The labor legacy: Looking back with the Australian labor party

Government and Opposition

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 564-592

  Pierson, Chris ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548655219     PISSN: 0017257X     EISSN: 14777053     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00236.x     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. There are very many ways of describing the experience of New Labour and/or of the 'Third Way' in Britain. I use 'the new social democracy' as the most generic descriptor.
2. W. Leggett British Social Democracy Beyond New Labour British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 9 : 3 (2007 pp. 346 64
3. David O'Reilly After the Third Way The Round Table, 367 (2002 pp. 625 37
4. Ashley Lavelle Labor and Globalisation: From Keating to Latham Australian Journal of Political Science, 40 : 1 (2005 pp. 51 69
5. Ashley Lavelle Social Democrats and Neo-Liberalism: A Case Study of the Australian Labor Party Political Studies, 53 (2005 pp. 753 71
6. Chris Pierson Social Democracy on the Back Foot: The "New Australian Model" New Political Economy, 7 : 2 (2002 pp. 179 97
7. Frank Castles Chris Pierson A New Convergence? Recent Policy Developments in the UK, Australia and New Zealand Policy and Politics, 24 : 3 (1997 pp. 233 45
8. Chris Pierson Frank Castles Australian Antecedents of the Third Way Political Studies, 50 : 4 (2002 pp. 683 702
9. Paul Keating, 'The Labor Government 1983-1996', speech delivered in Sydney, 19 March 1999, available at http://www.keating.org.au, accessed 1 September 2006.
10. Chris Pierson Learning from Labor? Welfare Policy Transfer Between Australia and Britain Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 41 : 1 (2003 pp. 77 100
11. See Paul Kelly, The End of Certainty, St Leonard's, NSW, Allen and Unwin, 1992.
12. See G. Megalogenis, The Longest Decade, Melbourne, Scribe, 2006.
13. Andrew Scott, 'The ALP After 2004', paper presented to the Annual Conference of the Australian PSA, September 2006.
14. There are other potentially similar cases - for example in Spain and New Zealand - though in these examples the defeated parties of reform have now been returned to office.
15. Keating, 'The Labor Government 1983-1996'.
16. See Megalogenis, The Longest Decade.
17. The Whitlam government of 1972-75 provided the most exciting and colourful episode in Australian political history, including a substantial increase in social expenditure, an end to Australian involvement in the Vietnam war and recognition of the People's Republic of China. The administration ended when the prime minister was sacked by the governor-general, Sir John Kerr. See http://whitlamdismissal.com/, accessed 1 September 2006.
18. Kelly, The End of Certainty, pp. 1-16.
19. Stuart White, 'The Ambiguities of the Third Way', in Stuart White (ed.), New Labour: The Progressive Future?, London, Palgrave, 2001, pp. 3-17.
20. Evan Jones Background to Australia Reconstructed Journal of Australian Political Economy, 39 (June 1997 pp. 17 38
21. John Warhurst and Andrew Parkin (eds), The Machine: Labor Confronts the Future, Sydney, Allen and Unwin, 2000, p. 339. By 2003, union density in Australia had fallen further, to just 23 per cent (Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra).
22. Paul Keating, cited in Kelly, The End of Certainty, p. 617.
23. Keating, 'The Labor Government 1983-1996'.
24. Paul Keating, 'Traditions of Labor in Power: Whitlam and Hawke in the Continuum', in ALP (NSW Branch), Traditions for Reform in New South Wales, Sydney, Pluto/ALP, 1987, pp. 172-3.
25. Ibid., p. 173.
26. Keating, 'The Labor Government 1983-1996'.
27. Frank Castles The Wage Earners' Welfare State Revisited: Refurbishing the Established Model of Australian Social Protection, 1983-1993 Australian Journal of Social Issues, 289 : 2 (1994 pp. 120 45
28. Peter Whiteford Income Distribution and Social Policy under a Reformist Government: The Australian Experience Policy and Politics, 22 : 4 (1994 pp. 239 55
29. Although, even in New Zealand, the full force of reform was only felt with the accession of a National Party government under Jim Bolger in 1990. See Frank Castles, Rolf Gerritsen and Jack Vowles, The Great Experiment: Labour Parties and Public Policy Transformation in Australia and New Zealand, Sydney, Allen and Unwin, 1996.
30. Graeme Maddox Tim Battin Australian Labor and the Socialist Tradition Australian Journal of Political Science, 26 (1981 pp. 181 96
31. Jaensch, The Hawke-Keating Hijack.
32. John Wiseman A Kinder Road to Hell? Labor and the Politics of Progressive Competitiveness in Australia Socialist Register (1996 pp. 93 117
33. Boris Frankel Beyond Labourism and Socialism: How the Australian Labor Party Developed the Model of "New Labour" New Left Review, 221 (1997 pp. 3 33
34. A. Scott, Running on Empty, Sydney, Pluto, 2000. For a much fuller account of this debate, see Pierson, 'Social Democracy on the Back Foot'.
35. Under the Australian voting system, first preferences are redirected towards the more successful parties; most reports cite both the primary vote and the two-party preferred vote; see http://www.australianpolitics.com, accessed 1 September 2006.
36. Scott, 'The ALP After 2004'.
37. Michael Thompson, Labor Without Class: The Gentrification of the ALP, Sydney, Pluto, 1999. Thompson's views are strongly contested by those who emphasize economic rather than cultural policies in explaining the ALP's loss of working-class voters.
38. See Clive Bean, 'Who Now Votes Labour', in Warhurst and Parkin, The Machine, pp. 76-80.
39. Andrew Scott Prospects for Labour Australian Quarterly, 76 : 6 (November-December 2004)
40. Scott, 'Prospects for Labour'; Scott, 'The ALP After 2004'.
41. For a survey of the most recent thinking on voting behaviour, see Howard Clarke, David Sanders, Marianne Stewart and Paul Whiteley, Political Choice in Britain, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004.
42. John Phillimore The Limits of Supply-Side Social Democracy: Australian Labor, 1983-96 Politics and Society, 28 : 4 (2000 pp. 557 87
43. Boix, Political Parties, Growth and Equality, p. 30.
44. Pierson, 'Social Democracy on the Back Foot'.
45. Scharpf, Crisis and Choice in European Social Democracy.
46. D. Haubrich UK Rail Privatization Five Years Down the Line Policy and Politics, 29 : 3 (2001 pp. 317 36
47. S. Glaister UK Transport Policy 1997-2001 Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 18 : 2 (2002 pp. 154 86
48. Working Nation, White Paper, Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1994.
49. See Pierson, 'Learning from Labor'.
50. Lorraine Kerr Harry Savelsberg Unemployment and Civic Responsibility in Australia: Towards a New Social Contract Critical Social Policy, 19 : 2 (1999 pp. 240 1
51. Working Nation, White Paper, p. 1.
52. Ibid., p. 30.
53. Ibid., p. 116.
54. Peter Saunders Improving Work Incentives in a Means-Tested Welfare System: The 1994 Australian Social Security Reforms Fiscal Studies, 16 : 2 (1995 pp. 45 70
55. Raja Junankar The New World of Australian Labour Market Programs Drawing Board, 1 : 1 (2000)
56. J. Freeland The White Paper and Labour Market Programs: A Critical Analysis Australian Quarterly, 66 : 2 (1994 pp. 13 26
57. For a summary, see Julian Disney, 'Social Policy', in Robert Manne (ed.), The Howard Years, Brisbane, Black Inc. Agenda, 2004.
58. Peter Shergold The OECD Review of Australia's Labour Market Policies Australian Economic Review, 35 : 1 (2002 pp. 92 6
59. See Julian Disney, 'Social Policy'; latest long-term unemployment figures and figures on Disability Support Pension from Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. See http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats, accessed 1 September 2006.
60. See Michael Keating and Deborah Mitchell, 'Security and Equity in a Changing Society: Social Policy', in Michael Keating and G. Davis (eds), The Future of Governance: Policy Choices, Sydney, Allen and Unwin, p. 128.
61. On privatization, see Roger Wettenhall, 'Reshaping the Commonwealth Public Sector', in Gwynneth Singleton (ed.), The Howard Government, Brisbane, University of Queensland Press, 2002, pp. 65-87.
62. Ibid., pp. 76-7.
63. Peter Saunders Longer Run Changes in the Distribution of Income in Australia Economic Record, 69 : 207 (1993 pp. 353 66
64. Data from ibid.; World Bank, 'Deininger and Squire Data Set', 2004, at http://www.worldbank.org/research/growth/dddeisqu.htm, accessed 1 September 2006.
65. Peter Saunders, 'Examining Recent Changes in Income Distribution in Australia', Social Policy Research Centre Discussion Paper 130, Sydney, SPRC, 2003, available at http://www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/dp/DP130.pdf, accessed 17 May 2007.
66. Ann Harding, 'Recent Trends in Income Inequality in Australia', NATSEM, Canberra, available at http://www.natsem.canberra.edu.au/publications/, accessed 1 September 2006; John Howard cited in John Wicks, The Reality of Income Inequality in Australia, St Vincent de Paul Society, available at http://www.vinnies.org.au, accessed 1 September 2006.
67. Wicks, The Reality of Income Inequality in Australia.
68. Michael Keating was quoted in a news report in the Sydney Morning Herald, 20 June 2005, available at http://www.smh.com.au, accessed 1 September 2006.
69. In Ann Harding, Rachel Lloyd and Harry Greenwell, Financial Disadvantage in Australia 1990 to 2000, Camperdown, NSW, Smith Family, available at http://www.smithfamily.com.au/documents/Fin_Disadv_Report_Nov_2001.pdf, accessed 1 September 2006. In this discussion, the poverty line is set at half average income.
70. In ibid., p. 5.
71. Ann Harding The Suffering Middle: Trends in Income Inequality in Australia, 1982 to 1993-94 Australian Economic Review, 30 : 4 (1997 pp. 341 58
72. Ibid., p. 354.
73. Mike Brewer, Alissa Goodman, Michal Myck, Jonathan Shaw and Andrew Shephard, Poverty and Inequality in Britain: 2004, London, Institute for Fiscal Studies, 2004.
74. Cited in Kelly, The End of Certainty, p. 350.
75. Carol Johnson Fran Tonkiss The Third Influence: The Blair Government and Australian Labor Policy and Politics, 30 : 1 (2002 pp. 5 18
76. Brewer et al., Poverty and Inequality in Britain: 2004.
77. World Bank, 'Deininger and Squire Data Set'.
78. Brewer et al., Poverty and Inequality in Britain: 2004, p. 30.
79. HM Treasury (UK), 2004 Spending Review, London, HM Treasury, 2004.
80. See Robert Goodin and Julian Le Grand, Not Only the Poor: The Middle Classes and the Welfare State, London, Allen and Unwin, 1987.
81. Brewer et al., Poverty and Inequality in Britain: 2004, pp. 13-14.