Disgust is a factor in extreme prejudice

British Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 597-617

  Taylor, Kathleen ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b Sherrington Building ^*  (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DEFENSE MECHANISM; EMOTION; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; INTERNET; LANGUAGE; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; UNITED KINGDOM;

EMOTIONS; GREAT BRITAIN; HOSTILITY; HUMANS; INTERNET; LANGUAGE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; NEGATIVISM; PREJUDICE; PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; STEREOTYPING;

EID: 34948873057     PISSN: 01446665     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/014466606X156546     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Abrams, K. (2002). Fighting fire with fire: Rethinking the role of disgust in hate crimes. Boalt Working Papers in Public Law 2002, no. 1. Retrieved November 1, 2005, from http://:repositories.cdlib.org/boaltwp/1.
2. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley
3. Barnes, L. (2004). The lies of the Apologists for Terror. Retrieved November 1, 2005, from http://www.bnp.org.uk/articles/ apologists_terror.htm.
4. Baumeister, R. E (2001). Evil: Inside human violence and cruelty. New York: Owl Books.
5. Bergamini, D. (1971). Japan's imperial conspiracy. New York: Morrow.
6. Billig, M. (2002a). Henri Tajfel's cognitive aspects of prejudice and the psychology of bigotry. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 171-188.
7. Billig, M. (2002b). Henri Tajfel's cognitive aspects of prejudice and the psychology of bigotry: Reply. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 199-202.
8. Blascovich, J., Mendes, W B., & Seery, M. D. (2002). Intergroup threat: A multi-method approach. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 89-109). New York: Psychology Press.
9. Bradley, M. & Lang, P. (1999). Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Stimuli, instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical report c-1: The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.
10. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. (1998). Intergroup relations. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 554-594). New York: McGraw-Hill.
11. Bridgman, J., & Worley, L. J. (2004). Genocide of the Hereros. In S. Totten, W. S. Parsons, & I. W. Charny (Eds.), Century of genocide. London: Routledge.
12. Briggs, R. (1996). Witches and neighbors: The social and cultural context of European witchcraft. New York: Viking Penguin.
13. British National Corpus. (2004a). British National Corpus (BNC). Retrieved November 1, 2005, from http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk.
14. British National Corpus. (2004b). SARA. Retrieved November 1, 2005, from http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/tools/.
15. Brown, R. (2002). Henri Tajfel's cognitive aspects of prejudice and the psychology of bigotry: Comment. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 195-198.
16. Browning, C. (1991). Ordinary men. New York: HarperCollins.
17. Canetti, E. (1973). Crowds and power. London: Penguin.
18. Collet, C., Vernet-Maury, E., Delhomme, G., & Dittmar, A. (1997). Autonomic nervous system response patterns specificity to basic emotions. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, 62(1-2), 45-57.
19. Cortes, B. P., Demoulin, S., Rodriguez, R. T., Rodriguez, A. P., & Leyens, J. -P. (2005). Infrahumanization or familiarity? Attribution of uniquely human emotions to the self, the ingroup, and the outgroup. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(2), 243-253.
20. Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(5), 770-789.
21. Dadrian, V. N. (2004). Patterns of twentieth century genocides: The Armenian, Jewish and Rwandan cases. Journal of Genocide Research, 6(4), 487-522.
22. Dallaire, R. (2004). Shake hands with the Devil: The failure of humanity in Rwanda. London: Arrow.
23. Darwin, C. (1999). The expression of the emotions in Man and animals. In P. Ekman (Ed.) (3rd ed.). London: HarperCollins.
24. Dutton, D. G., Boyanowsky, E. O., & Bond, M. H. (2005). Extreme mass homicide: From military massacre to genocide. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 437-473.
25. Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), The handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 45-60). Sussex, UK: Wiley.
26. Esslen, M., Pascual-Marqui, R. D., Hell, D., Kochi, K., & Lehmann, D. (2004). Brain areas and time course of emotional processing. Neuroimage, 21, 1189-1203.
27. Fein, H. (1990). Genocide: A sociological perspective. Current Sociology, 38 (1) (special issue).
28. Fessler, D. M. T., & Narravete, C. D. (2005). The effect of age on death disgust: Challenges to terror management perspectives. Evolutionary Psychology, 3, 279-296.
29. Fessier, D. M. T., Pillsworth, E. G., & Flamson, T. J. (2004). Angry men and disgusted women: An evolutionary approach to the influence of emotions on risktaking. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 95, 107-123.
30. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2002). Emotions up and down: Intergroup emotions result from perceived status and competition. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 247-264). New York: Psychology Press.
31. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth, respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902.
32. Fiske, S. T., Xu, J., Cuddy, A. C., & Glick, P. (1999). (Dis)respecting versus (dis)liking: Status and interdependence predict ambivalent stereotypes of competence and warmth. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 473-489.
33. Frosh, S. (2002). Enjoyment, bigotry, discourse and cognition. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 189-194.
34. Gilbert, M. (1986). The Holocaust. London: Collins.
35. Goldhagen, D. J. (1997). Hitler's willing executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. London: Abacus.
36. Haidt, J., McCauley, C., & Rozin, R (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 701-713.
37. Haidt, J., Rozin, P., McCauley, C., & Imada, S. (1997). Body, psyche and culture: The relationship between disgust and morality. Psychology and Developing Societies, 9, 107-131.
38. Haney C., Banks, C., & Zimbardo, P. (1983). Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison. International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 1, 69-97.
39. Harris, L. T. & Fiske, S. T. (2006). Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: Neuro-imaging responses to extreme outgroups. Psychological Science, 17, 847-853.
40. Hitler, A. (trans. Murphy, J. 1939). Mein Kampf. Originally published in London by Hutchinson and Co. in association with Hurst and Blackett. Retrieved November 1, 2005, from http://www.gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601. txt.
41. Hochschild, A. (1999). King Leopold's ghost: A story of greed, terror and heroism in colonial Africa. London: Macmillan.
42. Islam Online. (2004). And they ask, Why do they hate us?, by Arwa Mahmoud. Retrieved November 1, 2005, from http://www.islamonline.net/english/ views/2004/04/article09.shtml.
43. Kilgarriff, A. (2006). BNC database and word frequency lists. Retrieved 24 August, 2006, from http://www.kilgarriff.co.uk/bnc-readme.html.
44. Kingdom Identity. (2005). Doctrinal Statement. Retrieved November 1, 2005, from http://www.kingidentity.com/doctrine.htm.
45. Klee, E., Dressen, W., & Riess, V. (Eds.), (1991). The good old days: The Holocaust as seen by its perpetrators and bystanders. New York: Konecky and Konecky.
46. Koch, H. W. (2000). Hitler youth: Origins and development 1922-1945. New York: Cooper Square Press.
47. Kolnai, A. (2004). On disgust (edited and introduced by B. Smith and C. Korsmeyer). Chicago: Open Court.
48. Kuceera, H., & Francis, W. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence: Brown University Press.
49. Langer, L. L. (1999). Preempting the Holocaust. New Haven. Yale University Press.
50. Lemarchand, R. (2002). Disconnecting the threads: Rwanda and the Holocaust reconsidered. Idea 7(1). Retrieved November 3, 2005, from http://www.ideajournal.com/articles.php?sup=11.
51. Lerner, J. S., Small, D. A., & Loewenstein, G. (2004). Heart strings and purse strings: Carryover effects of emotions on economic decisions. Psychological Science, 15(5), 337-341.
52. Lifton, R. J. (2000). Nazi Doctors: Medical killing and the psychology of genocide. New York: Basic Books.
53. Linke, U. (2002). Archives of violence: The Holocaust and the German politics of memory. In A. L. Hinton (Ed.), Annihilating difference: The anthropology of genocide (pp. 229-271). Berkeley: University of California Press.
54. Mackie, D. M. & Smith, E. R. (Eds.), (2002). From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups. New York: Psychology Press.
55. Malleus Maleficarum: The classic study of witchcraft. (trans. Summers, M. 1928). London: Arrow.
56. Mandel, D. R. (2002). Instigators of genocide: Examining Hitler from a social-psychological perspective. In L. S. Newman & R. Erber (Eds.), Understanding Genocide: The social psychology of the Holocaust (pp. 259-284). New York: Oxford University Press.
57. Milgram, S. (1997). Obedience to authority. London: Pinter and Martin.
58. Miller, W I. (1997). The anatomy of disgust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
59. Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Moll, F. T., Ignacio, F. A., Bramati, I. E., Caparelli-Daquer, E. M., et al. (2005). The moral affiliations of disgust: A functional MRI study. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 18, 68-78.
60. Moshman, D. (2005). Genocidal hatred: Now you see it, now you don't. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The psychology of hate (pp. 185-210). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
61. Nell, V. (2006). Cruelty's rewards: The gratifications of perpetrators and spectators. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29, 211-224.
62. Newman, L. S. & Erber, R. (Eds.), (2002). Understanding genocide: The social psychology of the Holocaust. New York: Oxford University Press.
63. Ortony A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97, 315-331.
64. Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage, 16, 331-348.
65. Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour. London: Sage.
66. Power, S. (2003). A problem from bell: America and the age of genocide. London: Flamingo.
67. Qutb, S. (trans. 2003). Milestones. Chicago: Kazi Publications.
68. Rachman, S. (2004). Fear of contamination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1227-1255.
69. Roget's Thesaurus. (2005). Roget's thesaurus online. Retrieved November 1, 2005, from http://thesaurus.reference.com/.
70. Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. E. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94, 23-41.
71. Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (2000). Disgust. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 637-653). New York: Guilford.
72. Ruthven, M. (2004). Fundamentalism: The search for meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
73. Scheper, N. (2002). Coming to our senses: Anthropology and genocide. In A. L. Hinton (Ed.), Annihilating difference: The anthropology of genocide (pp. 348-381). Berkeley: University of California Press.
74. Sternberg, R. J. (2003). A duplex theory of hate: Development and application to terrorism, massacres, and genocide. Review of General Psychology, 7, 299-328.
75. Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), (2005). The psychology of hate. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
76. SPSS. (2001). SPSS for Windows (Version 11.0.0). Chicago: SPSS Inc.
77. Stephan, W. G., & Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threat in intergroup relations. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 191-207). New York: Psychology Press.
78. Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination. The Claremont symposium on applied social psychology (pp. 23-45). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
79. Swift, W. (2005). The mystery of iniquity. Retrieved November 1, 2005, from http://www.churchoftrueisrael.com/swift/mystrey-of-iniquity.html [sic].
80. Tajfel, H. (1969). Cognitive aspects of prejudice. Journal of Biosocial Sciences, (Suppl. 1), 173-191.
81. Taylor, C. C. (2002). The cultural face of terror in the Rwandan genocide of 1994. In A. L. Hinton (Ed.), Annihilating difference: The anthropology of genocide (pp. 137-178). Berkeley. University of California Press.
82. Taylor, K. E. (2006). Intergroup atrocities in war: A neuroscientific perspective. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 22, 230-244.
83. Tilly, C. (2003). The politics of collective violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
84. Weitz, E. D. (2003). A century of genocide: Utopias of race and nation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
85. Wheatley, T., & Haidt, J. (2005). Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe. Psychological Science, 16(10), 780-784.
86. Wikipedia. (2005). British National Party. Retrieved November 1, 2005, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ British_National_Party#Criminal_records_and_extreme_or_viole nt_affiliation_of_some_BNP_organizers.
87. Yzerbyt, V. Y., Schadron, G., Leyens, J. -P., & Rocher, S. (1994). Social judgeability: The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1), 48.