Physical Properties of Tissues Relevant to Arterial Ultrasound Imaging and Blood Velocity Measurement

Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology

Volumn 33, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 1527-1539

  Hoskins, Peter R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Artery; Attenuation coefficient; Backscatter coefficient; Blood flow; Blood viscosity; Doppler ultrasound; Elastic modulus; Non Newtonian; Red cell aggregation; Red cell deformation; Speed of sound; Young's modulus

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC WAVE VELOCITY; BACKSCATTERING; DOPPLER EFFECT; ELASTIC MODULI; NON NEWTONIAN FLOW; TISSUE;

ARTERY; ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT; BACKSCATTER COEFFICIENT; BLOOD FLOW; BLOOD VISCOSITY; DOPPLER ULTRASOUND; RED CELL AGGREGATION; RED CELL DEFORMATION;

ULTRASONIC IMAGING;

ACOUSTICS; ANISOTROPY; ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY; ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY; HEMATOCRIT; HUMAN; MEASUREMENT; MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SHEAR RATE; SHEAR STRESS; ULTRASOUND; YOUNG MODULUS;

ARTERIES; BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY; BLOOD VISCOSITY; ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY; ERYTHROCYTES; HUMANS; RHEOLOGY; STRESS, MECHANICAL; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, INTERVENTIONAL;

EID: 34548817852     PISSN: 03015629     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.04.020     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Aarts P.A.M.M., van der Broek S.A.T., Prins G.W., Kulken G.D.C., Sixma J.J., and Heethar R.M. Blood platelets are concentrated near the wall and red blood cells, in the centre of flowing blood. Arteriosclerosis 8 (1988) 819-824
2. Akashi N., Kushibiki J.I., and Dunn F. Measurements of acoustic properties of aqueous dextran solutions in the VHF/UHF range. Ultrasonics 38 (2000) 915-919
3. Allard L., Cloutier G., and Durand L.G. Effect of the insonification angle on the Doppler backscattered power under red blood cell aggregation conditions. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelect Freq Control 43 (1996) 211-219
4. Armentano R., Megnien J., Simon A., Bellenfant F., Barra J., and Levenson J. Effects of hypertension on viscoelasticity of carotid and femoral arteries in humans. Hypertension 26 (1995) 48-54
5. Aubert A.E., Kesteloot H., and de Geest H. Measurement of high frequency sound velocity in blood. Biosigma 1 (1978) 421-425
6. Baldewsing R.A., De Korte C.L., Schaar J.A., Mastik F., and Van Der Steen A.F.W. A finite element model for performing intravascular ultrasound elastography of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Ultrasound Med Biol 30 (2004) 803-813
7. Baldewsing R.A., Schaar J.A., Mastik F., Oomens C.W.J., and van der Steen A.F.W. Assessment of vulnerable plaque composition by matching the deformation of a parametric plaque model to measured plaque deformation. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 24 (2005) 514-528
8. Barzilai B., Saffitz J.E., Miller J.G., and Sobel B.E. Quantitative ultrasonic characterization of the nature of atherosclerotic plaques in human aorta. Circ Res 60 (1987) 459-463
9. Bascom P.A.J., Routh H.F., and Cobbold R.S.C. Interpretation of power changes in Doppler signals from human blood-In vitro studies. Ultrason Symp Proc 2 (1988) 985-988
10. Beattie D., Xu G., Vito R., Glagov S., and Whang W.G. Mechanical analysis of heterogeneous, atherosclerotic human aorta. J Biomech Eng Trans ASME 120 (1998) 602-607
11. Bergel D.H. The static elastic properties of the arterial wall. J Physiol London 156 (1961) 445-457
12. Bergel D.H. The dynamic elastic properties of the arterial wall. J Physiol London 156 (1961) 458-469
13. Borders S.E., Fronek A., Kemper W.S., and Franklin D. Ultrasonic energy backscattered from blood-Experimental-determination of variation of sound energy with hematocrit. Ann Biomed Eng 6 (1978) 83-92
14. Bradley E., and Sacerio J. Velocity of ultrasound in human blood under varying physiologic parameters. J Surg Res 12 (1972) 290-297
15. Bridal S.L., Fornes P., Bruneval P., and Berger G. Parametric (integrated backscatter and attenuation) images constructed using backscattered radio frequency signals (25-56 MHz) from human aortae in vitro. Ultrasound Med Biol 23 (1997) 215-229
16. Bridal S.L., Toussaint J.F., Raynaud J.S., Fornes P., Leroy-Willig A., and Berger G. US backscatter and attenuation 30 to 50 MHz and MR T2 at 3 tesla for differentiation of atherosclerotic artery constituents in vitro. IEEE Trans on Ultrason Ferroelect Freq Control 45 (1998) 1517-1525
17. Buchanan J.R., Kleinstreuer C., and Comer J.K. Rheological effects on pulsatile hemodynamics in a stenosed tube. Comput Fluids 29 (2000) 695-724
18. Calor Filho M.M., and Macahdo J.C. The ultrasonic attenuation coefficient of human blood plasma in the frequency range of 7-90 MHz. IEEE Ultrason Symp Proc 3 (2004) 2073-2077
19. Calor Filho M.M., and Machado J.C. Measurement of the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient of human blood plasma during clotting in the frequency range of 8 to 22 MHz. Ultrasound Med Biol 32 (2006) 1055-1064
20. Caro C.G., Pedley T.J., Schroter R.C., and Seed W.A. The Mechanics of the Circulation (1978), Oxford University Press, Oxford 176-180
21. Caro C.G., Pedley T.J., Schroter R.C., and Seed W.A. The Mechanics of the Circulation (1978), Oxford University Press, Oxford 385-399
22. Caro C.G., Pedley T.J., Schroter R.C., and Seed W.A. The Mechanics of the Circulation (1978), Oxford University Press, Oxford 161
23. Carstensen E.L., and Schwan H.P. Absorption of sound arising from the presence of intact cells in blood. J Acoust Soc Am 31 (1959) 185-189
24. Cheng G.C., Loree H.M., Kamm R.D., Fishbein M.C., and Lee R.T. Distribution of circumferential stress in ruptured and stable atherosclerotic lesions-A structural-analysis with histopathological correlation. Circulation 87 (1993) 1179-1187
25. Chien S. Shear dependence of effective cell volume as a determinant of blood viscosity. Science 168 (1970) 977-979
26. Chuong C.J., and Fung Y.C. Three dimensional stress distribution in arteries. J Biomech Eng Trans ASME 105 (1983) 268-274
27. Cloutier G., and Shung K.K. Study of red cell aggregation in pulsatile flow from ultrasonic Doppler power measurements. Biorheology 30 (1993) 443-461
28. Cloutier G., Allard L., and Durand L.G. Changes in ultrasonic Doppler backscattered power downstream of concentric and eccentric stenoses under pulsatile flow. Ultrasound Med Biol 21 (1995) 59-70
29. Cloutier G., and Qin Z. Ultrasound backscattering from non-aggregating and aggregating erythrocytes-A review. Biorheology 34 (1997) 443-470
30. Cloutier G., Weng X.D., Roederer G.O., Allard L., Tardif F., and Beaulieu R. Differences in the erythrocyte aggregation level between veins and arteries of normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic individuals. Ultrasound Med Biol 23 (1997) 1383-1393
31. Collings A.F., and Bajenov N. Temperature dependence of the velocity of sound in human blood and blood components. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 10 (1987) 123-127
32. de Korte C.L., Pasterkamp G., van der Steen A.F.W., Woutman H.A., and Bom N. Characterization of plaque components with intravascular ultrasound elastography in human femoral and coronary arteries in vitro. Circulation 102 (2000) 617-623
33. de Kroon M.G.M., van der Wal L.F., Gussenhoven W.J., and Bom N. Angle-dependent backscatter from the arterial-wall. Ultrasound Med Biol 17 (1991) 121-126
34. de Kroon M.G.M., Slager C.J., Gussenhoven W.J., Serruys P.W., Roelandt J.R.T.C., and Bom N. Cyclic changes of blood echogenicity in high-frequency ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 17 (1991) 723-728
35. Drangova M., Holdsworth D.W., Boyd C.J., Dunmore P.J., Roach M.R., and Fenster A. Elasticity and geometry measurements of vascular specimens using a high-resolution laboratory ct scanner. Physiol Measure 14 (1993) 277-290
36. Duck F.A. Physical properties of tissue (1990), Academic Press, London
37. Fontaine I., Savery D., and Cloutier G. Simulation of ultrasound backscattering by red cell aggregates: Effect of shear rate and anisotropy. Biophys J 82 (2002) 1696-1710
38. Foster F.S., Obara H., Bloomfield T., Ryan L.K., and Lockwood G.R. Ultrasound backscatter from blood in the 30 to 70 MHz frequency range. Ultrason Symp Proc 3 (1994) 1599-1602
39. Fraser K.H., Poepping T.L., McNeilly A., Megson I.L., and Hoskins P.R. Acoustic speed and attenuation coefficient in sheep aorta measured at 5-9 MHz. Ultrasound Med Biol 32 (2006) 971-980
40. Fung Y.C. Biomechanics: mechanical properties of living tissues. 2nd edition (1993), Springer-Verlag, New York
41. Gamble G., Zorn J., Sanders G., Macmahon S., and Sharpe N. Estimation of arterial stiffness, compliance, and distensibility from m-mode ultrasound measurements of the common carotid-artery. Stroke 25 (1994) 11-16
42. Gijsen F.J.H., Allanic E., van de Vosse F.N., and Janssen J.D. The influence of the non-Newtonian properties of blood on the flow in large arteries: Unsteady flow in a 90 degrees curved tube. J Biomech 32 (1999) 705-713
43. Gijsen F.J.H., van de Vosse F.N., and Janssen J.D. The influence of the non-Newtonian properties of blood on the flow in large arteries: Steady flow in a carotid bifurcation model. J Biomech 32 (1999) 601-608
44. Gow B.S., and Hadfield C.D. Elasticity of canine and human coronary-arteries with reference to postmortem changes. Circ Res 45 (1979) 588-594
45. Greenleaf J.F., Duck F.A., Samayoa W.F., and Johnson S.A. Ultrasonic data acquisition and processing system for atherosclerotic tissue characterisation. Proc IEEE Ultrason Symp (1974) 738-743
46. Hayashi K. Experimental approaches on measuring the mechanical properties and constitutive laws of arterial walls. J Biomech Eng 115 (1993) 481-488
47. Heethar R.M. Viscosity of media. In: Strakee J., and Westerhof N. (Eds). The physics of the heart and circulation (1993), IOP Publishing, Bristol 273-293
48. Holzapfel G.A., Stadler M., and Schulze-Bauer C.A.J. A layer-specific three-dimensional model for the simulation of balloon angioplasty using magnetic resonance imaging and mechanical testing. Ann Biomed Eng 30 (2002) 753-767
49. Holzapfel G.A., Gasser T.C., and Ogden R.W. Comparison of a multi-layer structural model for arterial walls with a Fung-type model, and issues of material stability. J Biomech Eng Trans ASME 126 (2004) 264-275
50. Hoskins P.R. Review of the design and use of flow phantoms. In: Hoskins P.R., Evans J.A., and Sheriff S. (Eds). Testing of Doppler ultrasound equipment (1994), IPEM, Bristol, UK 12-29
51. Hughes D.J., Geddes L.A., Babbs C.F., Bourland J.D., and Newhouse V.L. Attenuation and speed of 10-mhz ultrasound in canine blood of various packed-cell volumes at 37°C. Med Biol Eng Comput 17 (1979) 619-622
52. Humphrey J.D. Mechanics of the arterial wall: Review and directions. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 23 (1995) 1-162
53. Humphrey J.D. Cardiovascular solid mechanics: Cells tissues & organs (2001), Springer, New York
54. Humphrey J.D. Continuum biomechanics of soft biological tissues. Proc Royal Soc London Series A Mathematic Phys Eng Sci 459 (2003) 3-46
55. Johnston B.M., Johnston P.R., Corney S., and Kilpatrick D. Non-Newtonian blood flow in human right coronary arteries: Transient simulations. J Biomech 39 (2006) 1116-1128
56. Kanai H., Hasegawa H., Ichiki M., Tezuka F., and Koiwa Y. Elasticity imaging of atheroma with transcutaneous ultrasound preliminary study. Circulation 107 (2003) 3018-3021
57. Khoshniat M., Thorne M.L., Poepping T.L., Hirji S., Holdsworth D.W., and Steinman D.A. Real-time numerical simulation of Doppler ultrasound in the presence of nonaxial flow. Ultrasound Med Biol 31 (2005) 519-528
58. Kitamura H., Sigel B., Machi J., Feleppa E.J., Sokilmelgar J., Kalisz A., and Justin J. Roles of hematocrit and fibrinogen in red-cell aggregation determined by ultrasonic scattering properties. Ultrasound Med Biol 21 (1995) 827-832
59. Komiyama N., Berry G.J., Kolz M.L., Oshima A., Metz J.A., Preuss P., Brisken A.F., Moore M.P., Yock P.G., and Fitzgerald P.J. Tissue characterization of atherosclerotic plaques by intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency signal analysis: An in vitro study of human coronary arteries. Am Heart J 140 (2000) 565-574
60. Lang J., Zana R., Gairard B., Dale G., and Gros C.M. Ultrasonic absorption in the human breast cyst liquids. Ultrasound Med Biol 4 (1978) 125-130
61. Langewouters G.J., Wesseling K.H., and Goedhard W.J.A. The static elastic properties of 45 human thoracic and 20 abdominal aortas in vitro and the parameters of a new model. J Biomech 17 (1984) 425-435
62. Lanne T., Hansen F., Mangell P., and Sonesson B. Differences in mechanical-properties of the common carotid-artery and abdominal-aorta in healthy-males. J Vasc Surg 20 (1994) 218-225
63. Learoyd B.M., and Taylor M.G. Alterations with age in viscoelastic properties of human arterial walls. Circ Res 18 (1966) 278-292
64. Lee M.K., Drangova M., Holdsworth D.W., and Fenster A. Application of dynamic computed tomography for measurements of local aortic elastic modulus. Med Biol Eng Comput 37 (1999) 13-24
65. Lee R.T., Richardson S.G., Loree H.M., Grodzinsky A.J., Gharib S.A., Schoen F.J., and Pandian N. Prediction of mechanical-properties of human atherosclerotic tissue by high-frequency intravascular ultrasound imaging-An in vitro study. Arterioscler Thromb 12 (1992) 1-5
66. Lee R.T., Schoen F.J., Loree H.M., Lark M.W., and Libby P. Circumferential stress and matrix metalloproteinase 1 in human coronary atherosclerosis-Implications for plaque rupture. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16 (1996) 1070-1073
67. Lin Y.H., and Shung K.K. Ultrasonic backscattering from porcine whole blood of varying hematocrit and shear rate under pulsatile flow. Ultrasound Med Biol 25 (1999) 1151-1158
68. Lockwood G.R., Ryan L.K., Hunt J.W., and Foster F.S. Measurement of the ultrasonic properties of vascular tissues and blood from 35-65 MHz. Ultrasound Med Biol 17 (1991) 653-666
69. Loree H.M., Grodzinsky A.J., Park S.Y., Gibson L.J., and Lee R.T. Static circumferential tangential modulus of human atherosclerotic tissue. J Biomech 27 (1994) 195-204
70. Lowe G.D.O. Blood rheology in vitro and in vivo. Baillieres Clin Haematol 1 (1987) 597-636
71. Lowe G.D.O., and Barbenel J.C. Plasma and blood viscosity. In: GDO L. (Ed). Clinical blood rheology volume 1 (1988), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 11-44
72. Luckman N.P., Evans J.M., Skidmore R., Baker J.D., and Wells P.N.T. Backscattered power in Doppler signals. Ultrasound Med Biol 13 (1987) 669-670
73. McDicken W.N. Diagnostic ultrasonics: Principles and use of equipment. 3rd edition (1991), Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
74. Merrill E.W. Rheology of blood. Physiol Rev 49 (1969) 863-888
75. Milunski M.R., Mohr G.A., Perez J.E., Vered Z., Wear K.A., Gessler C.J., Sobel B.E., Miller J.G., and Wickline S.A. Ultrasonic tissue characterization with integrated backscatter-Acute myocardial ischemia, reperfusion, and stunned myocardium in patients. Circulation 80 (1989) 491-503
76. Mimbs J.W., Bauwens D., Cohen R.D., O'Donnell M., Miller J.G., and Sobel B.E. Effects of myocardial ischemia on quantitative ultrasonic backscatter and identification of responsible determinants. Circ Res 49 (1981) 89-96
77. Missardis T.X., and Shung K.K. The effect of hemodynamics, vessel wall compliance and hematocrit on ultrasonic Doppler power: An in vitro study. Ultrasound Med Biol 25 (1999) 549-559
78. Mo L.Y.L., Kuo I.Y., Shung K.K., Ceresne L., and Cobbold R.S.C. Ultrasound scattering from blood with hematocrits up to 100%. IEEE Trans Biome Eng 41 (1994) 91-95
79. Moran C.M., Bush N.L., and Bamber J.C. Ultrasonic propagation properties of excised human skin. Ultrasound Med Biol 21 (1995) 1177-1190
80. Morse P.M., and Ingard K.U. Theoretical acoustics (1987), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
81. Mozersky D.J., Strandness D.E., Sumner D.S., and Hokanson D.E. Transcutaneous measurement of elastic properties of human femoral artery. Circulation 46 (1972) 948-955
82. Nair A., Kuban B.D., Tuzcu E.M., Schoenhagen P., Nissen S.E., and Vince D.G. Coronary plaque classification with intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis. Circulation 106 (2002) 2200-2206
83. Neofytou P., and Drikakis D. Effects of blood models on flows through a stenosis. Int J Numeric Method Fluids 43 (2003) 597-635
84. Neofytou P. Comparison of blood rheological models for physiological flow simulation. Biorheology 41 (2004) 693-714
85. Nguyen C.T., Hall C.S., and Wickline S.A. Characterization of aortic microstructure with ultrasound: Implications for mechanisms of aortic function and dissection. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelect Freq Control 49 (2002) 1561-1571
86. Nicholls W.W., and O'Rourke M.F. McDonald's blood Flow in arteries: Theoretical, experimental and clinical principles. 5th edition (2005), Hodder Arnold, London 77
87. O'Donnell M., Bauwens D., Mimbs J.W., and Miller J.G. Broadband integrated backscatter: An approach to spatially localized tissue characterization in-vivo. Proc IEEE Ultrason Symp 1 (1979) 175-178
88. O'Donnell M., and Miller J.G. Quantitative broad-band ultrasonic backscatter-An approach to non-destructive evaluation in acoustically inhomogeneous materials. J Appl Phys 52 (1981) 1056-1065
89. O'Donnell M., Mimbs J.W., and Miller J.G. Relationship between collagen and ultrasonic backscatter in myocardial tissue. J Acoust Soc Am 69 (1981) 580-588
90. Ota T., Craig D.M., and Kisslo J. Influences of ultrasonic machine settings, transducer frequency and placement of region of interest on the measurement of integrated backscatter and cyclic variation. Ultrasound Med Biol 23 (1997) 1059-1070
91. Oung H., and Forsberg F. Doppler ultrasound simulation model for pulsatile flow with nonaxial components. Ultrason Imaging 18 (1996) 157-172
92. Paeng D.G., Cao P.J., and Shung K.K. Doppler power variation from porcine blood under steady and pulsatile flow. Ultrasound Med Biol 27 (2001) 1245-1254
93. Pedley T.J. The fluid mechanics of large blood vessels (1980), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
94. Peterson L.H., Jensen R.E., and Parnell J. Mechanical properties of arteries in vivo. Circ Res 8 (1960) 622-639
95. Picano E., Landini L., Distante A., Benassi A., Sarnelli R., and Labbate A. Fibrosis, lipids, and calcium in human atherosclerotic plaque-In-vitro differentiation from normal aortic walls by ultrasonic-attenuation. Circ Res 56 (1985) 556-562
96. Raghavan M.L., Webster M.W., and Vorp D.A. Ex vivo biomechanical behavior of abdominal aortic aneurysm: Assessment using a new mathematical model. Ann Biomed Eng 24 (1996) 573-582
97. Ramnarine K.V., Anderson T., and Hoskins P.R. Construction and geometric stability of physiological flow rate wall-less stenosis phantoms. Ultrasound Med Biol 32 (2001) 245-250
98. Reneman R.S., Hoeks A.P.G., and Westerhoff N. Non-invasive assessment of artery wall properties in humans-Methods and interpretation. J Vasc Invest 2 (1996) 53-64
99. Rooney J.A., Gammell P.M., Hestenes J.D., Chin H.P., and Blankenhorn D.H. Velocity and attenuation of sound in arterial tissues. J Acoust Soc Am 71 (1982) 462-466
100. Ryan L.K., and Foster F.S. Tissue equivalent vessel phantoms for intravascular ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 23 (1997) 261-273
101. Saffman P.G. The lift on a small sphere in a slow shear flow. J Fluid Mech 22 (1965) 385-400
102. Saijo Y., Sasaki H., Okawai H., Nitta S., and Tanaka M. Acoustic properties of atherosclerosis of human aorta obtained with high-frequency ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 24 (1998) 1061-1064
103. Saijo Y., Miyakawa T., Sasaki H., Tanaka M., and Nitta S. Acoustic properties of aortic aneurysm obtained with scanning acoustic microscopy. Ultrasonics 42 (2004) 695-698
104. Shau Y.W., Wang C.L., Shieh J.Y., and Hsu T.C. Noninvasive assessment of the viscoelasticity of peripheral arteries. Ultrasound Med Biol 25 (1999) 1377-1388
105. Shung K.K., and Reid J.M. The acoustical properties of deoxygenated sickle cell blood and hemoglobin S solution. Ann Biomed Eng 5 (1977) 150-156
106. Shung K.K., Yuan Y.W., Fei D.Y., and Tarbell J.M. Effect of flow disturbance on ultrasonic backscatter from blood. J Acoust Soc Am 75 (1984) 1265-1272
107. Shung K.K., Cloutier G., and Lim C.C. The effects of hematocrit, shear rate, and turbulence on ultrasonic Doppler spectrum from blood. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 39 (1992) 462-469
108. Shung K.K., Kuo I.Y., and Cloutier G. Ultrasonic scattering properties of blood. In: Roelandt J., Gussenhoven E.J., and Bom N. (Eds). Intravascular ultrasound (1993), Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands 119-139
109. Sigel B., Machi J., Beitler J.C., Justin J.R., and Coelho J.C.U. Variable ultrasound echogenicity in flowing blood. Science 218 (1982) 1321-1323
110. Spencer T., Ramo M.P., Salter D.M., Anderson T., Kearney P.P., Sutherland G.R., Fox K.A.A., and McDicken W.N. Characterisation of atherosclerotic plaque by spectral analysis of intravascular ultrasound: An in vitro methodology. Ultrasound Med Biol 23 (1997) 191-203
111. Steel R., and Fish P.J. Lumen pressure within obliquely insonated absorbent solid cylindrical shells with application to Doppler flow phantoms. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelect Freq Control 49 (2002) 271-280
112. Steel R., and Fish P.J. A simulation study of sample volume sensitivity for oblique pulsed finite beam insonation of Doppler ultrasound flow phantom cylindrical vessels. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelect Freq Control 50 (2003) 58-67
113. Takiuchi S., Ito H., Iwakura K., Taniyama Y., Nishikawa N., Masuyama T., Hori M., Higashino Y., Fujii K., and Minamino T. Ultrasonic tissue characterization predicts myocardial viability in early stage of reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 97 (1998) 356-362
114. Takiuchi S., Rakugi H., Honda K., Masuyama T., Hirata N., Ito H., Sugimoto K., Yanagitani Y., Moriguchi K., Okamura A., Higaki J., and Ogihara T. Quantitative ultrasonic tissue characterization can identify high-risk atherosclerotic alteration in human carotid arteries. Circulation 102 (2000) 766-770
115. Thompson R.S., Trudinger B.J., and Cook C.M. Doppler ultrasound waveforms in the fetal umbilical artery-Quantitative-analysis technique. Ultrasound Med Biol 11 (1985) 707-718
116. Thompson R.S., and Aldis G.K. Effect of a cylindrical refracting interface on ultrasound intensity and the CW Doppler spectrum. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 43 (1996) 451-459
117. Thompson R.S., Bambi G., Steel R., and Tortoli P. Intraluminal ultrasound intensity distribution and backscattered Doppler power. Ultrasound Med Biol 30 (2004) 1485-1494
118. Thompson R.S., Macaskill C., Fraser V.B., and Farnell L. Acoustic intensity for a long vessel with noncircular cross section. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelect Freq Control 51 (2004) 566-575
119. van der Heiden M.S., de Kroon M.G.M., Bom N., and Borst C. Ultrasound backscatter at 30 MHz from human blood-Influence of rouleau size affected by blood modification and shear rate. Ultrasound Med Biol 21 (1995) 817-826
120. Veress A.I., Vince D.G., Anderson P.M., Cornhill J.F., Herderick E.E., Kuban B.D., Greenberg N.L., and Thomas J.D. Vascular mechanics of the coronary artery. Zeitschrift fur Kardiologie 89 Suppl 2 (2000) 92-100
121. Wang S.H., and Shung K.K. In vivo measurements of ultrasonic backscattering in blood. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelect Freq Control 48 (2001) 425-431
122. Wang D.H.J., Makaroun M., Webster M.W., and Vorp D.A. Mechanical properties and microstructure of intraluminal thrombus from abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Biomech Eng Trans ASME 123 (2001) 536-539
123. Waters K.R., Bridal S.L., Cohen-Bacrie C., Levrier C., Fornes P., and Laugier P. Parametric analysis of carotid plaque using a clinical ultrasound imaging system. Ultrasound Med Biol 29 (2003) 1521-1530
124. Watson R.J., McLean C.C., Moore M.P., Spencer T., Salter D.M., Anderson T., Fox K.A.A., and McDicken W.N. Classification of arterial plaque by spectral analysis of in vitro radio frequency intravascular ultrasound data. Ultrasound Med Biol 6 (2000) 73-80
125. Weng X., Cloutier G., Pibarot P., and Durand L.G. Comparison and simulation of different levels of erythrocyte aggregation with pig, horse, sheep, calf, and normal human blood. Biorheology 33 (1996) 365-377
126. Wickline S.A., Thomas L.J., Miller J.G., Sobel B.E., and Perez J.E. Sensitive detection of the effects of reperfusion on myocardium by ultrasonic tissue characterization with integrated backscatter. Circulation 74 (1986) 389-400
127. Wickline S.A., Shepard R.K., and Daugherty A. Quantitative ultrasonic characterization of lesion composition and remodeling in atherosclerotic rabbit aorta. Arterioscler Thromb 13 (1993) 1543-1550
128. Wilson K.A., Lee A.J., Lee A.J., Hoskins P.R., Fowkes F.G.R., Ruckley C.V., and Bradbury A.W. The relationship between aortic wall distensibility and rupture of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 37 (2003) 112-117
129. Wilson L.S., Neale M.L., Talhami H.E., and Appleberg M. Preliminary-results from attenuation-slope mapping of plaque using intravascular ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 20 (1994) 529-542
130. Wu S.P., Ringgaard S., Oyre S., Hansen M.S., Rasmus S., and Pedersen E.M. Wall shear rates differ between the normal carotid, femoral, and brachial arteries: An in vivo MRI study. J Magn Res Imaging 19 (2004) 188-193
131. Wu S.J., and Shung K.K. Cyclic variation of Doppler power from whole blood under pulsatile flow. Ultrasound Med Biol 22 (1996) 883-894
132. Wu S.J., and Shung K.K. An in vitro study of the effects of Doppler angle, fibrinogen, and hematocrit on ultrasonic Doppler power. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelect Freq Control 46 (1999) 197-204
133. Wuyts F.L., Vanhuyse V.J., Langewouters G.J., Decraemer W.F., Raman E.R., and Buyle S. Elastic properties of human aortas in relation to age and atherosclerosis-A structural model. Phys Med Biol 40 (1995) 1577-1597
134. Yuan Y.W., and Shung K.K. Ultrasonic backscatter from flowing whole-blood. 1. Dependence on shear rate and hematocrit. J Acoust Soc Am 84 (1988) 52-58
135. Yuan Y.W., and Shung K.K. Ultrasonic backscatter from flowing whole-blood. 2. Dependence on frequency and fibrinogen concentration. J Acoust Soc Am 84 (1988) 1195-1200