Diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma

Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 13, Issue SUPPL. 5, 2007, Pages

  Abdo, Ayman A ^a   Al Abdul Karim, Huda ^a   Al Fuhaid, Turki ^a   Sanai, Faisal M ^a   Kabbani, Munthir ^a   Al Jumah, Abdul Rahman ^a   Burak, Kelly ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34848831788     PISSN: 13193767     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (179)

1. Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM, Beaugrand M, Lencioni M, Burroughs AK et al. Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL Conference. J Hepatol 2001; 35:421-30.
2. Ryder S. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults. Gut 2003; 52: S31-S38.
3. J Bruix, M Sherman. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma.Hepatology 2005; 42: 1208-36.
4. Bosch F, Ribes J, Borras J. Epidemiology of primary liver cancers. Semin Liver Dis 1999;13:271-185.
5. El Serag H, Mason A. Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. N Engl J Med 1999;340:271-85.
6. Ministry of Health: National Cancer Registry. Cancer Incidence Report: Saudi Arabia 1999-2000. Riyadh: National Cancer Registry 2004: 54-6.
7. Al Faleh F, Ayoola E, Afer M. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Saudi children: A base-line survey for a mass vaccination against hepatitis B.J Infect 1992;24:197-206.
8. Al Faleh F, Al Jeffri M, Ramia S, Al Rashed R, Arif M, Razeuq M. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B infection in Saudi Arabia: Eight years after a mass hepatitis B vaccination programme. J Infect 1999;38: 167-70.
9. Al Faleh F, Ayoola E, Al jeffry M, Al Rashed R, Al mofarreeh M, Arif M. Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus among Saudi Arabian children: A community based study. Hepatology 1991;14:215-8.
10. Shobokshi OA, Serebour FE, Al-Drees AZ, Mitwalli AH, Qahtani A, Skakni LI. Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence rate among Saudis. Saudi Med J 2003;24:S81-S86.
11. Prates M, Torres E. A Cancer survey in Lourenco Marques. Portuguese East Africa. J Natl Cancer Inst 1964;35:729-57.
12. Kingston M, Ali M, Lewall D. Hepatic tumors in Saudi Arabia. A practical approach to diagnosis. Cancer 1985; 55: 1579-85.
13. Ashraf S, Arya S, El Sayed M, Sahay R, Parande C, Tajuddin M, et al. A profile of primary hepatocellular carcinoma patients in the Gizan Area of Saudi Arabia. Cancer 1986; 58: 2163-8.
14. Atiyeh M, Ali M. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Saudi Arabia. A clinicopathological study of 54 cases. Am J Gastroenterol 1980; 74: 25-9.
15. Colombo M, de Franchis R, Del Ninno E, Sangiovan-ni A, De Fazio M, Tommasini M. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 675-80.
16. Benvegnu L, Gois M, Boccato S, Alberti A. Natural history of compensated viral cirrhosis: A prospective study on the incidence of and hierarchy of major complications. Gut 2004; 53: 744-9.
17. Fattovich G, Pantalena M, Zagni I, Realdi G, Schalm S, Christensen E. Effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections on the natural history of compensated cirrhosis: A cohort study of 297 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 2886-95.
18. Arbuthnot P, Kew M. Hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Exp Pathol 2001; 82: 77-100.
19. Kew M. Hepatic tumors and cysts. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's, Editors. Gastrointestinal and liver disease. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002. P.l577-1602.
20. Beasley R, Hwang L. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. Semin Liver Dis 1984; 4: 113-21
21. Fattovich G, Giustina G, Schalm SW, Hadziyannis SJ, Sanchez Tapias JM, Almasio P. Occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensation in Western European patients with cirrhosis type B. The EUROHEP Study Group on Hepatitis B virus and Cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995; 21: 77-82.
22. Liaw YF, Tai D, Chu D, Lin I, Sheen T. Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic type B hepatitis. A prospective study. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 263-7.
23. Beasley R, Hwang L, Lin C, Chien C. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22,707 men in Taiwan. Lancet 1981; 2: 1129-33.
24. th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003: 1377-403.
25. Sakuma K, Saitoh N, Kasai M, Jitsukawa H, Yoshino I, Yamaguchi M. Relative risks of death due to liver disease among Japanese male adults having various statuses for hepatitis B s and e antigen/antibody in serum: A prospective study. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1642-6.
26. Kew M. Clinical, pathological, and etiological heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma: Evidence from southern Africa. Hepatology 1981; 1: 366-9.
27. Donato F, Boffetta P, Puoti M. A metaanalysis of epidemiological studies on the combined effect of hepatitis B and C virus infection in causing hepatocellular carcinoma, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 347-54.
28. Tsukuma H, Hiyama S, Tanaka M, Nakao T, Yabuu-chi T, Kitamura T. Risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1797-801.
29. Bruno S, Silini E, Crosignani A, Brozio F, Leandro G, Bono F. Hepatitis C virus genotypes and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotics: A prospective study. Hepatology 1997; 25: 754-8.
30. Fattovich G, Stroffolini T, Zagni I, Donato F. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: Incidence and risk factors. Gastroenterology 2004; 127; S35-S50.
31. Arbuthnot P. Hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Exp Pathol 2001; 82: 77-100.
32. Yu H, Harris R, Kapat G. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and primary liver cancer. A case control study in the USA. Int J Cancer 1988; 42: 325-8.
33. Cottone M, Turri M, Caltagirone M. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with child A cirrhosis: A 8-year prospective study by ultrasound and alfa-fetoprotein. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 1029-34.
34. Bagnardi V, Blangiardo M, La Vecchia C, Corrao G. A metaanalyses of alcohol drinking and cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 1700-5.
35. Ohnishi K, lida S, Iwama S. The effect of chronic habitual alcohol intake on the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: Relation to hepatitis B surface antigen carriage. Cancer 1982; 49: 672-7.
36. lkeda K, Saito S, Suzuki Y. Disease progression and hepatocellular carcinogenesis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis: A prospective observation of 2215 patients. J Hepatol 1998; 28: 930-8.
37. Niederau C, Fischer R, Sonnenberg A. Survival and causes of death in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients with primary hemochromatosis. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1256-62.
38. Fargion S, Fracanzani A, piperno A, Braga M, D'Alba R, Ronchi G. Prognostic factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in genetic hemochromatosis. Hepatology 1994; 20: 1426-31.
39. Kew M. Pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in hereditary hemochromatosis: Occurrence in non-cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1990; 11: 1086-7.
40. Polio J, Enriquez R, Chow A. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Wilsons disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989; 11: 220-4.
41. MILTS, oral contraceptives and liver cancer. Results of the Multicenter International Liver Tumor Study. Contraception 1997; 56: 275-84.
42. Simon I. Membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava and hepatocellular carcinoma in South Africa. Gastroenterology 1982; 82:171.
43. Okazaki N, Yoshino M, Yoshida T. Evaluation of the prognosis for small hepatocellular carcinoma based on tumor volume doubling time. A preliminary report. Cancer 1989; 63: 2207-10.
44. Barbara L, benzi G, Gaiani S. Natural history of small untreated hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors of tumor growth rate and patient survival. Hepatology 1992; 16: 132-7.
45. Kew M. Hepatocellular carcinoma in rural Southern African blacks. Medicine 1982; 61: 98-108.
46. Kew M, Dos Santos H, Sherlock S. Diagnosis of primary cancer of the liver. Br Med J 1971; 4: 408.
47. Kew M, Geddes E. Unusual clinical presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Trop Gastroenterol 1985; 6: 10-22.
48. Kew M, Fisher J. Serum erythropoietin concentrations in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1986; 58: 2485-8.
49. Kim C, Lim J, Lee W. Detection of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules in cirrhotic liver: Accuracy of ultrasonography in transplant patients. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20: 99-104.
50. Bennett G, Krinsky G, Abitbol R, Theise N, Taperman L. Sonographic detection of hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules in cirrhosis: correlation of pretransplantation sonography and liver explant pathology in 200 patients. AJR Am J Roent-genol 2002; 179:75-180.
51. Yu S, Yeung D, So N. Imaging features of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Radiol 2004; 59: 145-56.
52. Dodd G, Miller W, Baron R, Skolnick M, Campbell W. Detection of malignant tumors in endstage cirrhotic livers: Efficacy of sonograpthy as a screening technique. Am J Roentgenol 1992; 159: 727-33.
53. Teefey S, Hildeboldt C, Deheboldt C, Siegel B, Peters M, Heiken J, et al. Detection of primary hepatic malignancy in liver transplant candidates: Prospective comparison of CT, MR imaging, US, and PET. Radiology 2003; 226: 533-42.
54. Yao F, Ferrell L, Bass N, Watson J, Bacchetti P, Venook A, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Expantion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1394-403.
55. Chalasani N, Horlander J, Said A, Hoen H, Kopecky K, Stockberger S, er al. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 2988-93.
56. Kudo M. Imaging diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and premalignant borderline lesions. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19: 297-309.
57. Yamashita Y, Moriyama N, Muramatsu Y. Hepa-tocellular carcinoma with or without cirrhosis: A comparison of CT and angiographic presentations in the United States and Japan. Abdom Imaging 1993; 18: 168-75.
58. Mitsuzaki K, Yamashita Y, Ogata I. Multiple-phase helical CT of the liver for detecting small hepatomas in patients with liver cirrhosis: Contrast injection protocol and optimal timing. Am J Roentgenol 1996; 167: 753-7.
59. Daniele B, Bencivenga A, Megna A, Tinessa V. Alfafetoprotein and ultrasonography screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: S108-S112.
60. Gupta S, Bent S, Kohlwes J. Test characteristics of alphafetoprotein for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C: A systematic review and critical analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 46-50.
61. Sherman M. Alphafetoprotein :an obituary. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 603-5.
62. Lok A, Lai C. Alphafetoprotein monitoring in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Role in the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1989; 9: 110-5.
63. Zhang J, Wang X, Han S, Zhuang H. A case control study of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Henan, China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 59: 947-51.
64. Oka H, Tamori A, Kuroki T, Kobayashi K, Yamamoto S. Prospective study of alphafetoprotein in cirrhotic patients monitored for development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1994; 19: 61-6.
65. Durand F, Regimbeau J, Belghiti J, Vilgrain V, Terris B, Moutardier V, et al. Assessment of the benefits and risks of percutaneous biopsy before surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 254-8.
66. Torzilli G, Minagawa M, Takayama T, lnoue K, Hui A, Kubota K. Accurate preoperative evaluation of liver mass lesions without fineneedle biopsy. Hepa-tology 1999; 30: 889-93.
67. Kanematsu T, Sonoda T, Takenaka K. The value of ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 1985; 72: 23-5.
68. Frazer C. Imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 14: 750-6.
69. Bizollon T, Rode A, Bancel B, Gueripel V, Ducerf C, Baulieux J, et al. Diagnostic value and tolerance of Lipiodol-computed tomography for the detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma: Correlation with pathologic examination of explanted livers. J Hepatol 1998; 28: 491-6.
70. Huang G, Sheu J, Yang P. Ultrasound-guided cutting biopsy for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma- a study based on 420 patients. J Hepatol 1996; 25: 334-8.
71. Horigome H, Nomura T, Saso K. Limitations of imaging diagnosis for small hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison with histological findings. J Gastroen-terol Hepatol 1999; 14: 559-65.
72. Bru C, Maroto A, Bruix J, Faus R, Bianchi L, Calvet X, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of fineneedle aspiration biopsy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34: 1765-9.
73. Longchampt E, Patriache C, Fabre M. Accuracy of cytology vs. microbiopsy for the diagnosis of well differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma and macroregenerative nodule. Definition of standardized criteria for a study of 100 cases. Acta Cytol 2000; 44: 515-23.
74. Takamori R, Wong L, Dang C, Wong L. Needle tract implantation from hepatocellular cancer: Is needle biopsy of the liver always necessary? Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 67-72.
75. Hoofnagle J. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Summary of recommendations. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: S319-S323.
76. Borzio M, Borzio F, Macchi R. The evaluation of fine needle procedures for the diagnosis of focal liver lesions in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1994; 20: 117-21.
77. Bolondi L, Gaiani S, Celli N, Golfieri R, Grigioni W, Leoni S, et al. Characterization of small nodules in cirrhosis by assessment of vascularity: The problem of hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol-ogy 2005; 42: 27-34.
78. Sobin L, Wittekind C. TNM classification of malig-nant tumors. New York: Willey-Liss; 1997. P.74-77
79. Llovet JM, Bruix J, FusterJ, Castells A, Garcia-Valdecassas JC, Grande L, et al. Liver transplantation for small hepatocellular carcinoma: The tumor-node-metastasis classification does not have prognostic power. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1572-7.
80. Okuda K, Ohtsuki T, Obata H, Tomimatsu M, Oka-zaki N, Hasigawa H, et al. Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognosis in relation to treatment. Cancer 1985; 56: 918-28.
81. Befeler A, Bisceglie A. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 1609-19.
82. CLIP investigators. A new prognostic system for hepatocellularcarcinoma: A retrospective study of 435 patients: The cancer of the liver Italian program (CLIP) investigators. Hepatology 1998; 28: 751-5.
83. CLIP investigators. Prospective validation of the CLIP score: A new prognostic system for patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2000; 31: 840-5.
84. Ueno S, Tanabe G, Sako K, Hiwaki T, Hokotate H, Fukukura Y, et al. Discrimination value of the new western prognostic system (CLIP score) for hepatocellular carcinoma in 662 Japanese patients. Hepatology 2001; 34: 529-34.
85. Llovet JM. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: The BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19: 329-38.
86. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pilvirenti A, Bozzetti F, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 693-9.
87. Befeler A, Hayashi P, Bisceglie M. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005; 128: 1752-64.
88. Llovet JM, Fuster J, Bruix J. Intention to treat analysis of surgical treatment for early hepatocellular carcinoma: Resection versus transplantation. Hepatology 1999; 30: 1434-40.
89. Schiano T, Kim-Schluger L, Gondolesi G, Miller C. Adult donor liver transplantation; The hepatologist perspective. Hepatology 2001; 33: 3-9.
90. Sarasin FP, Majno PE, Llovet JM, Bruix J, Mentha G, Hadengue A. Living donor liver transplantation for early hepatocellular carcinoma: A life-expectancy and cost effectiveness perspective. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1073-9.
91. Cheng S, Pratt D, Freeman R, Kaplan M, Wong J. Living-donor versus cadaveric liver transplantation for non-resectable small hepatocellular carcinoma. Transplantation 2001; 72: 861-8.
92. Marsh J, Dvorchik I, Iwatsuki S. Is the pathologic TNM staging system for patients with hepatoma predictive of outcome? Cancer Lett 2000; 88: 538-43.
93. Majno PE, Sarasin FP, Mentha G, Hadengue A. Primary liver resection and salvage transplantation or primary liver transplantation in patients with single, small hepatocellular carcinoma and preserved liver function: An outcome-oriented decision analysis. Hepatology 2000; 31: 899-906.
94. Mazzaferro V, Battiston C, Perrone S, Pulvirenti S, Regalia E, Romito R, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation: A prospective study. Ann Surg 2004; 240: 900-9.
95. Graziadei I, Sandmueller K, Waldenberger P, Koe-nigsrainer A, Nachbaur K, Jaschke W, et al. Chemoembolization followed by liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma impedes tumor progression while on the waiting list and leads to excellent outcome. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 557-63.
96. Maddala Y, Stadheim L, Andrews J, Burgart L, Rosen C, Kremers W, et al. Dropout rates of patients with hepatocellular cancer listed for liver transplantation: Outcome with chemoembolization. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 449-55.
97. Majno P, Adam R, Bismuth H, Castaing D, Ariche A, Krissat J, et al. Influence of preoperative transar-terial lipiodol chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg 1997; 226: 688-701.
98. Song T, Wai E, Fong Y. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Current surgical management. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: S248-S260.
99. Poon R, Fan S, Lo C, Ng I, Liu C, Lam C, et al. Improving survival results after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: A prospective study of 377 patients over 10 years. Ann Surg 2001; 234: 63-70.
100. Lai E, Fan S, Lo C, Chu K, Liu C, Wong J. Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. An audit of 343 patients. Ann Surg 1995; 221: 291-8.
101. Bismuth H, Chiche L, Castaing D. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver: Experience with 68 liver resections. World J Surg 1995; 19: 35-41.
102. Bruix J. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1997; 25: 259-62.
103. The liver cancer study group of Japan. Predictive fac-tors for longterm prognosis after partial hepatectomy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. Cancer 1994; 74: 2772-80.
104. Hassoun Z, Gores G. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterology and hepatology 2003; 1: 10-8.
105. Ouchi K, Matsubara S, Fukahara K. Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the liver remnant after hepatic resection. Am J Surg 1993; 166: 270-3.
106. Adochi E, Maneda T, Malsumata T. Risk factors for intrahepatic recurrence in human small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 768-75.
107. Farges O, BelghitiJ, Kianmanesh R, RegimbeauJM, Santoro R, Vilgrain V, et al. Portal vein embolization before right hepatectomy: prospective clinical trial. Ann Surg 2003; 237: 208-17.
108. Rilling W, Drooz A. Multidisciplinary management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vase Interv Radiol 2002; 13: S259-S263.
109. Dodd G, Soulen M, Kane R, Livraghi, Lees W, Yamashita Y, et al. Minimally invasive treatment of malignant hepatic tumors: At the threshold of a major breakthrough. Radiographics 2000; 20: 9-27.
110. Livraghi T, Bolondi L, Buscarini E. No treatment, resection, and ethanol injection in hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective analysis of survival in 391 patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1995; 22: 522-6.
111. Livraghi T, Festi D, Monti F, Salmi A, Vettori C. US-guided percutaneous alcohol injection of small hepatic and abdominal tumors. Radiology 1986; 161: 309-12.
112. Livraghi T, Giorgio A, Marin G, Salmi A, de Sio I, Bolondi L. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in 746 patients: Long-term results of percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 1995; 197: 101-8.
113. Shiina S, Tagawa K, Niwa Y, Unuma T, Komatsu Y, Yoshiura K. Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Results in 146 patients. Roentgenol 1993; 160: 1023-8.
114. Vilana R, Bruix J, Bru C, Ayuso C, Sole M, Rodes J. Tumor size determines the efficacy of percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1992; 16: 353-7.
115. Castellano G, Calandra M, Del Vecchio BC, de Sio I. Predictive factors of survival and intrahepatic recurrance of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis after percutaneous ethanol injection: Analyses of 71 patients. J Hepatol 1997; 27: 862-70.
116. Castells A, Bruix J, Bru C, FusterJ, Vilana R, Navasa M, et al. Treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: A cohort study comparing surgical resection and percutaneous ethanol injection. Hepatology 1993; 18: 1121-6.
117. lshii H, Okada S, Nose H, Okusaka T, Yoshimori M, Takayama T. Local recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous ethanol injection. Cancer 1996; 77: 1792-6.
118. Choti M. Surgical management of hepatocellular carcinoma: Resection and ablation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13: S197-S203.
119. Curley S, Izzo F, Ellis L, Nicolas Vauthey J, Vallone P. Radio frequency ablation of hepatocellular cancer in 110 patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg 2002; 232: 381-91.
120. Livraghi T, Goldberg S, Lazzaroni S, Meloni F, Solbiati L, Gazelle G. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: Treatment with radio frequency ablation versus ethanol injection. Radiology 1999; 210: 655-61.
121. Lencioni RA, Allgaier HP, Cioni D, Olschewski M, Deibert P, Crocetti L, et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: Randomized comparison of radio frequency thermal ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 2003; 228: 235-40.
122. Lin S, Lin C, Lin C, Hsu C, Chen Y. Radiofrequency ablation improves prognosis compared with ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma <4 cm. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 14-1723.
123. Galandi D, Antes G. Radiofrequency thermal ablation versus other interventions for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004; 2: CD003046
124. Llovet JM, Vilana R, Bru C, Bianchi L, Salmeron JM, Boix L, et al. Increased risk of tumor seeding after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1124-9.
125. Castells A, Bruix J, Ayuso C, Bru C, Montanya X, Boix L, et al. Transarterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Antibiotic prophylaxis and clini-cal meaning of postembolization fever. J Hepatol 1995; 22: 410-5.
126. Bruix J, Sala M, Llovet J. Chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: S179-S188.
127. Llovet JM, Real Ml, Montana X, Planas R, Coll S, Aponte J, et al. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1734-9.
128. Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, Liu CL, Lam CM, Poon RT, et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2002; 35: 1164-71.
129. Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology 2003; 37: 429-42.
130. Halm U, Etzrodt G, Schiefke I, Schmidt F, Witzigmann H, Mossner J, et al. A phase II study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2000; 11: 113-4.
131. Gebbia V, Maiello E, Serravezza G, Giotta F, Testa A, Borsellino N, et al. 5-Fluorouracil plus high dose levofolinic acid and oral hydroxyurea for the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinomas: Results of a phase II multicenter study of the Southern Italy Oncology Group (G.O.I.M.). Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 1407-10.
132. Mathurin P, Rixe O, Carbonell N. Overview of medical treatment in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma an impossible metaanalyses. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12: 111-26.
133. Farinati F, Salvagnini N, De Maria N, Fornasiero A, Chriaramonte M, Rossaro L. Unresectable hepatocel-lular carcinoma: A prospective controlled trials with tamoxifin. J Hepatol 1990; 11: 297-301.
134. Martinez Cerezo F, Tomas A, Donoso L, Enriquez J, Guarner C, Balanzo J. Controlled trial of tamoxifen in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 1994; 20: 702-6.
135. Castells A, Bruix J, Bru C, Ayuso C, Roca M, Boix L. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with tamoxifen: A doubleblind placebocontrolled trial in 120 patients. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 917-22.
136. Perrone F, Gallo C, Daniele B, Gaeta GB, Izzo F, Capuano G, et al. Tamoxifen in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: 5-year results of the CLIP-1 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Curr Pharm Des 2002; 8: 1013-9.
137. Manesis E, Giannoulis G, Zoumboulis P, Vafiadou I, Hadziyannis S. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with combined suppression and inhibition of sex hormones: A randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 2000; 32: 228-32.
138. Grimaldi C, Bleiberg H, Gay F, Messner M, Rougier P, Kok TC, et al. Evaluation of antiandrogen therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer multicentric double-blind trial. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 411-7.
139. Kouroumalis E, Skordilis P, Thermos K, Vasilaki A, Moschandrea J, Manousos ON. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with octreotide: A randomised controlled study. Gut 1998; 42: 442-7.
140. Yuen MF, Poon RT, Lai CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, Wong KW, et al. A randomized placebocontrolled study of long-acting octreotide for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2002; 36: 687-91.
141. Rabe C, Pilz T, Allgaier H. Clinical outcome of a cohort of 63 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with octreotide. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2002; 40: 395-400.
142. Reubi J, Zimmermann A, Jones S, Waser B, Neuhaus P, Laderach U, et al. Regulatory peptide receptors in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 1999; 45: 766-74.
143. Reynaert H, Rombouts K, Hellemans K,Vander-mondeA, LazouJ, Urbain D, et al. Identification of somatostatin receptors in human cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2002; 36(suppl 1):84.
144. Lai CL, Lau J, Wu P, Ngan H, Chung H, Mitchell S. Recombinant interferonalpha in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 1993; 17: 389-94.
145. Llovet JM, Sala M, Castells L, Suarez Y, Vilana R, Bianchi L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of interferon treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2000; 31: 54-8.
146. Chang M, Chen C, Lai M, Hsu H, Wu T, King M. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1855-9.
147. Strader D, Wright T, Thomas D, Seeff L. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C. Hepatology 2004; 39: 1147-71.
148. Nishiguchi S, Kuroki T, Nakatani S, Morimoto H, Takeda T, Nakajima S. Randomized trial of effects of interferon therapy and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic active hepatitis C with cirrhosis. Lancet 1995; 346: 1051-5.
149. lkeda K, Saitoh S, Arese Y, Chayama K, Suzuki Y, Kobayashi M, et al. Effect of interferon therapy on hepatocellular carcinogenesis in patients with chronic hepatitis type C: A long-term observation study of 1643 patients using statistical bias correction with proportional hazard analyses. Hepatology 1999; 29: 1124-30.
150. Valla DC, Chevallier M, Marcellin P, Payen JL, Trepo C, Fonck M, et al. Treatment of hepatitis C virusrelated cirrhosis: A randomized, controlled trial of inter-feron alfa-2b versus no treatment. Hepatology 1999; 29: 1870-5.
151. Fattovich G, Giustina G, Degos F, Tremolada F, Diodati G, Almasio P, et al. Morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type C: A retrospective follow up study of 384 patients. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 463-72.
152. Serfaty L, Aumaitre H, Chazouilleres O, Bonnand A, Rosmorduc O, Poupon R. Determinants of outcome of compensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1435-40.
153. Esteban R. Can interferon prolong life? Hepatology 2003; 38: 292-4.
154. Baffis V, Shrier I, Sherker A, Szilagvi A. Use of interferon for prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 696-701.
155. Camma C, Giunta M, Andreone P. Interferon and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in viral cirrhosis: An evidence based approach. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 593-602.
156. Papatheodoridis G, Papadopoulos V, Hadziyannis S. Effect of interferon therapy on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus related cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15: 689-98.
157. Chou R, Clark E, Helfand M. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection: A review of the evidence for the U.S preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 465-79.
158. Yoshida H, Shiratori Y, Moriyama M, Arkawa Y, lde T, Sata M, et al. Interferon therapy reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: National surveillance program of cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 174-81.
159. Imai Y, Kawata S, Tamura S, Yabuuchi I, Noda M, Maeda Y, et al. Relation of interferon therapy and he-patocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 94-9.
160. Okanoue T, Itoh Y, Minami M, Sakamoto S, Yasui K, Sakamoto M, et al. Interferon therapy lowers the rate of progression to hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C but not significantly in an advanced stage: A retrospective study in 1148 patients. Viral Hepatitis Therapy Study Group. J Hepatol 1999; 30: 653-9.
161. Kubo S, Nishiguchi S, Hirohashi K, Tanaka H, Shuto T, Yamazaki O, et al. Effects of long-term postop-erative interferon-alpha therapy on intrahepatic recurrence after resection of hepatitis C virus related hepatocellular carcinoma. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 963-7.
162. Shiratori Y, Shiina S, Teratani T, Imamura M, Obi S, Sato S, et al. Interferon therapy after tumor ablation improves prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis C virus. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 299-306.
163. Lok A. Prevention of hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: S303-S309.
164. Lin SM, Sheen IS, Chien RN, Chu CM, Liaw YF. Long term beneficial effect of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 1999; 29: 971-5.
165. Liaw Y, Sung J, Chow C, Farrell G, Lee C, Yuen H, et al. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 35: 1521-31.
166. Collier J, Sherman M. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1998; 27: 273-8.
167. Sarasin F, Giostra E, Hadengue A. Cost effectiveness of screening for detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in Western patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis. Am J Med 1996; 101: 422-34.
168. Zhang B, Yang B, Tang Z. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130: 417-22.
169. Zaman S, Johnson P, Williams R. Silent cirrhosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Implications for screening in highincidence and low-incidence areas. Ann Surg 1990; 211: 277-87.
170. Beasley R. Hepatitis B virus as the etiologic agent in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1982; 2(suppl): S21-S26.
171. Bisceglie A. Issues in screening and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: S104-S107.
172. McMahon B, Bulkow L, Harpster A, Snowball M, Lanier A, Sacc F, et al. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Alaska natives infected with chronic hepatitis B: A 16-year population based study. Hepatology 2000; 32: 842-6.
173. Gambarin-Gelwan M, Wolf D, Shapiro R, Schwartz M, Min A.Sensitivity of commonly available screening tests in detecting hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 1535-8.
174. Tang Z, Yu Y, Zhou X, Yang B, Ma Z, Lin Z. Sub-clinical hepatocellular carcinoma: An analyses of 391 patients. J Surg Oncol 1993; 3: 55-8.
175. Sherman M, Peltekian K, Lee C. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus: Incidence and prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a North American urban population. Hepatology 1995; 22: 432-8.
176. Velazquez R, Rodriguez M, Navascues A, Perez R, Sotorrios N, Martinez I, et al. Prospective analyses of risk factors for hepatocellularcarcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 2003; 37: 520-7.
177. Kang J, Lee T, Yap I, Lun K. Analyses of cost effectiveness of different strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma in screening for hepatitis B virus carriers. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1992; 7: 463-8.
178. Mima S, Sekiya C, Kanagawa H, Kohyama H, Gotoh K, Mizuo H. et al. Mass screening for hepatocellular carcinoma: Experience in Hokkaido, Japan. J Gastro-enterol Hepatol 1994; 9: 361-5.
179. Sarasin F, Giostra E, Hadengue A. Cost effectiveness of screening for detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in Western patients with Child-Pugh Class A cirrhosis. Am J Med 1996; 171: 422-34.