In defense of the commercial provision of blood: Reactions to voluntarism in the United States national blood policy in the early 1970s

Journal of Value Inquiry

Volumn 40, Issue 2-3, 2006, Pages 279-295

  Shearmur, Jeremy ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 34548672345     PISSN: 00225363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10790-007-9058-8     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. See Thomas Magnell, "Collapsing Goods in Medicine and the Value of Innovation," Journal of Value Inquiry, Vol. 40, Nos. 2-3 (2006).
2. See Richard Titmuss, The Gift Relationship, London: Allen & Unwin, 1970.
3. See A. Alchian et al., The Economics of Charity, London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1973.
4. See J. Shearmur, "Trust, Titmuss, and Blood," Economic Affairs Vol, 21, No. 1, March 2001, pp. 29-33.
5. See Loren Lomasky, "Gift Relations, Sexual Relations and Freedom," Philosophical Quarterly 33, 1983.
6. See Leon Anderson et al., "'Selling Blood': Characteristics and Motivations of Student Plasma Donors," Sociological Spectrum, 19, No. 2, 1999.
7. See David Archard, "Selling Yourself: Titmuss's Argument against a Market in Blood," Journal of Ethics Vol. 5, No. 1 (2002).
8. See Douglas Starr, Blood: an Epic History of Medicine and Commerce, New York: Knopf, 1998.
9. See "National Blood Resource Program," Supply and Use of the Nation's Blood Resource, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC:, 1972.
10. See Magnell, op. cit., pp. 162-167.
11. See Fritz Saxl, "Continuity and Variation in the Meaning of Images," in Saxl, A Heritage of Images, London: Peregrine, 1970.
12. See Peter Singer, "Freedoms and Utilities in Health Care," in Gerald Dworkin et al., eds., Markets and Morals, New York: Halstead Press, 1977.
13. See The Federal Register, 39, No. 47, 8 March 1974, pp. 9326-9330.
14. See letters from Guilerno Anido of DADE, and by Bruce J. Brennan, Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, 7 May 7 1974, in Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
15. See letters from Hartley J. Ericson, Abbott Laboratories, 2 January 1973;
16. R. J. Vallencourt, Lederle Laboratories (American Cynamid) 3 January 1973;
17. Frank. B. Voris, Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, 13 July 1972;
18. B. E. Emery, Cutter Laboratories, 3 January 1973; John W. Palmer, Hyland, 29 December 1972;
19. Walter C. Deekype, Arnor Pharmaceutical Company, 28 December 1972;
20. Raymond B. Gouchenour, Spectra Biological, 29 December 1972 and 28 March 1974;
21. Gullermo Anido, DADE;
22. George M. Darnell, DADE, 16 April 1974;
23. D. T. McKiethan, Ortho Diagnostics, 24 April 1974;
24. John F. Bradley, DAMON, 3 May 1974; Lawrence R. Lee, Abbott Laboratories, 7 May 1974;
25. Bruce J. Brennan, Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, 7 May 1974;
26. and John B. De Hoff, Baltimore City Medical Society, 19 April, 1974; all in Folder 12, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md. .
27. See letter from John F. Bradley, DAMON, 3 May 1974, Folder 12, Box 1 of NLM. MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
28. See letter from John F. Bradley, DAMON, 3 May 1974, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
29. See letter from Lawrence R. Lee, Abbott Laboratories, 7 May 1974. Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
30. See letter from Hartley J. Ericson, Abbott Laboratories, 2 January, 1973, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
31. See letter from Bruce J. Brennan, Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, 7 May 1974, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
32. See letter from R. J. Vallencourt, Lederle Laboratories (American Cynamid), 3 January, 1973, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
33. See letter from. D. T. McKeithan, Ortho Diagnostics, 24 April 1974, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM. MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
34. See letter from Judith G. Pool, Stanford University Medical Center, 30 April 1974, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
35. See letter from James F. Crispin, American Blood Resources Association, 28 December 1972, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
36. See letters from John W. King, Cleveland Clinic, 5 May, 1972, and James W. Hays, Tennessee Medical Association, 15 April 1974, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
37. See Aids Epidemic in San Francisco: The Medical Response 1981-1984, volume 5: Herbert A. Perkins, M.D., Director, Irwin Memorial Blood Bank, Oral History, Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley, 1995, p. 42.
38. See letters from R. Thomas Hunt, California Blood Bank System, 3 May 1974, and Howard E. Cartwright, College of American Pathologists, 3 January 1973, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
39. See A. J. Salsbury, "Medical Evidence: Blood Donation and the Australia Antigen," in Alchian et al., The Economics of Charity, (London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1974), pp. 181-91,
40. Also see, Philippe Fontaine, "Blood, Politics and Social Science," Isis, 93, 2002.
41. See letters from J. S. Hayhurst, Blood Bank of San Bernardino-Riverside Counties, San Bernadino, Calif., 25 March 1974
42. and J. Wesley Alexander and George W. Geisen, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 30 April 1974, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
43. See letter from William P. Thompson, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, Calif., 2 May 1974 and George C. Leonard, Louisiana Pathology Society, 6 May, 1974, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
44. See letter from Joel Umlas, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, Mass, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
45. See letter from J. Wesley Alexander and George W. Geisen, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 30 April 1974, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
46. See letter from George L. Leonard, Ochsner Foundation Hospital Blood Bank, New Orleans, 25 March 1974, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
47. See letter from L. Emmerson Ward, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 30 April, 1974, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
48. George W. Geisen and Eve Gorman, "Let's Get on Target," American Association of Blood Banks Conference, Bel Harbor, Miami Beach, Fla., 14 November 1973, Folder 1.2, Box 1 of NLM MS C 393, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.
49. George Orwell, Animal Farm in Orwell, The Complete Novels, (London: Penguin, 2000), p. 25.
50. See Kieran Healy, Last Best Gifts (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).
51. See David McNaughton, Moral Vision (Oxford: Blackwell, 1984).
52. I would like to thank James Taylor for criticism and suggestions concerning an earlier draft of this paper, which were particularly valuable in its revision.