Modeling the energy-dependent charge states of solar energetic particles

Geophysical Monograph Series

Volumn 165, Issue , 2006, Pages 137-145

  Kocharov, Leon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34748812330     PISSN: 00658448     EISSN: 23288779     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1029/165GM14     Document Type: Chapter

References (75)

1. Arnaud, M., and J. Raymond, Iron ionization and recombination rates and ionization equilibrium, Astrophys. J., 398, 394-406, 1992.
2. Barghouty, A.F., Robust estimates of hydrogen-impact ionization cross sections over a wide energy range, Phys. Rev., A61(5), 052702(3 pp.), doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.61.052702, 2000.
3. Barghouty, A.F., and R.A. Mewaldt, Charge states of solar energetic iron: Nonequilibrium calculation with shock-induced acceleration, Astrophys. J., 520, L127-L130, 1999.
4. Barghouty A.F., and R.A. Mewaldt, Simulation of charge-equilibration and acceleration of solar energetic ions, in Acceleration and Transport of Energetic Particles Observed in the Heliosphere, AIP#528, edited by R.A. Mewaldt, J.R. Jokipii, M.A. Lee, E. Möbius, and T.H. Zurbuchen, p. 71, AIP, Washington, D.C., 2000.
5. Barkas, W.H. Nuclear Research Emulsions, v.1, p. 371, Academic Press, New York, 1963.
6. Bethe, H., Theory of the passage of rapid corpuscular rays through matter, Ann. Physik, 5, 325-400, 1930.
7. Betz, H.-D., Charge states and charge-changing cross sections of fast heavy ions penetrating through gaseous and solid media, Rev. Mod. Phys., 44, 465-539, doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.44.465, 1972.
8. Betz H.D., G. Hortig, E. Leischner, Ch. Schmelzer, B. Stadler, and J. Weihrauch, The average charge of stripped heavy ions, Phys. Lett., 22, 643-644, 1966.
9. Bohr, N., The penetration of atomic particles through matter, Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Math.-fys. Medd., 18(No 8), 1948.
10. Cohen, C.M.S., A.C. Cummings, R.A. Leske, R.A. Mewaldt, E.C. Stone, B.L. Dougherty, M.E. Wiedenbeck, E.R. Christian, T.T. von Rosenvinge, Inferred charge states of high energy solar particles from the Solar Isotope Spectrometer on ACE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 149-152, 1999.
11. Dietrich K.-G., D.H.H. Hoffmann, E. Boggasch, J. Jacoby, H. Wahl, M. Elfers, C.R. Haas, V.P. Dubenkov, A.A. Golubev, Charge state of fast heavy ions in a hydrogen plasma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3623-3626, 1992.
12. Dietrich, W.F., and A. Tylka, Time-to-maximum studies and inferred ionic charge sates in the solar energetic particle events of 14 and 15 April 2001 Proc. 28th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Tsukuba) 3291-3294, 2003.
13. Ellison, D.C., and R. Ramaty, Shock acceleration of electrons and ions in solar flares, Astrophys. J., 298, 400-408, 1985.
14. Ginzburg, V.L., and S.I. Syrovatskii The Origin of Cosmic Rays (§7), 384 pp., Macmillan, New York, 1964.
15. Goffe, T.V., M.B. Shah, and H.B. Gilbody, One-electron capture and loss by fast multiply charged boron and carbon ions in H and H2, J. Phys. B 12, 3763-3773, 1979.
16. Gryzinski, M., Classical theory of atomic collisions. I. Theory of inelastic collisions, Phys. Rev., 138, 336-358, 1965.
17. Guhathakurta, M., T.E. Holzer, and R.M. MacQueen, The Large-scale density structure of the solar corona and the heliospheric current sheet, Astrophys. J., 458, 817-831, 1996.
18. Haugen, H.K., L.H. Andersen, P. Hvelplund, H. Knudsen H., Ionization of helium by fast, multiply charged ions. Deviations from a q2 scaling, Phys. Rev. A 26, 1950-1961, 1982.
19. Inokuti, M., Y. Itikawa, and J.E. Turner, Addenda: Inelastic collisions of fast charged particles with atoms and molecules-The Bethe theory revisited, Rev. Mod. Phys., 50, 23-35, 1978.
20. Janev, R.K., General classical scaling of electron-loss cross sections in collisions of atoms with highly charged ions, Phys. Rev., A 28, 1810-1812, 1983.
21. Janev, R.K., G. Ivanovski, E.A. Solov’ev, Ionization of hydrogen atoms by multiply charged ions at low energies: The scaling law, Phys. Rev. A 49, R645-R648, doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.49.R645, 1994.
22. Kartavykh, Y.Y., Stochastic acceleration of heavy ions in solar flares: Coulomb losses and charge change, PhD Thesis, 123 pp., Pulkovo Observatory, St. Petersburg, Russia, 1999.
23. Kartavykh, Y.Y., and V.M. Ostryakov, Plasma diagnostics by the charge distributions of heavy ions in impulsive solar flares, Proc. 26th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Salt Lake City), 6, 272, 1999.
24. Kartavykh, J.J., W. Dröge, V.M. Ostryakov, and G.A. Kovaltsov, Adiabatic deceleration effects on the formation of heavy ion charge spectra in interplanetary space, Solar. Phys., 227, 123-135, 2005.
25. Kharchenko, A.A., and V.M. Ostryakov, On the charge state of solar energetic particles, Proc 20th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Moscow), 3, 248-251, 1987.
26. Klecker, B., E. Möbius, M.A. Popecki, M.A. Lee, A.T. Bogdanov, On the energy dependence of ionic charge states in solar energetic particle events, in Solar and Galactic Composition, AIP Conf. Proc., v. 598, edited by R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber., pp. 317-321, AIP, Melville, New York, 2001.
27. Knudsen, H., L.H. Andersen, P. Hvelplund, G. Astner, H. Cederquist, H. Danared, L. Liljeby, K.-G. Rensfelt, An experimental investigation of double ionisation of helium atoms in collisions with fast, fully stripped ions, J. Phys. B 17, 3545-3564, 1984.
28. Kocharov, L., and J. Torsti, Hybrid solar energetic particle events observed on board SOHO, Solar Phys.,, 149-157, 2002.
29. Kocharov, L., G.A. Kovaltsov, J. Torsti, and V.M. Ostryakov, Evaluation of solar energetic Fe charge states: effect of proton-impact ionization, Astron. Astrophys., 357, 716-724, 2000.
30. Kocharov, L., G.A. Kovaltsov, and J. Torsti, Dynamical cycles in charge and energy for iron ions accelerated in a hot plasma, Astrophys. J., 556, 919-927, 2001.
31. Kocharov, L., G.A. Kovaltsov, and J. Torsti, Comment on ‘Particle charge evolution during acceleration processes in solar flares’ by M.D. Rodríguez-Frías, L. del Peral and J. Pérez-Peraza, Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, 28(6), 1511-1514, 2002.
32. Kocharov, L., M. Lytova, R. Vainio, T. Laitinen, and J. Torsti, Modeling the shock aftermath source of energetic particles in the solar corona Astrophys. J., 620, 1052-1068, 2005.
33. Korchak, A.A., Coulomb losses and the nuclear composition of the solar flare accelerated particles, Solar Phys., 66, 149-158, 1980.
34. Korchak, A.A., and B.P. Filippov, On the formation of the charge spectrum and composition of particles accelerated in solar flares, Sov. Astron., 23, 323-328, 1979.
35. Kovaltsov, G.A., A.F. Barghouty, L. Kocharov, V.M. Ostryakov, and J. Torsti, Chargeequilibration of Fe ions accelerated in a hot plasma, Astron. Astrophys., 375, 1075-1081, 2001.
36. Kovaltsov, G.A., Y.Y. Kartavykh, L. Kocharov, V.M. Ostryakov, and J. Torsti, Comment on “Model of ionic charge states of impulsive solar energetic particles in solar flares” by M. Dolores Rodríguez-Frías, Luis del Peral, and Jorge Pérez-Peraza, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A10), 1276, doi: 10.1029/2001JA009173, 2002.
37. Kurganov, I.G., and V.M. Ostryakov, Heavy particle acceleration at a shock front - charge-changing reactions, Soviet Astron. Lett., 17, 77-84, 1991.
38. Labrador, A.W., R.A. Leske, R.A. Mewaldt, E.C. Stone, and T.T. von Rosenvinge, High energy ionic charge state composition in recent large solar energetic particle events, Proc. 28th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Tsukuba), 3269-3272, 2003.
39. Leske, R. A., J.R. Cummings, R.A. Mewaldt, E.C. Stone, and T.T. von Rosenvinge, Measurements of the ionic charge states of solar energetic particles using the geomagnetic field, Astrophys. J., 452, L149-L152, 1995.
40. Luhn, A., and D. Hovestadt, Calculation of the mean equilibrium charges of energetic ions after passing through a hot plasma, Astrophys. J., 317, 852-857, 1987.
41. Luhn, A., B. Klecker, D. Hovestadt, M. Scholer, G. Gloeckler, F.M. Ipavich, C.Y. Fan, L.A. Fisk, Ionic charge states of N, Ne, Mg, SI and S in solar energetic particle events, Adv. Space Res., 4(NO.2-3), 161-164, 1984.
42. Lytova, M., and L. Kocharov, Charge states of energetic solar ions from coronal shock acceleration, Astrophys. J., 620, L55-L58, 2005.
43. Mason, G.M., J.E. Mazur, M.D. Looper, and R.A. Mewaldt, Charge state measurements of solar energetic particles observed with SAMPEX, Astrophys. J., 452, 901-9111, 1995.
44. Mazur, J.E., G.M. Mason, M.D. Looper, R.A. Leske, and R.A. Mewaldt, Charge states of solar energetic particles using the geomagnetic cutoff technique: SAMPEX measurements in the 6 November 1997 solar particle event, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 173-176, 1999.
45. McDaniel, E.W. Atomic collisions, p. 432, Wiley, New York, 1989.
46. McGuire, J.H., and P. Richard, Procedure for computing cross sections for single and multiple ionization of atoms in the binary-encounter approximation by the impact of heavy charged particles, Phys. Rev. A8, 1374-1384, 1973.
47. Möbius, E., Y. Litvinenko, H. Grünwaldt, M.R. Aellig, A. Bogdanov, F.M. Ipavich, P. Bochsler, M. Hilchenbach, D. Judge, B. Klecker, D. Morris, and W.K.H. Schmidt, Energy dependence of the ionic charge state distribution during the November 1997 solar energetic particle event, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 145-148, 1999.
48. Möbius, E., M. Popecki, B. Klecker, L.M. Kistler, A. Bogdanov, A.B. Galvin, D. Heirtzler, D. Hovestadt, D. Morris, Ionic charge states of solar energetic particles from solar flare events during the current rise of solar activity as observed with ACE SEPICA, Adv. Space Res., 29, 1501-1512, 2002.
49. Möbius, E., Y. Cao, M.A. Popecki, L.M. Kistler, H. Kucharek, D. Morris, and B. Klecker, Strong energy dependence of ionic charge states in impulsive solar events, Proc. 28th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Tsukuba), 3273-3276, 2003.
50. Nardi, E., and Z. Zinamon, Charge state and slowing of fast ions in a plasma, Phys. Rev. Lett., 49(NO.17), 1251-1254, 1982.
51. Nikolaev, V.S., and V.A. Sidorovich, The single and double ionization of helium atoms by fast nuclei and multicharged ions, Nucl. Instrum. and Methods in Phys. Res., B 36, 239-248, 1989.
52. Northcliffe, L.C., Passage of heavy ions through matter, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci., 13, 67-102, 1963.
53. Oetliker, M., D. Hovestadt, B. Klecker, M.R. Collier, G. Gloeckler, D.C. Hamilton, F.M. Ipavich, P. Bochsler, G.G. Managadze, The ionic charge of solar energetic particles with energies of 0.3-70 MeV per nucleon, Astrophys. J., 477, 495-501, 1997.
54. Ostryakov, V.M., and M.F. Stovpyuk, Stochastic acceleration of heavy ions with variable charge, Astron. Reports, 41, 386-393, 1997.
55. Ostryakov, V.M., and M.F. Stovpyuk, Charge state distributions of iron in gradual solar energetic particle events, Solar Phys., 189, 357-372, 1999.
56. Ostryakov, V.M., and M.F. Stovpyuk, Non-Homogeneous Charge-Consistent Model for Acceleration of Iron in the Solar Corona, Solar Phys., 217, 281-299, 2003.
57. Ostryakov, V.M., Y.Y. Kartavykh, D. Ruffolo, G.A. Kovaltsov, and L. Kocharov, Charge state distributions of iron in impulsive solar flares: Importance of stripping effects, J. Geophys. Res., 105(A12), 27315-27322, 2000.
58. Parker, E.N., The passage of energetic charged particles through interplanetary space, Planet. Space Sci., 13, 9-49, 1965.
59. Peter, T., and J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, Influence of dielectronic recombination on fast heavy-ion charge states in plasma, Phys. Rev. Lett., 57(NO.15), 1859-1862, 1986.
60. Peter, T., and J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, Energy loss of heavy ions in dense plasma. I - Linear and nonlinear Vlasov theory for the stopping power. II - Nonequilibrium charge states and stopping powers, Phys. Rev., A43(4), 1998-2030, 1991.
61. Pierce, T.E., and M. Blann, Stopping powers and ranges of 5-90 MeV S32, Cl35, Br79, and I127 ions in H2, He, N2, Ar, and Kr: A semiempirical stopping power theory for heavy ions in gases and solids, Phys. Rev., 173, 390-405, 1968.
62. Popecki, M., E. Möbius, B. Klecker, A.B. Galvin, L.M. Kistler, A.T. Bogdanov, Ionic charge state measurements in solar energetic particle events, in Acceleration and transport of energetic particles observed in the heliosphere, AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 528, AIP edited by R.A. Mewaldt, J.R. Jokipii, M.A. Lee, E. Möbius, and T.H. Zurbuchen, p. 63, AIP, Melville, New York, 2000.
63. Reames, D.V., C.K. Ng, and A.J. Tylka, Energy-dependent ionization states of shockaccelerated particles in the solar corona, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3585-3588, 1999.
64. Rodríguez-Frías, M.D., L. del Peral, and J. Pérez-Peraza, Particle charge evolution during acceleration processes in solar flares, J. Phys. G.: Nucl. Part. Phys., 26, 259-265, 2000.
65. Rodríguez-Frías, M.D., L. del Peral, and J. Pérez-Peraza, Model of ionic charge states of impulsive solar energetic particles in solar flares, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 15657-15664, 2001.
66. Ruffolo, D., Charge states of solar cosmic rays and constraints on acceleration times and coronal transport, Astrophys. J., 481, L119-L122, 1997.
67. Sant’Anna, M.M., W.S. Melo, A.C. Santos, G.M. Sigaud, E.C. Montenegro, M.B. Shah, and W.F. Meyerhof, Absolute measurements of electron-loss cross sections of He+ and C3+ with atomic hydrogen at intermediate velocities, Phys. Rev., A 58, 1204-1211, 1998.
68. Sidorovich, V.A., and V.S. Nikolaev, The cross section scaling for ionization of hydrogen and helium by multicharged ions, Lecture Notes in Physics 294, Proc. 3rd Workshop on High-Energy Ion-Atom Collisions edited by D. Berényi and G. Hock, pp. 437-446, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988.
69. Stovpyuk, M.F., Heavy ion acceleration in solar flares and heliosphere in the framework of charge-consistent model, PhD Thesis, 128 pp., St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2000.
70. Tatischeff, V., R. Ramaty, and B. Kozlovsky, X-Rays from accelerated ion interactions, Astrophys. J., 504, 874-888, 1998.
71. Torsti, J., P. Mäkelä, M. Teittinen, and J. Laivola, SOHO/Energetic and Relativistic Nucleon and Electron Experiment measurements of energetic H, He, O, and Fe fluxes during the 1997 November 6 solar event, Astrophys. J., 544, 1169-1180, 2000.
72. Toptygin, I.N. Cosmic rays in interplanetary magnetic fields (Geophysics and Astrophysics Monographs, No 27), 387 pp., D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1985.
73. Tylka, A.J., P.R. Boberg, J.H. Adams Jr., L.P. Beahm, W.F. Dietrich, and T. Kleis, The mean ionic charge state of solar energetic Fe ions above 200 MeV per nucleon, Astrophys. J., 444, L109-L113, 1995.
74. Tylka, A.J., C.M.S. Cohen, W.F. Dietrich et al., Evidence for remnant flare suprathermals in the source population of solar energetic particles in the 2000 Bastille Day event, Astrophys. J., 558, L59-L63, 2001.
75. Tylka, A.J., C.M.S. Cohen, W.F. Dietrich et al., Shock geometry, seed populations, and the origin of variable elemental composition at high energies in large gradual solar particle events, Astrophys. J., 625, 474-495, 2005.