Reconstruction: The bringing of peace and plenty or occult imperialism?

Global Society

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 539-551

  Williams, Andrew ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOREIGN POLICY; IMPERIALISM; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; PEACE PROCESS; PEACEKEEPING; RECONSTRUCTION;

AFGHANISTAN; ASIA; EURASIA; IRAQ; MIDDLE EAST; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 35048828250     PISSN: 13600826     EISSN: 1469798X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13600820701562769     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. "Hobbes in Sudan", Editorial, Wall Street Journal (22 March 2006).
2. Ibid.
3. For example: Stephan Halper and Jonathan Clarke, America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
4. Francis Fukuyama, State Building: Governance andWorld Order in the Twenty-first Century (London: Profile, 2004), pp. 2-3.
5. Edward Luttwak, "Give War a Chance", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 78 (July/August 1999).
6. See, for example, Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars (London: Zed Books, 2001).
7. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001)
8. see also William R. Pace and Nicole Deller, Preventing Future Genocides: An International Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, April 2006).
9. Such documents are all available at: . To quote their website: "On April 28, 2006, the Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1674 on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict. Resolution 1674 contains the historic first official Security Council reference to the responsibility to protect: It 'reaffirms the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the World Summit Outcome Document regarding the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity'."
10. International Crisis Group, Middle East Endgame (Brussels: ICG, 16 July 2002), 3 Vols.
11. Gerrit Gong, The Standard of Civilization in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984).
12. Sumantra Bose, "The Bosnian State a Decade after Dayton", in David Chandler (ed.), "Peace Building without Politics? Ten Years of State-building in Bosnia", Special Issue of International Peacekeeping, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Autumn 2005), pp. 322-335.
13. Bose, op. cit., p. 323.
14. Fukuyama, State Building, p. 6
15. and Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2002).
16. G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
17. Andrew Williams, Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished (London: Routledge, 2005).
18. Thierry Balzacq, "Security, Identity and Symbolic Interactionism", International Review of Sociology, Vol. 12, No. 3 (2002), pp. 469-506 (which broadly speaking contains his critique of Wendt)
19. and idem, "The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context", European Journal of International Relations Vol. 11, No. 2 (2005), pp. 171-201 (which concentrates on his critique of the Copenhagen School).
20. These works are combined in his PhD thesis, "Constructivism, Pragmatism and Security Studies", University of Cambridge (2005).
21. Balzacq, "Security, Identity and Symbolic Interactionism", op. cit. p. 492.
22. It might be said that it is not all that "new", as I have suggested in my Failed Imagination: Anglo-American New World Orders from Wilson to Bush, 2nd edn (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007): Conclusion: "The Third American New World Order: The Clinton and Bush Presidencies, 1990-2006".
23. For some of the criticism from the Republican realist "right" see Halper and Clarke, America Alone, op. cit., ch. 7, "Iraq: The False Pretenses",
24. and R.A. Clarke (counter-terrorism "tsarunder both Presidents Clinton and Bush), Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror (New York: Free Press, 2004).
25. Much of this next section is drawn from Williams, Liberalism and War chs. 4 and 5, and my article "'Reconstruction' before the Marshall Plan", Review of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3 (July 2005), pp. 541-558.
26. Christopher Cramer, "The Great Post-conflict Makeover Fantasy", paper presented at the "Making Peace Work" conference, UNU-WIDER, Helsinki, June 2004, p. 5.
27. See also Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: HarperCollins, 1989)
28. P. O'Brien, The Economic Effects of the American Civil War (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988)
29. and Robert L. Heilbronner, The Economic Transformation of America (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977).
30. John Marlowe, Milner, Apostle of Empire (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1976).
31. See also ch. 5 of Williams, Liberalism and War, op. cit.
32. Ibid.
33. David Judd and Keith Surridge, The Boer War (London: John Murray, 2002), reviewed by Piers Brendon in The Independent (August 2002).
34. Charles Headlam, The Milner Papers, 1897-1905 (London: Cassell, 1931-1933), Vol. II, pp. 242-243. The statement was in a letter by Milner to Major Hanbury Williams of the Colonial Office, 27 December 1900.
35. David Gilmour, The Long Recessional (London: John Murray, 2002), pp. 138-139.
36. Ibid., p. 137.
37. O.W. Knauth, report on the 1919 meeting of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, The Nation (10 May 1919).
38. Ibid. The review was of seven books, including: Charles F. Lowell, Reconstruction and National Life (New York: Macmillan, 1919)
39. I. Lippin, Problems of Reconstruction (New York: Macmillan, 1919)
40. A.M. Symons, The Vision for Which We Fought: A Study in Reconstruction (New York: Macmillan, 1919)
41. Halford Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction (London: Henry Holt, 1919)
42. T. Barclay, Collapse and Reconstruction: European Conditions and American Principles (Boston: Little, Brown, 1919).
43. A "Reconstruction Committee" was set up by Prime Minister Herbert Asquith on 2 December 1916 and produced five reports until it was abolished in 1919. Its agenda was mainly limited to the problems of demobilisation and resettlement and the post-war resumption of trade. From July 1917 there was a Minister for Reconstruction. See Paul B. Johnson, Land Fit for Heroes: The Planning of British Reconstruction, 1916-1919 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968).
44. New Republic (14 December 1918).
45. Philip Noel Baker, Lecture Notes for 1924/25, Churchill College, Cambridge Archives, NBKR4/33.
46. New Republic (12 February 1945).
47. "United States Memoranda", Foreign Research and Press Service of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 25 February 1943, No. 158, "The Great Debate on Peace Aims", Noel Baker Papers, NBKR 4/381.
48. Michael Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
49. A. Grünbacher, Reconstruction and Cold War in Germany: The Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004).
50. See, for example, John Ikenberry, "A World Economy Restored: Expert Consensus and the Anglo-American Postwar Settlement", International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Winter 1992), pp. 289-322.
51. President George W. Bush's speech to the Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, 26 February 2003.
52. Francis Fukuyama, After the Neocons: America at the Crossroads (London: Profile Books, 2006).
53. Bose, op. cit., p. 323.
54. Fukuyama, After the Neocons, op. cit., pp. 9-10.