The perception of suprathreshold contrast and fast adaptive filtering

Journal of Vision

Volumn 7, Issue 12, 2007, Pages

  Bex, Peter J ^a   Langley, Keith ^b  

^a SCHEPENS EYE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Autocorrelation function; Constancy; Contrast; Gain control; Noise; Temporal vision

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; ARTIFACT; CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; DEPTH PERCEPTION; HUMAN; ILLUMINATION; METHODOLOGY; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; PERCEPTIVE THRESHOLD; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; TIME;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ARTIFACTS; CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); HUMANS; LIGHTING; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PHOTIC STIMULATION; SENSORY THRESHOLDS; SIGNAL DETECTION (PSYCHOLOGY); SPACE PERCEPTION; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 34548561706     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15347362     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1167/7.12.1     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Atick, J. J. (1992). Could information theory provide an ecological theory of sensory processing? Network: Computation in Neural Systems, 3, 213-251.
2. Atick, J. J., Li, Z., & Redlich, A. N. (1993). What does post-adaptation color appearance reveal about cortical color representation? Vision Research, 33, 123-129. [PubMed]
3. Barlow, H. B. (1961). Possible principles underlying the transformation of sensory messages. In W. A. Rosenblith (Ed.), Sensory communication (pp. 217-234). Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
4. Bex, P. J., Dakin, S. C., & Mareschal, I. (2005). Critical band masking in optic flow. Network, 16, 261-284. [PubMed]
5. Bex, P. J., Edgar, G. K., & Smith, A. T. (1995). Sharpening of drifting, blurred images. Vision Research, 35, 2539-2546. [PubMed]
6. Billock, V. A., de Guzman, G. C., & Scott Kelso J. A, (2001). Fractal time and 1/f spectra in dynamic images and human vision. Physica D. Nonlinear Phenomena, 148, 136-146.
7. Blakemore, C., & Campbell, F. W. (1969). On the existence of neurones in the human visual system selectively sensitive to the orientation and size of retinal images. The Journal of Physiology, 203, 237-260. [PubMed] [Article]
8. Blakemore, C., Muncey, J. P., & Ridley, R. M. (1973). Stimulus specificity in the human visual system. Vision Research, 13, 1915-1931. [PubMed]
9. Bowker, D. O. (1983). Suprathreshold spatiotemporal response characteristics of the human visual system. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 73, 436-440. [PubMed]
10. Brady, N., & Field, D. J. (1995). What's constant in contrast constancy? The effects of scaling on the perceived contrast of bandpass patterns. Vision Research, 35, 739-756. [PubMed]
11. Brainard, D. H. (1997). The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10, 433-436. [PubMed]
12. Bryngdahl, O. (1966). Characteristics of the visual system: Psychophysical measurements of the response to spatial sine-wave stimuli in the photopic region. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56, 811-821. [PubMed]
13. Burr, D. C. (1980). Motion smear. Nature, 284, 164-165. [PubMed]
14. Burr, D. C., & Morgan, M. J. (1997). Motion deblurring in human vision. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 264, 431-436. [PubMed] [Article]
15. Camisa, J., & Zemon, V. (1985). Contrast matching and temporal frequency. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 26, 18.
16. Campbell, F. W., & Green, D. G. (1965). Optical and retinal factors affecting visual resolution. The Journal of Physiology, 181, 576-593. [PubMed] [Article]
17. Campbell, F. W., & Robson, J. G. (1968). Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. The Journal of Physiology, 197, 551-566. [PubMed] [Article]
18. Cannon, M. W., Jr. (1979). Contrast sensation: A linear function of stimulus contrast. Vision Research, 19, 1045-1052. [PubMed]
19. Cass, J., & Alais, D. (2006). Evidence for two interacting temporal channels in human visual processing. Vision Research, 46, 2859-2868. [PubMed]
20. Dakin, S. C., & Bex, P. J. (2003). Natural image statistics mediate brightness 'filling in'. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270, 2341-2348. [PubMed] [Article]
21. de Lange, H. (1958). Research into the dynamic nature of human fovea-cortex systems with intermittent and modulated light: I. Attenuation characteristics with white and colored light. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 48, 777-784.
22. Diamantaras, K. I., Hornik, K., & Strintzis, M. G. (1999). Optimal linear compression under unreliable representation and robust PCA neural models. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 10, 1186-1195.
23. Dong, D. W., & Atick, J. J. (1995). Statistics of natural time-varying images. Network, 6, 345-358.
24. Fairhall, A. L., Lewen, G. D., Bialek W., & de Ruyter van Steveninck, R. R. (2001). Efficiency and ambiguity in an adaptive neural code. Nature, 412, 787-792. [PubMed]
25. Foldiak, P., & Barlow, H. B. (1989). Adaptation and decorrelation in the cortex. In R. Durbin, C. Miall, & G. Mitchinson (Eds.), The computing neuron (chap. 4, pp. 54-72). New York: Addison-Wesley.
26. Foster, D. H., & Bischof, W. F. (1991). Thresholds from psychometric functions: Superiority of bootstrap to incremental and probit variance estimators. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 152-159.
27. Franks, L. E. (1969). Signal theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
28. Gelb, A. (1974). Applied optimal estimation. London: MIT Press.
29. Georgeson, M. A. (1987). Temporal properties of spatial contrast vision. Vision Research, 27, 765-780. [PubMed]
30. Georgeson, M. A. (1990). Over the limit: Encoding contrast above threshold in human vision. In J. J. Kulikowski (Ed.), Limits of vision (vol. 9, pp. 106-119). London: Erlbaurn.
31. Georgeson, M. A., & Sullivan, G. D. (1975). Contrast constancy: Deblurring in human vision by spatial frequency channels. The Journal of Physiology, 252, 627-656. [PubMed] [Article]
32. Graham, N., & Nachmias J. (1971). Detection of grating patterns containing two spatial frequencies: A comparison of single-channel and multiple-channels models. Vision Research, 11, 251-259. [PubMed]
33. Hammett, S. T., & Smith, A. T. (1992). Two temporal channels or three? A re-evaluation. Vision Research, 32, 285-291. [PubMed]
34. Heinrich, T. S., & Bach, M. (2001). Contrast adaptation in human retina and cortex. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 42, 2721-2727. [PubMed] [Article]
35. Hess, R. F., & Plant, G. T. (1985). Temporal frequency discrimination in human vision: Evidence for an additional mechanism in the low spatial and high, temporal frequency region. Vision Research, 25, 1493-1500. [PubMed]
36. Hess, R. F., & Snowden, R. I. (1992). Temporal properties of human visual filters. Number, shapes and spatial covariation. Vision Research, 32, 47-59. [PubMed]
37. Kahneman, D., & Norman, J. (1964). The time-intensity relation in visual perception as a function of observer's task. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 215-220. [PubMed]
38. Kelly, D. H. (1961). Visual responses to time-dependent stimuli. I. Amplitude sensitivity measurements. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 51, 422-429. [PubMed]
39. Kelly, D. H. (1975). Spatial frequency selectivity in the retina. Vision Research, 15, 665-672. [PubMed]
40. Kelly, D. H., & Burbeck, C. A. (1987). Further evidence for a broadband, isotropic mechanism sensitive to high-velocity stimuli. Vision Research, 27, 1527-1537. [PubMed]
41. Koenderink, J. J., & van Doorn, A. J. (1979). Spatio-temporal contrast detection threshold surface is bimodal. Optics Letters, 4, 32-34.
42. Kontsevich, L. L., Chen, C. C., & Tyler C. W. (2002). Separating the effects of response nonlinearity and internal noise psychophysically. Vision Research, 42, 1771-1784. [PubMed]
43. Kulikowski, J. J. (1976). Effective contrast constancy and linearity of contrast sensation. Vision Research, 16, 1419-1431. [PubMed]
44. Kulikowski, J. J., & Tolhurst, D. J. (1973). Psychophysical evidence for sustained and transient detectors in human vision. The Journal of Physiology, 232, 149-162. [PubMed] [Article]
45. Langley, K. (2004). Leaky predictive coding: A fast slow model of contrast adaptation. In Proceedings of the Applied Vision Association. Birmingham University, UK.
46. Langley, K. (2005). Temporal adaptability and the inverse relationship to sensitivity: A parameter identification model. Spatial Vision, 18, 461-481. [PubMed]
47. Langley, K., & Anderson, S. J. (2007). Subtractive and divisive adaptation in visual motion computations. Vision Research, 47, 673-686. [PubMed]
48. Langley, K., & Bex, P. J. (in press). On the time course of sustained and transient effects of contrast adaptation in spatio-temporal vision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
49. Laughlin, S. B. (1994). Matching coding, circuits, cells, and molecules to signals: General principles of retinal design in the fly's eye. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 13, 165-196.
50. Legge, G. E. (1978). Sustained and transient mechanisms in human vision: Temporal and spatial properties. Vision Adsearch, 18, 69-81. [PubMed]
51. Mandler, M.B. (1984). Temporal frequency discrimination above threshold. Vision Research, 24, 1873-1880. [PubMed]
52. Mandler, M. B., & Makous, W. (1984). A three channel model of temporal frequency perception. Vision Research, 24, 1881-1887. [PubMed]
53. Mante, V., Frazor, R. A., Bonin, V., Geisler, W. S., & Carandini, M. (2005). Independence of luminance and contrast in natural scenes and in the early visual system. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1690-1697. [PubMed]
54. Martin, G. R. (1983). Schematic eye models in vertebrates. Progress in Sensory Physiology, 4, 44-81.
55. McKee, S. P., & Taylor, D. G. (1984). Discrimination of time: Comparison of foveal and peripheral sensitivity. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics and image science, 1, 620-627. [PubMed]
56. Metha, A. B., Bex, P. J., & Makous, W. (1998). Contrast constancy requires discriminable spatial frequency content. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 39, S424.
57. Peli, E. (1995). Suprathreshold contrast perception across differences in mean luminance: Effects of stimulus size, dichoptic presentation, and length of adaptation. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics and image science, 12, 817-823. [PubMed]
58. Peli, E., Arend, L., & Labianca, A. T. (1996). Contrast perception across changes in luminance and spatial frequency. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, image science, and vision 13, 1953-1959. [PubMed]
59. Peli, E., Yang, J. A., Goldstein, R., & Reeves, A. (1991). Effect of luminance on suprathreshold contrast perception. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics and image science, 8, 1352-1359. [PubMed]
60. Pelli, D. G. (1997). The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10, 437-442. [PubMed]
61. Richards, W. (1979). Quantifying sensory channels: Generalizing colorimetry to orientation and texture, touch and tones. Sensory Processes, 3, 107-229. [PubMed]
62. Robson, J. G. (1966). Spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity functions of the human visual system. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56, 1141-1142.
63. Ross, J., Speed, H. D., Morgan, M. J. (1993). The effects of adaptation and, masking on incremental threshold for contrast. Vision Research, 33, 2051-2056. [PdbMed]
64. Roufs, J. A. (1972). Dynamic properties of vision: I. Experimental relationships between flicker and flash thresholds. Vision Research, 12, 261-278. [PubMed]
65. Rushton, W. A. (1965). The Ferrier lecture, 1962: Visual adaptation. Proceedings of the Royal Societv B Biological Sciences, 162, 20-46.
66. Simoncelli, E. P. (2003). Vision and the statistics of the visual environment. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 13, 144-149. [PubMed]
67. Skottun, B. C. (2001). Is dyslexia caused by a visual deficit? Vision Research, 41, 3069-3071. [PubMed]
68. Snippe, H. P., Poot, L., & van Hateren, J. H. (2000). A temporal model for early vision that explains detection thresholds for light pulses on flickering backgrounds. Visual Neuroscience, 17, 449-462. [PubMed]
69. Snowden, R. J., Hess, R. F., & Waugh, S. J. (1995). The processing of temporal modulation at different levels of retinal illuminance. Vision Research, 35, 775-789. [PubMed]
70. St. John, R., Timney, B., Armstrong, K. E., & Szpak, A. B. (1987). Changes in perceived contrast of suprathreshold gratings as a function of orientation and spatial frequency. Spatial Vision, 2, 223-232. [PubMed]
71. Swanson, W. H., Georgeson, M. A., & Wilson, H. R. (1988). Comparison of contrast responses across spatial mechanisms. Vision Research, 28, 457-459. [PubMed]
72. Swanson, W. H., Wilson, H. R., & Giese, S. C. (1984). Contrast matching data predicted from contrast increment thresholds. Vision Research, 24, 63-75. [PubMed]
73. Tyler, C. W. (1997). Colour bit-stealing to enhance the luminance resolution of digital displays on a single pixel basis. Spatial Vision, 10, 369-377. [PubMed]
74. van Hateren, J. H. (1992). Real and optimal neural images in early vision. Nature, 360, 68-70. [PubMed]
75. van Hateren, J. H. (1997). Processing of natural time series of intensities by the visual system of the blowfly. Vision Research, 37, 3407-3416. [PubMed]
76. Wainwright, M. J. (1999). Visual adaptation as optimal information transmission. Vision Research, 39, 3960-3974. [PubMed]
77. Watanabe, A., Mori, T., Nagata, S., & Hiwatashi, K. (1968). Spatial sine-wave responses of the human visual system. Vision Research, 8, 1245-1263. [PubMed]
78. Watson, A. B. (1986). Temporal sensitivity. In K. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human perfortance (vol. 1, pp. 1-43). New York, Wiley.
79. Webster, M. (1996). Human colour perception and its adaptation. Network, 7, 587-634.
80. Webster, M. A., Georgeson, M. A., & Webster, S. M. (2002). Neural adjustments to image blur. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 839-840. [PubMed] [Article]
81. Wetherill, G. B., & Levitt, H. (1965). Sequential estimation of points on a psychometric function. British Journal in Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 18, 1-10. [PubMed]
82. Wilson, H. R. (1997). A neural model of foveal light adaptation and afterimage formation. Visual Neuroscience, 14, 403-423. [PubMed]