenarium Faust (Dinophyceae) isolated from Europa Island coral reef ecosystem (SW Indian Ocean). Toxicon 38: 1043-1054.
62. TEN-HAGE L., TURQUET J., QUOD J-P., PUISEUX-DAO S. & COUTÉ A. 2000b. Prorocentrum borbonicum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new toxic benthic dinoflagellate from the southwestern Indian Ocean. Phycologia 39: 296-301.
63. TEN-HAGE L., ROBILLOT C., TURQUET J., LE GALL F., LE CAER J-P., BULTEL V., GUYOT M. & MOLGO J. 2002. Effects of toxic extracts and purified borbotoxins from Prorocentrum borbonicum (Dinophyceae) on vertebrate neuromuscular junctions. Toxicon 40: 137-148.
64. WHITE T.J., BRUNS T., LEE S. & TAYLOR J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications (Ed. by M.A. Innis, D.H. Gelfand, J.J. Sninsky & T.J. White), pp. 315-322. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
65. YANG Z. & RANNALA B. 1997. Bayesian phylogenetic inference using DNA sequences: a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14: 717-724.
66. YASUMOTO T., SEINO N., MURAKAMI Y. & MURATA M. 1987. Toxins produced by benthic dinoflagellates. Biological Bulletin 172: 128-131.
67. ZHANG H., BHATTACHARYA D. & LIN S. 2005. Phylogeny of dinoflagellates based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and nuclear small subunit rDNA sequences comparisons. Journal of Phycology 41: 411-420.
68. ZHOU J. & FRITZ L. 1993. Ultrastructure of two toxic marine dinoflagellates, Prorocentrum lima and Prorocentrum maculosum. Phycologia 32: 444-450.