'Reconstruction' before the Marshall plan

Review of International Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 541-558

  Williams, Andrew J ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 22144489941     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210505006625     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. One of the best recent examples is: Carl Levy and Mark Roseman (eds.), Three Postwar Eras in Comparison: Western Europe, 1918-1945-1989 (London: Palgrave, 2002), Part 1.
2. See also Istvan Deak, Jan T. Gross and Tony Judt (eds.), The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and its Aftermath (Princeton, MA: Princeton University Press, 2000).
3. Cf. President Bush's speech to the Enterprise Institute, Washington 26 February 2003, letter to the Financial Times, 8/9 March 2003.
4. William Harbutt Dawson, Richard Cobden and Foreign Policy (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1926), chs 1 and 5;
5. Martin Ceadel, Thinking about Peace and War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
6. Dawson, Richard Cobden, p. 231.
7. John Marlowe, Milner: Apostle of Empire (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1976).
8. One such accusation links Neil Bush, the President's brother, to contracts awarded to companies called New Bridge and Crest Investment Co: cf. Financial Times, 12 December 2003
9. and 'Democrats warn of "profiteering" in reconstruction contracts', Independent on Sunday, 5 October 2003.
10. John Dewey, 'The Cult of Irrationality', New Republic, 9 November 1919.
11. New Republic, 9 November 1918.
12. Norman Hapgood, 'A Program of Reconstruction', New Republic, 16 November 1918.
13. New Republic, 14 December 1918.
14. O. W. Knauth, The Nation, 10 May 1919.
15. The Nation, 20 September 1919.
16. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (New York: Beacon, 1944).
17. Harold MacMillan, Reconstruction: A Plea for a National Policy (London: Macmillan, 1933).
18. The Nation, 20 September 1919.
19. For a more detailed discussion of Genoa, see Carole Fink, The Genoa Conference (Chapel Hill, NC: University of Northern Carolina Press, 1984);
20. Stephen White, The Origins of Detente: the Genoa Conference and Soviet-Western Relations, 1920-1924 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985);
21. Carole Fink, Axel Frohn and Jurgen Heideking (eds.), Genoa, Rapallo and European Reconstruction in 1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
22. Marta Petriciolli (ed.), A Missed Opportunity? 1922: The Reconstruction of Europe (Bern: Peter Lang, 1995).
23. Bradbury to Sir Robert Home, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 14 December 1921; Bradbury to Blackett, 13 April 1922, T/194/8.
24. Bradbury to Home, 8 June 1920, T194/9. For more details see Andrew Williams, 'Sir John Bradbury and the Reparations Commission, 1920-25', Diplomacy and Statecraft, 13:3 (2002), pp.81-102.
25. Philip Noel Baker, Lecture Notes for 1924/25, NBKR 4/33.
26. Financial Reconstruction of Austria: Report of the Financial Committee of the Council, League of Nations (Geneva: League of Nations, 1921) [L.N.II.1921.2]. The Conference was held from 12-17 March 1921.
27. Austria . . . Report of the Financial Committee, pp. 7-9.
28. I would like to thank the anonymous reviewer of the first draft of this article for pointing out that Danzig was a properly political protectorate of the League. The main point here is that Austria was the first case of a 'financial protectorate'.
29. Philip Noel Baker, The Financial Reconstruction of Europe (Geneva: League of Nations, 1922).
30. League of Nations, 'The Settlement of Greek Refugees: Scheme for an International Loan', Geneva, 10 October 1924, Doc. C.524.M.187.1924.II.
31. League of Nations, Greek Refugee Settlement (Geneva: League of Nations, 1926), p. xv, and League of Nations C.522.M. 204. 1926. II, 7 September 1926.
32. Levy and Roseman (eds.) Three Postwar Eras in Comparison.
33. New Republic, March 1945 (Editorial).
34. See for example the New Republic, 26 March and 2 April 1945, on the 'Anglo-American Future'. The signature of the Bretton Woods accords dominated the economic pages of all American and British liberal journals at this period.
35. For more on this, see Andrew Williams: 'France and the New World Order, 1940-1947', Modern and Contemporary France, 8:2 (May 2000), pp. 191-202.
36. Council for Foreign Relations Peace Aims Group memo from Crane Brinton, 'The Political Outlook and the Possibility of Collaborating with Democratic Groups in France and Belgium', 4 November 1942
37. and 'French Peace Aims', 8 February 1943, Hamilton Fish Armstrong Papers, Box 73, Seeley H. Mudd Memorial Library, Princeton University.
38. See n.31 above.
39. See n.31 above.
40. 'Notes of a Meeting held 10 April 1943' Lehman Papers, C47/64, 'Diary, London, April 1943', pp. 14-15;
41. and War Cabinet Committee on Post-War Commodity Policy and Relief, 14 April 1943, Lehman Papers C47/64, 'Diary, London, April 1943', p. 56.
42. One important source for Lehman on this was Department of World Jewish affairs of the American Jewish Corps and other American Jewish philanthropic organisations like the American Joint Distribution Committee. Lehman Papers, Special files, UNRRA Personal and General C46-48.
43. There were full-scale missions in Byelorussia, Ukraine, China, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Poland, Yugoslavia and smaller ones in the Dodecanese islands, Ethiopia, Finland, Hungary, San Marino, Korea and the Philippine Republic. Source Lehman Papers, File 46-2 [Personal correspondence and General Files: Administration and Budget].
44. Moses A. Leavitt (American-Jewish Joint Distribution Committee) to Lehman, 14 September 1945 in a long 'Statement on UNRRA', Lehman papers UNRRA, Personal and General, C46-1.
45. Lehman Papers, C46-2, p. 77.
46. There is a wealth of documentary evidence for this. See Cabinet Papers, CAB/60 and /107 Post War Economic Problems and Anglo-American Cooperation, and CAB/165 Post War Settlement, Public Record Office. See also B. W. E. Alford, Rodney Lowe and Neil Rollings, Economic Planning: A Guide to Documents in the PRO (London: PRO, 1992).
47. War Cabinet Committee on Post-War Commodity Policy and Relief, 14 April 1943, Lehman Papers C47/64, 'Diary, London, April 1943', p. 55.
48. 'Notes of a Meeting held 10 April 1943', Lehman Papers, C47/64, 'Diary, London, April 1943', p. 12.
49. The EAC has generally been assessed to have not been a huge success and to have fallen victim of the infighting between the Allies that developed as the Red army occupied large areas of Eastern Europe.
50. War Cabinet Committee on Post-War Commodity Policy and Relief, 14 April 1943, Lehman Papers C47/64, 'Diary, London, April 1943', p. 57.
51. 'Notes of a Meeting held 13 April 1943', Lehman Papers, C47/64, 'Diary, London, April 1943', p. 31.
52. Lehman, Diary of Visits to London and Paris, October-November 1944, Lehman Papers C47/65, pp. 33-37.
53. Meeting of 17 April (at 12.30 after the Treasury), C47/65, p. 111.
54. Lehman, Diary of Visits to London and Paris, October-November 1944, Lehman Papers C47/65, p. 27-29.
55. 'Notes of a Meeting held 13 April 1943', Lehman Papers, C47/64, 'Diary, London, April 1943', p. 33.
56. Lehman, Diary of Visits to London and Paris, October-November 1944, Lehman Papers C47/65, pp. 12-13.
57. New Republic, 19 February 1945.
58. New Republic, Review of the 'Road to Serfdom', 1 April 1945.
59. Dewey Anderson to Lehman, 23 March 1945. Anderson was the Executive Secretary of the US Senate Special Committee to Study the Problems of Small Businesses.
60. Bevin to Lehman, 24 December 1947, Lehman Papers, Letters, File 420a.
61. Jack Plano and Robert E. Riggs, Forging World Order: The Politics of International Organization (New York: Macmillan, 1967), p. 401.
62. W. D. Philips (UNRRA staffer) to Lehman, 20 September 1943, Lehman Papers C46-5.
63. New Republic, 12 February 1945.
64. 'United States Memoranda', Foreign Research and Press Service of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 25 February 1943, no. 158, 'The Great Debate on Peace Aims', Noel Baker Papers, NBKR 4/381.
65. Mikhail M. Narinskii, 'The Soviet Union and the Marshall Plan', in Antonio Varsari and Elena Calandri, The Failure of Peace in Europe, 1943-1948 (London: Palgrave 2002), p. 275.
66. Editorial, New Republic, 23 November 1918.
67. George Orwell, 'Introduction' [first published in Horizon, February 1942] in The Works of Rudyard Kipling (Ware: The Wordsworth Poetry Library, 1994), pp. xviii-xix.