Management of solitary 1 cm to 2 cm liver nodules in patients with compensated cirrhosis: A decision analysis

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 21, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 491-500

  Bremner, Karen E ^a,e   Bayoumi, Ahmed M ^b,c,d   Sherman, Morris ^d,e   Krahn, Murray D ^a,c,d,e,f  

^a UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK   (Canada)

^b ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^c Department of Health Policy Management and Evaluation ^*  (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^e TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Decision analysis; Hepatic resection; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver cirrhosis

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER SCREENING; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMORBIDITY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEATH; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; ECHOGRAPHY; FALSE NEGATIVE RESULT; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER NODULE; LIVER RESECTION; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBABILITY; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TUMOR VOLUME;

EID: 34948843665     PISSN: 08357900     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2007/182383     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Bosch FX, Ribes J, Borras J. Epidemiology of primary liver cancer. Semin Liver Dis 1999;19:271-85.
2. Schafer DF, Sorrell MF. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1999;353:1253-7.
3. Bolondi L, Sofia S, Siringo S, et al. Surveillance programme of cirrhotic patients for early diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A cost effectiveness analysis. Gut 2001;48:251-9.
4. Colombo M, de Franchis R, Del Ninno E, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:675-80.
5. Bruix J, Liovet JM. Prognostic prediction and treatment strategy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2002;35:519-24.
6. Sarasin FP, Giostra E, Hadengue A. Cost-effectivenes of screening for detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in western patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis. Am J Med 1996;101:422-34.
7. Sarasin FP, Giostra E, Mentha G, Hadengue A. Partial hepatectomy or orthotopic liver transplantation for the treatment of resectable hepatocellular carcinoma? A cost-effectiveness perspective. Hepatology 1998;28:436-42.
8. Durand F, Regimbeau JM, Belghiti J, et al. Assessment of the benefits and risks of percutaneous biopsy before surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2001;35:254-8.
9. Sherman M. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Oncol 2001;28:450-9.
10. Sherman M. Pathogenesis and screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Liver Dis 2004;8:419-43.
11. Song TJ, Ip EW, Fong Y. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Current surgical management. Gastroenterology 2004;127:S248-60.
12. Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM, et al; EASL Panel of Experts on HCC. Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona - 2000 EASL conference. European Association for the Study of the Liver. J Hepatol 2001;35:421-30.
13. Bruix J, Sherman M; Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005;42:1208-36.
14. Sherman M. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Beyond screening. J Hepatol 2003;39:269-71.
15. Llovet JM, Beaugrand M. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Present status and future prospects. J Hepatol 2003;38:S136-49.
16. Sala M, Llovet JM, Vilana R, et al. Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group. Initial response to percutaneous ablation predicts survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2004;40:1352-60.
17. Borzio M, Borzio F, Macchi R, et al. The evaluation of fine-needle procedures for the diagnosis of focal liver lesions in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1994;20:117-21.
18. Torzilli G, Minagawa M, Takayama T, et al. Accurate preoperative evaluation of liver mass lesions without fine-needle biopsy. Hepatology 1999;30:889-93.
19. Detsky AS, Naglie G, Krahn MD, Naimark D, Redelmeier DA. Primer on medical decision analysis: Part 1 - getting started. Med Decis Making 1997;17:123-5.
20. Naimark D, Krahn MD, Naglie G, Redelmeier DA, Detsky AS. Primer on medical decision analysis: Part 5 - working with Markov processes. Med Decis Making 1997;17:152-9.
21. Sonnenberg FA, Beck JR. Markov models in medical decision making: A practical guide. Med Decis Making 1993;13:322-38.
22. TreeAge software Inc. DATA 4.0. (Version current at June 25, 2007).
23. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1996;334:693-9.
24. Beck JR, Pauker SG. The Markov process in medical prognosis. Med Decis Making 1983;3:419-58.
25. Zhu AX. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Are we making progress? Cancer Invest 2003;21:418-28.
26. Donckier V, van Laethem JL, van Gansbeke D, et al. New considerations for an overall approach to treat hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients. J Surg Oncol 2003;84:36-44.
27. Dohmen K, Shigematsu H, Irie K, Ishibashi H. Comparison of the clinical characteristics among hepatocellular carcinoma of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and non-B non-C patients. Hepatogastroenterology 2003;50:2022-7.
28. Liu JH, Chen PW, Asch SM, Busuttil RW, Ko CY. Surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma: Does it improve survival? Ann Surg Oncol 2004;11:298-303.
29. Statistics Canada. Life Tables, Canada, Provinces and Territories, 1995-1997. (Version current at June 25, 2007).
30. Llovet JM, Burroughs A, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 2003;362:1907-17.
31. Collier J, Sherman M. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1998;27:273-8.
32. Arguedas MR, Chen VK, Eloubeidi MA, Fallon MB. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis: A cost-utility analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:679-90.
33. Aguayo A, Patt YZ. Liver cancer. Clin Liver Dis 2001;5:479-507.
34. Pateron D, Ganne N, Trinchet JC, et al. Prospective study of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Caucasian patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1994;20:65-71.
35. Francanzani AL, Burdick L, Borzio M, et al. Contrast-enhanced doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and premalignant lesions in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2001;34:1109-12.
36. Sox HC, Blatt MA, Higgins MC, Marton KI. Medical Decision Making. Boston: Butterworths, 1988.
37. Sherman M, Peltekian KM, Lee C. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus: Incidence and prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a North American urban population. Hepatology 1995;22:432-8.
38. Bennett GL, Krinsky GA, Abitol RJ, Kim SY, Theise ND, Teperman LW. Sonographic detection of hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules in cirrhosis: Correlation of pretransplantation sonography and liver explant pathology in 200 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;179:75-80.
39. Oliver JH III, Baron RL. Helical biphasic contrast-enhanced CT of the liver: Techniques, indications, interpretation, and pitfalls. Radiology 1996;201:1-14.
40. Baron RL, Brancatelli G. Computed tomographic imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004;127:S133-43.
41. Iannaccone R, Laghi A, Catalano C, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Role of unenhanced and delayed phase multi-detector row helical CT in patients with cirrhosis. Radiology 2005;234:460-7.
42. Gambarin-Gelwan M, Wolf DC, Shapiro R, Schwartz ME, Min AD. Sensitivity of commonly available screening tests in detecting hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1535-8.
43. Lira JH, Choi D, Kim SH, et al. Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: Value of adding delayed phase imaging to dual-phase helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;179:67-73.
44. Saab S, Ly D, Nieto J, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma screening in patients waiting for liver transplantation: A decision analytic model. Liver Transpl 2003;9:672-81.
45. Laghi A, Iannaccone R, Rossi P, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Detection with triple-phase multi-detector row helical CT in patients with chronic hepatitis. Radiology 2002;226:543-9.
46. Jang HJ, Lim JH, Lee SJ, Park CK, Park HS, Do YS. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Are combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography in addition to triple-phase helical CT all necessary for preoperative evaluation? Radiology 2000;215:373-80.
47. Kim SK, Lim JH, Lee WJ, et al. Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison of dynamic three-phase computed tomography images and four-phase computed tomography images using multidetector row helical computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2002;26:691-8.
48. Ng KKC, Poon RTP, Lo CM, et al. Impact of preoperative fine-needle aspiration cytologic examination on clinical outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a tertiary referral center. Arch Surg 2004;139:193-200.
49. Caturelli E, Ghittoni G, Roselli P, De Palo M, Anti M. Fine needle biopsy of focal liver lesions: The hepatologist's point of view. Liver Transpl 2004;10:S26-9.
50. Bravo AA, Sunil G, Sheth G, Chopra S. Liver biopsy. N Engl J Med 2001;344:495-500.
51. Piccinino F, Sagnelli E, Pasquale G, Giusti G. Complications following percutaneous liver biopsy. A multicentre retrospective study on 68,276 biopsies. J Hepatol 1986;2:165-73.
52. Navarro F, Taourel P, Michel J, et al. Diaphragmatic and subcutaneous seeding of hepatocellular carcinoma following fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Liver 1998;18:251-4.
53. Takamori R, Wong LL, Dang C, Wong L. Needle-tract implantation from hepatocellular cancer: is needle biopsy of the liver always necessary? Liver Transpl 2000;6:67-72.
54. Chapoutot C, Perney P, Fabre D, et al. [Needle-tract seeding after ultrasound-guided puncture of hepatocellular carcinoma. A study of 150 patients.] Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1999;23:552-6.
55. Frilling A, Broelsch CE. Letters to the Editor (Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma with out preoperative tumor biopsy). Ann Surg 2002;235:604.
56. John TG, Garden OJ. Needle track seeding of primary and secondary liver carcinoma after percutaneous liver biopsy. HPB Surg 1993;6:199-203.
57. Kim SH, Lim HK, Lee WJ, Cho JM, Jang HJ. Needle-tract implantation in hepatocellular carcinoma: Frequency and CT findings after biopsy with a 19.5-gauge automated biopsy gun. Abdom Imaging 2000;25:246-50.
58. Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM, Liu CL, Wong J. Long-term survival and pattern of recurrence after resection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with preserved liver function: Implications for a strategy of salvage transplantation. Ann Surg 2002;235:373-82.
59. Lang BH, Poon RT, Fan ST, Wong J. Perioperative and long-term outcome of major hepatic resection for small solitary hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Arch Surg 2003;138:1207-13.
60. Shimozawa N, Hanazaki K. Longterm prognosis after hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2004;198:356-65.
61. Zhou XD, Tang ZY, Yang BH, et al. Experience of 1000 patients who underwent hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2001;91:1479-86.
62. Montorsi M, Santambrogio R, Bianchi P, et al. Survival and recurrences after hepatic resection or radiofrequency for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: A multivariate analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2005;9:62-7.
63. Wu CC, Chen JT, Ho WL, et al. Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in octogenarians. Surgery 1999;125:332-8.
64. Grazi GL, Ercolani G, Pierangeli F, et al. Improved results of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis give the procedure added value. Ann Surg 2001;234:71-8.
65. Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Improving survival results after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: A prospective study of 377 patients over 10 years. Ann Surg 2001 ;234:63-70.
66. Poon RT, Fan ST. Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Patient selection and postoperative outcome. Liver Transpl 2004;10:S39-45.
67. Majno PE, Sarasin FP, Mentha G, Hadengue A. Primary liver resection and salvage transplantation or primary liver transplantation in patients with single, small hepatocellular carcinoma and preserved liver function: An outcome-oriented decision analysis. Hepatology 2000;31:899-906.
68. Marin-Hargreaves G, Azoulay D, Bismuth H. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Surgical indications and results. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2003;47:13-27.
69. Lo CM, Fan ST. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 2004;91:131-3.
70. Llovet JM, Fuster J, Bruix J; Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer Group. The Barcelona approach: Diagnosis, staging, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2004;10:S115-20.
71. The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Waitlist removals: Organ by removal reason: January 1995 - February 29, 2004. (Version current at June 25, 2007).
72. Krahn M, Wong JB, Heathcote J, Scully L, Seeff L. Estimating the prognosis of hepatitis C patients infected by transfusion in Canada between 1986 and 1990. Med Decis Making 2004;24:20-9.
73. Chong CA, Gulamhussein A, Heathcote EJ, et al. Health-state utilities and quality of life in hepatitis C patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:630-8.
74. Dusheiko GM, Roberts JA. Treatment of chronic type B and C hepatitis with interferon alfa: An economic appraisal. Hepatology 1995;22:1863-73.
75. Tengs TO, Wallace A. One thousand health-related quality of life estimates. Med Care 2000;38:583-637.
76. Wells CD, Murrill WB, Arguedas MR. Comparison of health-related quality of life preferences between physicians and cirrhotic patients: Implications for cost-utility analyses in chronic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 2004;49:453-8.
77. Bennett WG, Inoue Y, Beck JR, Wong JB, Pauker SG, Davis GL. Estimates of the cost-effectiveness of a single course of interferon-alpha 2b in patients with histologically mild chronic hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:855-65.
78. Kim WR, Poterucha JJ, Hermans JE, et al. Cost-effectiveness of 6 and 12 months of interferon-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:866-74.
79. Thein HH, Krahn M, Kaldor JM, Dore GJ. Estimation of utilities for chronic hepatitis C from SF-36 scores. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:643-51.
80. Younossi ZM, Boparai N, McCormick M, Price LL, Guyatt G. Assessment of utilities and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:579-83.
81. Wong JB, Koff RS. Watchful waiting with periodic liver biopsy versus immediate empirical therapy for histologically mild chronic hepatitis C. A cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:665-75.
82. Salomon JA, Weinstein MC, Hammitt JK, Goldie SJ. Cost-effectiveness of treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection in an evolving patient population. JAMA 2003;290:228-37.
83. Sarasin FP, Majno PE, Llovet JM, Bruix J, Mentha G, Hadengue A. Living donor liver transplantation for early hepatocellular carcinoma: A life-expectancy and cost-effectiveness perspective. Hepatology 2001;33:1073-9.
84. Krahn MD, Naglie G, Naimark D, Redelmeier DA, Detsky A. Primer on medical decision analysis: Part 4 - analyzing the model and interpreting the results. Med Decis Making 1997;17:142-51.
85. Doubilet P, Begg CB, Weinstein MC, Braun P, McNeil BJ. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation. A practical approach. Med Decis Making 1985;5:157-77.
86. Vauthey JN, Lauwers GY, Esnaola NF, et al. Simplified staging for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1527-36.
87. Vauthey JN, Lauwers GY. Prognostic factors after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: Are there landmarks in the wild forest? J Hepatol 2003;38:237-9.
88. Llovet JM, Mas X, Aponte JJ, et al. Cost effectiveness of adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma during the waiting list for liver transplantation. Gut 2002;50:123-8.
89. Jaeck D, Bachellier P, Oussoultzoglou E, Weber JC, Wolf P. Surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Post-operative outcome and long-term results in Europe: An overview. Liver Transpl 2004;10:S58-63.
90. Barbara L, Benzi G, Gaiani S, et al. Natural history of small untreated hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors of tumor growth and patient survival. Hepatology 1992;16:132-7.
91. Cottone M, Virdone R, Fusco G, et al. Asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma in Child's A cirrhosis. A comparison of natural history and surgical treatment. Gastroenterology 1989;96:1566,71.
92. Ebara M, Ohto M, Shinagawa T, et al. Natural history of minute hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than three centimeters complicating cirrhosis. A study in 22 patients. Gastroenterology 1986;90:289-98.
93. Richardson WS, Detsky AS. Users' guides to the medical literature. VII. How to use a clinical decision analysis. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 1995;273:1610-3.
94. Chen MS, Li JQ, Zheng Y, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2006;243:321-8.
95. Cheng SJ, Pratt DS, Freeman RB Jr, Kaplan MM, Wong JB. Living-donor versus cadaveric liver transplantation for non-resectable small hepatocellular carcinoma and compensated cirrhosis: A decision analysis. Transplantation 2001;72:861-8.
96. El-Serag HB, Mallat DB, Rabenack L. Management of the single liver nodule in a cirrhotic patient: A decision analysis model. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005;39:152-9.
97. Bremner K, Bayoumi A, Sherman M, Krahn M. Biopsy or resection for single small liver nodules in patients with compensated cirrhosis - A decision analysis. 26th Annual Meeting of the Society for Medical Decision Making. Atlanta, October 17 to 20, 2004.
98. Llovet JM, Bustamante J, Castells A, et al. Natural history of untreated nonsurgical hepatocellular carcinoma: Rationale for the design and evaluation of therapeutic trials. Hepatology 1999;29:62-7.
99. Kubota K, Ina H, Okada Y, Irie T. Growth rate of primary single hepatocellular carcinoma: Determining optimal screening interval with contrast enhanced computed tomography. Dig Dis Sci 2003;48:581-6.
100. Okazaki N, Yoshino M, Yoshida T, et al. Evaluation of the prognosis for small hepatocellular carcinoma based on tumor volume doubling time. A preliminary report. Cancer 1989;63:2207-10.
101. Sheu JC, Sung JL, Chen DS, et al. Growth rate of asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical implications. Gastroenterology 1985;89:259-66.
102. Lin OS, Keeffe EB, Sanders GD, Owens DK. Cost-effectiveness of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:1159-72.
103. Wong JB, Bennett WG, Koff RS, Pauker SG. Pretreatment evaluation of chronic hepatitis C. Risks, benefits, and costs. JAMA 1998;280:2088-93.