Selling yourself: Titmuss's argument against a market in blood

Journal of Ethics

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 87-102

  Archard, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Altruism; Blood; Domino argument; Eric Mack; Gift; Imagined community; Market; Personal attributes; Peter Singer; Richard Titmuss

Indexed keywords

ALTRUISM; ANALYTICAL APPROACH; ARTICLE; BLOOD DONOR; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; DEHUMANIZATION; ETHICS; GIFT GIVING; HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH; HUMAN; MOTIVATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; THE GIFT RELATIONSHIP: FROM HUMAN BLOOD TO SOCIAL POLICY (TITMUSS, R.); VOLUNTARY PROGRAM;

ANALYTICAL APPROACH; HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH; THE GIFT RELATIONSHIP: FROM HUMAN BLOOD TO SOCIAL POLICY (TITMUSS, R.);

ALTRUISM; BLOOD DONORS; COMMERCE; DEHUMANIZATION; GIFT GIVING; HUMANS; MOTIVATION; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL VALUES; VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS;

EID: 1542749365     PISSN: 13824554     EISSN: 15728609     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/a:1015852012719     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. For a review in the leading British medical journal of the arguments concerning kidney sales see J. Radcliffe-Richards et al., "The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales," The Lancet 351 (1998), pp. 1950-1952.
2. Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice: A Defence of Pluralism and Equality (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983), pp. 100-103;
3. Judith Andre', "Blocked Exchanges: A Taxonomy," Ethics 103 (1992), pp. 29-47;
4. Mark Nelson, "The Morality of a Market in Transplant Organs," Public Affairs Quarterly 5 (1991), pp. 63-79;
5. Debra Satz, "Markets in Women's Sexual Labour," Ethics 106 (1995), pp. 63-85.
6. Richard Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1970), p. 119.
7. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, p. 157.
8. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, p. 223.
9. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, p. 245.
10. Pablo Rodriguez del Pozo, "Paying Donors and the Ethics of Blood Supply," Journal of Medical Ethics 20 (1994), p. 33.
11. Del Pozo, Paying Donors and the Ethics of Blood Supply," pp. 31, 33.
12. M. H. Cooper and A. J. Culyer, "The Economics of Giving and Selling Blood," in The Economics of Charity: Essays on the Comparative Economics and Ethics of Giving and Selling, with Applications to Blood (London: The Institute of Economic Affairs, 1973), p. 124;
13. David B. Johnson, "The US Market in Blood," in The Economics of Charity: Essays on the Comparative Economics and Ethics of Giving and Selling, with Applications to Blood (London: The Institute of Economic Affairs, 1973), p. 159.
14. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, pp. 225 and 213.
15. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, p. 245.
16. Kenneth Arrow, "Gifts and Exchanges," Philosophy and Public Affairs 1 (1972), pp. 343-362;
17. Peter Singer, "Altruism and Commerce: A Defence of Titmuss against Arrow," Philosophy and Public Affairs 2 (1973), pp. 313-320.
18. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, p. 242.
19. Robert M. Stewart, "Morality and the Market in Blood," Journal of Applied Philosophy 1 (1984), pp. 227-237;
20. Loren E. Lomasky, "Gift Relations, Sexual Relations and Freedom," Philosophical Quarterly 33 (1983), pp. 250-258.
21. Stewart, Morality and the Market in Blood," p. 230.
22. Lomasky, Gift Relations, Sexual Relations and Freedom," p. 257.
23. Tibor Machan, "Blocked Exchanges Revisited," Journal of Applied Philosophy 14 (1997), p. 260.
24. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, pp. 71, 73.
25. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, pp. 212, 225.
26. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, p. 243.
27. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, pp. 198, 199.
28. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, pp. 244-245.
29. David Reisman, Richard Titmuss: Welfare and Society (London: Heinemann, 1977), p. 10.
30. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, p. 198.
31. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983); the phrase is explained on pp. 14-16.
32. Margaret Jane Radin, "Justice and the Market Domain," in John W. Chapman and J. Roland Pennock (eds), Markets and Justice, Nomos XXXI (New York: New York University Press, 1989), pp. 165-197.
33. Radin, Justice and the Market Domain," p. 173;
34. Margaret Jane Radin, Contested Commodities: The Trouble with Trade in Sex, Children, Body Parts, and Other Things (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 95.
35. Eric Mack, "Dominos and the Fear of Commodification," in John W. Chapman and J. Roland Pennock (eds), Markets and Justice, Nomos XXXI (New York: New York University Press, 1989), p. 202.
36. Elizabeth Anderson, "The Ethical Limitations of the Market," Economics and Philosophy 6 (1990), p. 198, glossing Singer/Titmuss.
37. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, pp. 198-199,
38. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, pp. 187, 198.
39. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, p. 223.
40. Mack, Dominos and the Fear of Commodification," pp. 209-210.
41. Mack, Dominos and the Fear of Commodification," p. 211.
42. Mack, Dominos and the Fear of Commodification," p. 210.
43. Anderson, The Ethical Limitations of the Market."
44. Anderson, The Ethical Limitations of the Market," p. 186.
45. Mack, Dominos and the Fear of Commodification," pp. 211-212.
46. Mack, Dominos and the Fear of Commodification," p. 219.
47. Radin, Contested Commodities: The Trouble with Trade in Sex, Children, Body Parts, and Other Things, p. 100.
48. A "normally" is appropriate here. There are forms of sexual behaviour where this claim is false, voyeurism being an obvious instance. The paradigmatic example of sexual interaction between two persons sufficiently fits the broad claim offered to provide the intended contrast with the exchange of blood.
49. Mack, Dominos and the Fear of Commodification," p. 210.
50. Neera Kapur Badhwar, "The Circumstances of Justice: Pluralism, Community, and Friendship," The Journal of Political Philosophy 1 (1993), pp. 250-276;
51. Sibyl A. Schwarzenbach, "On Civic Friendship," Ethics 107 (1996), pp. 97-128.
52. del Pozo, Paying Donors and the Ethics of Blood Supply," p. 34.
53. Ronald E. Domen, "The Ethics of Paid versus Volunteer Blood Donation," Journal of Medical Ethics 20 (1994), pp. 269-270.