Candesartan: From left ventricular hypertrophy to heart failure, a global approach

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy

Volumn 5, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 825-834

  Barrios, Vivencio ^a   Escobar, Carlos ^a   Calderon, Alberto ^b  

^a HOSPITAL RAMÓN Y CAJAL   (Spain)

^b Primary Care Center Rosa de Luxemburgo   (Spain)

Author keywords

Candesartan; Heart failure; Hypertension; Left ventricular hypertrophy

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALDOSTERONE; ANGIOTENSIN II; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; CANDESARTAN HEXETIL; CATECHOLAMINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ENALAPRIL; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; LOSARTAN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

ALDOSTERONE RELEASE; ANGINA PECTORIS; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PREHYPERTENSION; PREVALENCE; RECEPTOR BLOCKING; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VASOCONSTRICTION; VASODILATATION;

ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BENZIMIDAZOLES; BLOOD PRESSURE; CHRONIC DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; TETRAZOLES;

EID: 34848846526     PISSN: 14779072     EISSN: 17448344     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.5.825     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Swedberg K, Cleland J, Dargie H et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure: executive summary (update 2005): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart J. 26, 1115-1140 (2005).
2. Dzau VJ, Bernstein K, Celermajer D et al. Pathophysiologic and therapeutic importance of tissue ACE: a consensus report. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 16, 149-160 (2002).
3. Swedberg K, Pfeffer M, Granger C et al. Candesartan in Heart Failure-Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM): rationale and design. J. Card. Fail. 5, 276-282 (1999).
4. Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359, 1004-1010 (2002).
5. Torp-Pedersen C, Kober L, TRACE Study Group. Effect of ACE inhibitor trandolapril on life expectancy of patients with reduced left-ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 354, 9-12 (1999).
6. Jorde Up, Ennezat PV, Lisker J et al. Maximally recommended doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors do not completely prevent ACE mediated formation of angiotensin II in chronic heart failure. Circulation 10, 844-846 (2000).
7. McKelvie RS. Candesartan for the management of heart failure: more than an alternative. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 7, 1945-1956 (2006).
8. Timmermans PB, Wong PC, Chiu AT et al. Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacol. Rev. 45, 205-251 (1993).
9. Griendling KK, Lassegue B, Alexander RW. Angiotensin receptors and their therapeutic implications. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 36, 281-306 (1996).
10. Goodfriend TL, Elliott ME, Catt KJ. Angiotensin receptors and their antagonists. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 1649-1654 (1996).
11. Ford WR, Clanachan AS, Jugdutt BI. Opposite effects of angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptor antagonists on recovery of mechanical function after ischemia-reperfusion in isolated working rat hearts. Circulation 94, 3087-3089 (1996).
12. Julius S, Nesbitt SD, Egan BM et al. Feasibility of treating prehypertension with an angiotensin-receptor blocker. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 1685-1697 (2006).
13. Sever P. Candesartan cilextil: a new, long-acting, effective angiotensin II Type 1 receptor blocker. J. Hum. Hypertens. 1 (Suppl. 2), S91-S95 (1997).
14. Unger T. Pharmacology of AT1-receptor blockers. Blood Press. 10(Suppl. 3), 5-10 (2001).
15. Nishikawa K, Naka T, Chatani F, Yoshimura Y. Candesartan cilexetil: a review of its preclinical pharmacology. J. Hum. Hypertens. 11 (Suppl. 2), S9-S17 (1997).
16. van Lier JJ, van Heiningen PNM, Sunzel M. Absorption metabolism and excretion of candesartan and candesartan cilexetil in healthy volunteers. J. Hum. Hypertens. 11 (Suppl. 2), S27-S28 (1997).
17. McMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 335, 765-774 (1990).
18. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al, and the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee: on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood presure. JAMA 289, 2560-2572 (2003).
19. European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J. Hypertens. 21, 1011-1053 (2003).
20. Levy RL, Hillman CC, Stroud WD, White PD. Transient hypertension: its significance in terms of later development of sustained hypertension and cardiovascular - renal diseases. JAMA 126, 829-833 (1944).
21. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP et al. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 1291-1297 (2001).
22. Hsia J, Margolis KL, Eaton CB et al. Prehypertension and cardiovascular disease risk in the Women's Health Initiative. Circulation 115, 855-860 (2007).
23. Greenlund KJ, Croft JB, Mensah GA. Prevalence of heart disease and stroke risk factors in persons with prehypertension in the United States, 1999-2000. Arch. Intern. Med. 164, 2113-2138 (2004).
24. Qureshi AI, Suri MFK, Kirmani JF, Divani AA, Mohammad Y. Is prehypertension a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases? Stroke 36, 1859-1863 (2005).
25. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Kirmani JF, Divani AA. Prevalence and trends of prehypertension and hypertension in United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1976 to 2000. Med. Sci. Monit. 11, 403-409 (2005).
26. Nesbitt SD, Julius S, Leonard D, Egan BM, Grozinski M. Is low-risk hypertension fact or fiction? Cardiovascular risk profile in the TROPHY study. Am. J. Hypertens. 18, 980-985 (2005).
27. Uemura K, Pisa Z. Trends in cardiovascular disease mortality in industrialized countries since 1950. World Health Stat. Q. 41, 155-178 (1988).
28. Thom TJ. International mortality from heart disease: rates and trends. Int. J. Epidemiol. 18(Suppl. 1), S20-S28 (1989).
29. Ecological analysis of the association between mortality and major risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The World Health Organization MONICA Project. Int. J. Epidemiol. 23, 505-516 (1994).
30. Bakris G, Gradman A, Reif M et al. Antihypertensive efficacy of candesartan in comparison to losartan: The CLAIM study. J. Clin. Hypertens. 3, 16-21 (2001).
31. Vidt DG, White WB, Ridley E et al. CLAIM Study Investigators. A forced titration study of antihypertensive efficacy of candesartan cilexetil in comparison to losartan: CLAIM Study II. J. Hum. Hypertens. 15, 475-480 (2001).
32. Malmqvist K, Kahan T, Dahl M. Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blockade in hypertensive women: benefits of candesartan cilexetil versus enalapril or hydrochlorothiazide. Am. J. Hypertens. 13, 504-511 (2000).
33. Lacourciere Y, Asmar R. A comparison of the efficacy and duration of action of candesartan cilexetil and losartan as assessed by clinic and ambulatory blood pressure after a missed dose, in truly hypertensive patients: a placebo-controlled, forced titration study. Candesartan/ Losartan study investigators. Am. J. Hypertens. 12, 1181-1187 (1999).
34. Himmelmann A, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Wester A et al. The effect duration of candesartan cilexetil once daily, in comparison with enalapril once daily, in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Blood Press. 10, 43-51 (2001).
35. Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I et al. The Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE); outcomes in patients not receiving add-on therapy after randomization. J. Hypertens. 22, 1605-1612 (2004).
36. Papademetriou V, Farsang C, Elmfeldt D et al. Stroke prevention with the angiotensin II type 1-receptor blocker candesartan in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension: the Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44, 1175-1180 (2004).
37. Mancia G, Seravalle G, Grassi G. Systolic blood pressure: an underestimated cardiovascular risk factor. J. Hypertens. 20(Suppl. 5), S21-S27 (2002).
38. Franklin SS, Jacobs MJ, Wong ND, L'Italien GJ, Lapuerta P. Predominance of isolated systolic hypertension among middle-aged and elderly U.S. hypertensives: analysis based on National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. Hypertension 37, 869-874 (2001).
39. Brown DW, Giles WH, Greenlund KJ. Blood Pressure Parameters and Risk of Fatal Stroke, NHANES II Mortality Study. Am. J. Hypertens. 20, 338-341 (2007).
40. SHEP Cooperative Research Group: Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 265, 3255-3264 (1991).
41. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L et al., for the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst E-ur) Trial Investigators. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment in older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet 350, 757-764 (1997).
42. Trenkwalder P. Efficacy and tolerability of candesartan cilexetil in special patient groups. Blood Press. Suppl. 1, 27-30 (2000).
43. Barrios V, Escobar C, Calderon A et al. Cardiovascular risk profile and risk stratification of the hypertensive population attended by general practitioners and specialists in Spain. The CONTROLRISK study. J. Hum. Hypertens. 21, 479-485 (2007).
44. Barrios V, Escobar C, Calderon A et al. Blood pressure and lipid goal attainment in the hypertensive population assisted in primary care setting in Spain. J. Clin. Hypertens. 9, 324-329 (2007).
45. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N. Engl. J. Med. 322, 1561-1566 (1990).
46. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Borgioni C et al. Changes in cardiovascular risk by reduction of left ventricular mass in hypertension: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Hyperterns. 16, 895-899 (2003).
47. Mathew J, Sleight P, Lonn E et al. Reduction of cardiovascular risk by regression of electrocardiographic markers of left ventricular hypertrophy by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril. Circulation 104, 1615-1621 (2001).
48. Yamakawa T, Tanaka S, Numaguchi K et al. Involvement of Rho-kinase in angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 35, 313-318 (2000).
49. Dahlof B. Left ventricular hypertrophy and angiotensin II antagonists. Am. J. Hypertens. 14, 174-182 (2001).
50. Schneider MP, Klingbeil AU, Delles C et al. Effect of irbesartan versus atenolol on left ventricular mass and voltage: results of the Cardio Vascular Irbesartan Project. Hypertension 44, 61-66 (2004).
51. Zannad F. Preserving target-organ function with candesartan cilexetil in patients with hypertension. Blood Press. Suppl. 1, 36-39 (2000).
52. Isobe N, Taniguchi K, Oshima S et al. Candesartan cilexetil improves left ventricular function, left ventricular hypertrophy. and endothelial function in patients with hypertensive heart disease. Circ. J. 66, 993-999 (2002).
53. Cuspidi C, Muiesan ML, Valagussa L et al. Comparative effects of candesartan and enalapril on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension: the candesartan assessment in the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy (CATCH) study. J. Hypertens. 20, 2293-2300 (2002).
54. Steg PG, Lopez-Sendon J, Lopez de Sa E et al. External validity of clinical trials in acute myocardial infarction. Arch. Intern. Med. 167, 68-73 (2007).
55. Barrios V, Escobar C, Calderon A et al. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy by a candesartan-based regimen in clinical practice. The VIPE Study. J. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 7, 236-242 (2006).
56. Barrios V, Escobar C, Calderón A et al. Regression of left ventricuiar hypestrophy in diabetics by a candesartan-based rigimen in clinical practice. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 77, 492-493 (2007).
57. Barrios V, Calderón A, Escobar C et al. Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy by an angiotensin receptor blocker-based regimen in daily clinical practice. The SARA study. J. Hypertens. 25, 1967-1973 (2007).
58. Tomas JP, Moya JL, Barrios V et al. Effect of candesartan on coronary flow reserve in patients with systemic hypertension. J. Hypertens. 24, 2109-2114 (2006).
59. Fuster V. Epidemic of cardiovascular disease and stroke: the three main challenges. Circulation 99, 1132-1137 (1999).
60. Barrios V, Pena G, Campuzano R, Lombera F, Peralta Y. Utility of perindopril in mild-moderate heart failure in daily clinical practice. METRICA trial. Rev. Clin. Esp. 203, 3-9 (2003).
61. Mosser M, Herbert PR. Prevention of disease progression, left ventricular hypertrophy and congestive heart failure in hypertensive treatment trials. J. Am. Coll. Candiol. 27, 1214-1218 (1996).
62. Varela A, Gonzalez JR, Basante P et al. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of hospitalised inpatients with heart failure and preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Heart 88, 249-254 (2002).
63. Granger CB, Ertl G, Kuch J et al. Randomized trial of candesartan cilexetil in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure and a history of intolerance to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Am. Heart J. 139, 609-617 (2000).
64. Mitrovic V, Willenbrock R, Miric M et al. Acute and 3-month treatment effects of candesartan cilexetil on hemodynamics, neurohormones and clinical symptoms in patient with congestive heart failure. Am. Heart J. 145, D1-D9 (2004).
65. Riegger GAJ, Buozo H, Petr P et al. Improvement in exercise tolerance and symptoms of congestive heart failure during treatment with candesartan cilextil. Circulation 100, 2224-2230 (1999).
66. Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet 362, 772-776 (2003).
67. McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet 362, 767-771 (2003).
68. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved trial. Lancet 362, 777-781 (2003).
69. Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 362, 759-766 (2003).
70. Young JB, Dunlap ME, Pfeffer MA et al. Mortality and morbidity reduction with candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: results of the CHARM low-left ventricular ejection fraction trials. Circulation 110, 2618-2626 (2004).
71. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 112, 154-235 (2005).
72. Cleland J. Role of angiotensin receptor blockers in the treatment of chronic heart failure: what do the clinical practice guidelines say? Rev. Esp. Cardiol. Suppl. 6, 58C-72C (2006).
73. Barrios V, Calderon A, Escobar C, Blanco B, Asin E. Prevention of new-onset diabetes in patients with heart failure. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. Suppl. 6, 50C-57C (2006).
74. Eguchi K, Kario K, Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Morinari M, Shimada K. Type 2 diabetes is associated with left ventricular concentric remodelling in hypertensive patients. Am. J. Hypertens. 7, 221-228 (2005).
75. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE et al. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 393-403 (2002).
76. Yusuf S, Ostergren JB, Gerstein HC et al. Effects of candesartan on the development of a new diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in patients with heart failure. Circulation 112, 48-53 (2005).
77. Yusuf S, Gerstein H, Hoogwerf B et al. Ramipril and the development of diabetes. JAMA 286, 1882-1885 (2001).
78. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288, 2981-2997 (2002).
79. Vermes E, Tardif JC, Bourassa MG et al. Enalapril reduces the incidence of diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure: insight from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation 107, 1291-1296 (2003).
80. Olsson LG, Swedberg K, Ducharme A et al. Atrial fibrillation and risk of clinical events in chronic heart failure with and without systolic dysfunction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47, 1997-2004 (2006).
81. Vermes E, Tardif JC, Bourassa MG et al. Enalapril decreases the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Insight from the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trials. Circulation 107, 2926-2931 (2003).
82. Pedersen OD, Bagger H, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C. Trandolapril reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 100, 376-380 (1999).
83. Maggioni AP, Latini R, Carson PE et al. Valsartan reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure: results from the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Am. Heart J. 149, 548-557 (2005).
84. Barrios V, De la Figuera M, Coca A. Prevention of atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients. Med. Clin. (Barc). 128, 148-154 (2007).
85. Ducharme A, Swedberg K, Pfeffer MA et al. Prevention of atrial fibrillation in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure by candesartan in the Candesartan Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) program. Am. Heart J. 151, 86-92 (2006).
86. Jalowy A, Schulz R, Dorge H, Behrends M, Heusch G. Infarct size reduction by AT1-receptor blockade through a signal cascade of AT2-receptor activation, bradykinin and prostaglandins in pigs. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32, 1787-1796 (1998).
87. Demers C, McMurray JJ, Swedberg K et al. Impact of candesartan on nonfatal myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death in patients with heart failure. JAMA 294, 1794-1798 (2005).
88. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJV, Velazquez EJ et al. Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial Investigators. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N. Engl. J. Med. 349 1893-1906 (2003).
89. Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute-myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet 360, 752-760 (2002).
90. McMurray J, Solomon S, Pieper K et al. The effect of valsartan, captopril or both on atherosclerotic events after acute myocardial infarction: an analysis of the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (VALIANT). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47, 1997-2004 (2006).
91. Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M et al. VALUE Trial Group. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet 363, 2022-2081 (2004).