Quality indicators for hospitalization and surgery in vulnerable elders

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society

Volumn 55, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2007, Pages

  Arora, Vineet M ^a   McGory, Marcia L ^b   Fung, Constance H ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c VA GREATER LOS ANGELES HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^d RAND CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Hospitalization; Quality indicators; Surgery; Vulnerable elders

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; HEPARIN;

ANTICOAGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITION; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DELIRIUM; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE CONTROL; ELDERLY CARE; ENDOCARDITIS; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FALLING; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HIP FRACTURE; HOMEOSTASIS; HOSPITAL CARE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; LENGTH OF STAY; LOW DRUG DOSE; MEDICAL CARE; META ANALYSIS; MOBILIZATION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXYGEN THERAPY; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PATIENT CARE; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PHLEBOGRAPHY; PNEUMONIA; PREOPERATIVE CARE; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

ACCIDENTAL FALLS; AGED; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CATHETERIZATION; CATHETERS, INDWELLING; DELIRIUM; DIABETES MELLITUS; EARLY AMBULATION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FRAIL ELDERLY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; PNEUMONIA; PREOPERATIVE CARE; PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); QUALITY INDICATORS, HEALTH CARE; SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 34848881593     PISSN: 00028614     EISSN: 15325415     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01342.x     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Mobbs C. Molecular and biologic factors in aging. In : Cassel CK, Leipzig RM, Cohen HJ et al., eds. Geriatric Medicine: An Evidence-based Approach, 4th Ed. New York : Springer, 2003, pp 15 26.
2. Taffett GE. Physiology of Aging. In : Cassel CK, Leipzig RM, Cohen HJ et al., eds. Geriatric Medicine: An Evidence-based Approach, 4th Ed. New York : Springer, 2003, pp 27 35.
3. Fried LP, Darer J, Walston J. Frailty. In : Cassel CK, Leipzig RM, Cohen HJ et al., eds. Geriatric Medicine: An Evidence-based Approach, 4th Ed. New York : Springer, 2003, pp 1067 1076.
4. Geerts WH, Pineo GF, Heit JA et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004 126 (3 Suppl) : 338S 400S.
5. Gardlund B. Randomised, controlled trial of low-dose heparin for prevention of fatal pulmonary embolism in patients with infectious diseases. The Heparin Prophylaxis Study Group. Lancet 1996 347 : 1357 1361.
6. Kucher N, Leizorovicz A, Vaitkus PT et al. Efficacy and safety of fixed low-dose dalteparin in preventing venous thromboembolism among obese or elderly hospitalized patients: A subgroup analysis of the PREVENT trial. Arch Intern Med 2005 165 : 341 345.
7. Samama MM, Cohen AT, Darmon JY et al. A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Prophylaxis in Medical Patients with Enoxaparin Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999 341 : 793 800.
8. Bauersachs RM. Fondaparinux: An update on new study results. Eur J Clin Invest 2005 35 (Suppl 1) : 27 32.
9. Muir KW, Watt A, Baxter G et al. Randomized trial of graded compression stockings for prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after acute stroke. QJM 2000 93 : 359 364.
10. Kierkegaard A, Norgren L. Graduated compression stockings in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1993 14 : 1365 1368.
11. Risk of and prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in hospital patients. Thromboembolic Risk Factors (THRIFT) Consensus Group. BMJ 1992 305 : 567 574.
12. Agha Z, Lofgren RP, VanRuiswyk JV. Is antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial endocarditis cost-effective? Med Decis Making 2005 25 : 308 320.
13. Devereux RB, Frary CJ, Kramer-Fox R et al. Cost-effectiveness of infective endocarditis prophylaxis for mitral valve prolapse with or without a mitral regurgitant murmur. Am J Cardiol 1994 74 : 1024 1029.
14. Horstkotte D, Follath F, Gutschik E et al. Guidelines on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis executive summary, The Task Force on Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004 25 : 267 276.
15. Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W et al. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Recommendations by the American Heart Association. Circulation 1997 96 : 358 366.
16. Hu KK, Lipsky BA, Veenstra DL et al. Using maximal sterile barriers to prevent central venous catheter-related infection: A systematic evidence-based review. Am J Infect Control 2004 32 : 142 146.
17. Warren DK, Zack JE, Cox MJ et al. An educational intervention to prevent catheter-associated bloodstream infections in a nonteaching, community medical center. Crit Care Med 2003 31 : 1959 1963.
18. Hebden JN. Preventing intravascular catheter-related bloodstream infections in the critical care setting. AACN Clin Issues 2002 13 : 373 381.
19. Garibaldi RA, Burke JP, Dickman ML et al. Factors predisposing to bacteriuria during indwelling urethral catheterization. N Engl J Med 1974 291 : 215 219.
20. Platt R, Polk BF, Murdock B et al. Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract infection. Am J Epidemiol 1986 124 : 977 985.
21. Shapiro M, Simchen E, Izraeli S et al. A multivariate analysis of risk factors for acquiring bacteriuria in patients with indwelling urinary catheters for longer than 24 hours. Infect Control 1984 5 : 525 532.
22. Jain P, Parada JP, David A et al. Overuse of the indwelling urinary tract catheter in hospitalized medical patients. Arch Intern Med 1995 155 : 1425 1429.
23. Saint S, Kaufman SR, Rogers MA et al. Condom versus indwelling urinary catheters: A randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006 54 : 1055 1061.
24. Emori TG, Edwards JR, Culver DH et al. Accuracy of reporting nosocomial infections in intensive-care-unit patients to the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System: A pilot study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998 19 : 308 316.
25. Tambyah PA. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: Diagnosis and prophylaxis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004 24 (Suppl 1) : S44 S48.
26. Inouye SK. Delirium in older persons. N Engl J Med 2006 354 : 1157 1165.
27. Lundstrom M, Edlund A, Karlsson S et al. A multifactorial intervention program reduces the duration of delirium, length of hospitalization, and mortality in delirious patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005 53 : 622 628.
28. McCusker J, Cole M, Dendukuri N et al. The course of delirium in older medical inpatients: A prospective study. J Gen Intern Med 2003 18 : 696 704.
29. Kresevic DM, Mezey M. Assessment of function. In : Mezey M, Fulmer T, Abraham I et al., eds. Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice, 2nd Ed. New York, NY : Springer Publishing Company Inc., 2003, pp 31 46.
30. Mundy LM, Leet TL, Darst K et al. Early mobilization of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2003 124 : 883 889.
31. Tinetti ME, Baker DI, McAvay G et al. A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community. N Engl J Med 1994 331 : 821 827.
32. Leipzig RM, Cumming RG, Tinetti ME. Drugs and falls in older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. I. Psychotropic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999 47 : 30 39.
33. Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001 49 : 664 672.
34. Langmore SE, Terpenning MS, Schork A et al. Predictors of aspiration pneumonia: How important is dysphagia? Dysphagia 1998 13 : 69 81.
35. Matsui T, Yamaya M, Ohrui T et al. Sitting position to prevent aspiration in bed-bound patients. Gerontology 2002 48 : 194 195.
36. DeLegge MH. Aspiration pneumonia: Incidence, mortality, and at-risk populations. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002 26 (6 Suppl) : S19 S24 discussion S24-S25.
37. Drakulovic MB, Torres A, Bauer TT et al. Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: A randomised trial. Lancet 1999 354 : 1851 1858.
38. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005 171 : 388 416.
39. Dodek P, Keenan S, Cook D et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 2004 141 : 305 313.
40. Houck PM, Bratzler DW. Administration of first hospital antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia: Does timeliness affect outcomes? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005 18 : 151 156.
41. Mandell LA, Bartlett JG, Dowell SF et al. Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Clin Infect Dis 2003 37 : 1405 1433.
42. Kahn KL, Rogers WH, Rubenstein LV et al. Measuring quality of care with explicit process criteria before and after implementation of the DRG-based prospective payment system. JAMA 1990 264 : 1969 1973.
43. Rhew DC, Tu GS, Ofman J et al. Early switch and early discharge strategies in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2001 161 : 722 727.
44. Castro-Guardiola A, Viejo-Rodriguez AL, Soler-Simon S et al. Efficacy and safety of oral and early-switch therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Med 2001 111 : 367 374.
45. Halm EA, Fine MJ, Kapoor WN et al. Instability on hospital discharge and the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2002 162 : 1278 1284.
46. Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A et al. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 163 : 1730 1754.
47. Kosecoff J, Kahn KL, Rogers WH et al. Prospective payment system and impairment at discharge. The "quicker-and-sicker" story revisited. JAMA 1990 264 : 1980 1983.
48. Bull MJ. Discharge planning for older people: A review of current research. Br J Community Nurs 2000 5 : 70 74.
49. Vinson JM, Rich MW, Sperry JC et al. Early readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990 38 : 1290 1295.
50. Reed J, Morgan D. Discharging older people from hospital to care homes: Implications for nursing. J Adv Nurs 1999 29 : 819 825.
51. Coleman EA. Falling through the cracks: Challenges and opportunities for improving transitional care for persons with continuous complex care needs. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003 51 : 549 555.
52. Sugarman J, McCrory DC, Hubal RC. Getting meaningful informed consent from older adults: A structured literature review of empirical research. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998 46 : 517 524.
53. Auerswald KB, Charpentier PA, Inouye SK. The informed consent process in older patients who developed delirium: A clinical epidemiologic study. Am J Med 1997 103 : 410 418.
54. O'Connor AM, Stacey D, Entwistle V et al. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003 (2) : CD001431.
55. Flory J, Emanuel E. Interventions to improve research participants' understanding in informed consent for research: A systematic review. JAMA 2004 292 : 1593 1601.
56. Epstein RM, Alper BS, Quill TE. Communicating evidence for participatory decision making. JAMA 2004 291 : 2359 2366.
57. Pignone M, DeWalt DA, Sheridan S et al. Interventions to improve health outcomes for patients with low literacy. A systematic review. J Gen Intern Med 2005 20 : 185 192.
58. American Medical Association (AMA). E-8.08 Informed Consent [on-line]. Available at Accessed October 13, 2005.
59. Wenger NS, Phillips RS, Teno JM et al. Physician understanding of patient resuscitation preferences: Insights and clinical implications. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000 48 (5 Suppl) : S44 S51.
60. Frank C, Heyland DK, Chen B et al. Determining resuscitation preferences of elderly inpatients: A review of the literature. Can Med Assoc J 2003 169 : 795 799.
61. Somogyi-Zalud E, Zhong Z, Hamel MB et al. The use of life-sustaining treatments in hospitalized persons aged 80 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002 50 : 930 934.
62. Lo B, Steinbrook R. Resuscitating advance directives. Arch Intern Med 2004 164 : 1501 1506.
63. Wu AW, Young Y, Dawson NV et al. Estimates of future physical functioning by seriously ill hospitalized patients, their families, and their physicians. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002 50 : 230 237.
64. Wu AW, Damiano AM, Lynn J et al. Predicting future functional status for seriously ill hospitalized adults. The SUPPORT prognostic model. Ann Intern Med 1995 122 : 342 350.
65. Fried TR, Bradley EH, Towle VR et al. Understanding the treatment preferences of seriously ill patients. N Engl J Med 2002 346 : 1061 1066.
66. Arozullah AM, Khuri SF, Henderson WG et al. Development and validation of a multifactorial risk index for predicting postoperative pneumonia after major noncardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med 2001 135 : 847 857.
67. Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Executive summary and recommendations: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to revise the 1991 guidelines for coronary artery bypass graft surgery). Circulation 1999 100 : 1464 1480.
68. van Klei WA, Grobbee DE, Rutten CL et al. Role of history and physical examination in preoperative evaluation. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2003 20 : 612 618.
69. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR et al. Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med 1977 297 : 845 850.
70. Gilbert K, Larocque BJ, Patrick LT. Prospective evaluation of cardiac risk indices for patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med 2000 133 : 356 359.
71. Detsky AS, Abrams HB, Forbath N et al. Cardiac assessment for patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. A multifactorial clinical risk index. Arch Intern Med 1986 146 : 2131 2134.
72. American College of Physicians. Guidelines for assessing and managing the perioperative risk from coronary artery disease associated with major noncardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med 1997 127 : 309 312.
73. Palda VA, Detsky AS. Perioperative assessment and management of risk from coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1997 127 : 313 328.
74. Eagle KA, Berger PB, Calkins H et al. ACC/AHA guideline update for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery - executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1996 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002 39 : 542 553.
75. Fleisher LA, Eagle KA. Clinical practice. Lowering cardiac risk in noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 2001 345 : 1677 1682.
76. Grayburn PA, Hillis LD. Cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: Shifting the paradigm from noninvasive risk stratification to therapy. Ann Intern Med 2003 138 : 506 511.
77. Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation 1999 100 : 1043 1049.
78. Reilly DF, McNeely MJ, Doerner D et al. Self-reported exercise tolerance and the risk of serious perioperative complications. Arch Intern Med 1999 159 : 2185 2192.
79. Gulati M, Pandey DK, Arnsdorf MF et al. Exercise capacity and the risk of death in women: The St James Women Take Heart Project. Circulation 2003 108 : 1554 1559.
80. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V et al. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 2002 346 : 793 801.
81. Gerson MC, Hurst JM, Hertzberg VS et al. Prediction of cardiac and pulmonary complications related to elective abdominal and noncardiac thoracic surgery in geriatric patients. Am J Med 1990 88 : 101 107.
82. Graham GW, Unger BP, Coursin DB. Perioperative management of selected endocrine disorders. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2000 38 : 31 67.
83. Connery LE, Coursin DB. Assessment and therapy of selected endocrine disorders. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 2004 22 : 93 123.
84. Martone WJ, Nichols RL. Recognition, prevention, surveillance, and management of surgical site infections: Introduction to the problem and symposium overview. Clin Infect Dis 2001 33 (Suppl 2) : S67 S68.
85. Ordin D, Deschenes M. Surgical infection prevention - the new Medicare quality improvement project. Med Health R I 2002 85 : 319 320.
86. Malone DL, Genuit T, Tracy JK et al. Surgical site infections: Reanalysis of risk factors. J Surg Res 2002 103 : 89 95.
87. Guvener M, Pasaoglu I, Demircin M et al. Perioperative hyperglycemia is a strong correlate of postoperative infection in type II diabetic patients after coronary artery bypass grafting. Endocr J 2002 49 : 531 537.
88. Zerr KJ, Furnary AP, Grunkemeier GL et al. Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1997 63 : 356 361.
89. Trick WE, Scheckler WE, Tokars JI et al. Risk factors for radial artery harvest site infection following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Clin Infect Dis 2000 30 : 270 275.
90. McAlister FA, Man J, Bistritz L et al. Diabetes and coronary artery bypass surgery: An examination of perioperative glycemic control and outcomes. Diabetes Care 2003 26 : 1518 1524.
91. Estrada CA, Young JA, Nifong LW et al. Outcomes and perioperative hyperglycemia in patients with or without diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2003 75 : 1392 1399.
92. Schiff RL, Welsh GA. Perioperative evaluation and management of the patient with endocrine dysfunction. Med Clin North Am 2003 87 : 175 192.
93. Brown AF, Mangione CM, Saliba D et al. Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003 51 (5 Suppl) : S265 S280.
94. Elie M, Cole MG, Primeau FJ et al. Delirium risk factors in elderly hospitalized patients. J Gen Intern Med 1998 13 : 204 212.
95. Inouye SK, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI et al. A predictive model for delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients based on admission characteristics. Ann Intern Med 1993 119 : 474 481.
96. Marcantonio ER, Goldman L, Mangione CM et al. A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective noncardiac surgery. JAMA 1994 271 : 134 139.
97. Polk HC Jr., Lopez-Mayor JF. Postoperative wound infection: A prospective study of determinant factors and prevention. Surgery 1969 66 : 97 103.
98. Stone HH, Hooper CA, Kolb LD et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in gastric, biliary and colonic surgery. Ann Surg 1976 184 : 443 452.
99. Bratzler DW, Houck PM. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: An advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Clin Infect Dis 2004 38 : 1706 1715.
100. Auerbach AD, Goldman L. Beta-blockers and reduction of cardiac events in noncardiac surgery: Scientific review. JAMA 2002 287 : 1435 1444.
101. Lindenauer PK, Pekow P, Wang K et al. Perioperative beta-blocker therapy and mortality after major noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 2005 353 : 349 361.
102. Devereaux PJ, Beattie WS, Choi PT et al. How strong is the evidence for the use of perioperative beta blockers in non-cardiac surgery? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2005 331 : 313 321.
103. Collins R, Scrimgeour A, Yusuf S et al. Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin. Overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic, and urologic surgery. N Engl J Med 1988 318 : 1162 1173.
104. Nurmohamed MT, Rosendaal FR, Buller HR et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus standard heparin in general and orthopaedic surgery: A meta-analysis. Lancet 1992 340 : 152 156.
105. Lassen MR, Bauer KA, Eriksson BI et al. Postoperative fondaparinux versus preoperative enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in elective hip-replacement surgery: A randomised double-blind comparison. Lancet 2002 359 : 1715 1720.
106. Turpie AG, Bauer KA, Eriksson BI et al. Fondaparinux and prevention of venous thromboembolism after orthopaedic surgery. Lancet 2003 362 : 1582 1583.
107. Beaupre LA, Jones CA, Saunders LD et al. Best practices for elderly hip fracture patients: A systematic overview of the evidence. J Gen Intern Med 2005 20 : 1 7.
108. Eriksson BI, Bauer KA, Lassen MR et al. Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip-fracture surgery. N Engl J Med 2001 345 : 1298 1304.
109. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001 49 : 664 672.
110. Munin MC, Rudy TE, Glynn NW et al. Early inpatient rehabilitation after elective hip and knee arthroplasty. JAMA 1998 279 : 847 852.
111. Delaney CP, Zutshi M, Senagore AJ et al. Prospective, randomized, controlled trial between a pathway of controlled rehabilitation with early ambulation and diet and traditional postoperative care after laparotomy and intestinal resection. Dis Colon Rectum 2003 46 : 851 859.
112. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001 345 : 1359 1367.
113. Furnary AP, Gao G, Grunkemeier GL et al. Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003 125 : 1007 1021.
114. Garber AJ, Moghissi ES, Bransome ED Jr. et al. American College of Endocrinology position statement on inpatient diabetes and metabolic control. Endocr Pract 2004 10 : 77 82.
115. Inouye SK, Bogardus ST Jr., Charpentier PA et al. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med 1999 340 : 669 676.
116. Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: Validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA 2001 286 : 2703 2710.
117. Inouye SK, Foreman MD, Mion LC et al. Nurses' recognition of delirium and its symptoms: Comparison of nurse and researcher ratings. Arch Intern Med 2001 161 : 2467 2473.
118. Ely EW, Margolin R, Francis J et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: Validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Crit Care Med 2001 29 : 1370 1379.
119. Marcantonio ER, Flacker JM, Wright RJ et al. Reducing delirium after hip fracture: A randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001 49 : 516 522.
120. McNicoll L, Pisani MA, Zhang Y et al. Delirium in the intensive care unit: Occurrence and clinical course in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003 51 : 591 598.
121. Marcantonio E, Ta T, Duthie E et al. Delirium severity and psychomotor types: Their relationship with outcomes after hip fracture repair. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002 50 : 850 857.
122. Casarett DJ, Inouye SK. Diagnosis and management of delirium near the end of life. Ann Intern Med 2001 135 : 32 40.
123. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA et al. Clarifying confusion: The confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med 1990 113 : 941 948.
124. Laurila JV, Pitkala KH, Strandberg TE et al. Confusion assessment method in the diagnostics of delirium among aged hospital patients: Would it serve better in screening than as a diagnostic instrument? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002 17 : 1112 1119.
125. Mamon J, Steinwachs DM, Fahey M et al. Impact of hospital discharge planning on meeting patient needs after returning home. Health Serv Res 1992 27 : 155 175.