Subnational political opportunity structures and the success of the radical right: Evidence from the March 2004 regional elections in France

European Journal of Political Research

Volumn 46, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 773-796

  Kestilä, Elina ^a   Söderlund, Peter ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

^b ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548496501     PISSN: 03044130     EISSN: 14756765     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00715.x     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Abedi, A. (2002). Challenges to established parties: The effects of party system features on the electoral fortunes of anti-political-establishment parties. European Journal of Political Research 41 (4 551 583.
2. Adler, F. (2003). Why Le Pen will not go away? Telos 126 : 83 99.
3. Amorim Neto, O. Cox, G.W. (1997). Electoral institutions, cleavage structures and the number of parties. American Journal of Political Science 41 (1 149 174.
4. Arzheimer, K. Carter, E. (2006). Political opportunity structures and right-wing extremist party success. European Journal of Political Research 45 (3 419 443.
5. Bale, T. (2003). Cinderella and her ugly sisters: The mainstream and extreme right in Europe's bipolarising party systems. West European Politics 26 (3 67 90.
6. Bell, D.S. Criddle, B. (2002). Presidentialism restored: The French elections of April-May and June 2002. Parliamentary Affairs 55 : 643 663.
7. Benoit, K. (2001). District magnitude, electoral formula and the number of parties. European Journal of Political Research 39 (2 203 224.
8. Betz, H.-G. (1994). Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. London : Macmillan.
9. Bréchon, P. Mitra, S.K. (1992). The National Front in France: The emergence of an extreme right protest movement. Comparative Politics 25 (1 63 82.
10. Budge, I. (2000). Expert judgements of party policy positions: Uses and limitations in political research. European Journal of Political Research 37 (1 103 113.
11. Bussi, M. et al 2004). Elections régionales 2004: jeux d'échelles entre local, régional et national l'enseignement des cartes de France par canton. Paris : IFOP.
12. Carter, E.L. (2002). Proportional representation and the fortunes of right-wing extremist parties. West European Politics 25 (3 125 146.
13. Carter, E. (2004). Does the PR promote political extremism? Evidence of the West European parties of the extreme right. Representation 40 (2 82 100.
14. Cole, A. (2005). Old right or new right? The ideological positioning of parties of the far right. European Journal of Political Research 44 (2 203 230.
15. Colomer, J.M. (2005). It's parties that choose electoral systems (or, Duverger's laws upside down). Political Studies 53 (1 1 21.
16. Cox, G. Shugart, M.S. (1991). Comment on Gallagher's proportionality, disproportionality and electoral systems. Electoral Studies 10 (1 348 352.
17. Delwit, P. (2004). The March 2004 regional elections in France: Terms for a transfer of power. Regional and Federal Studies 14 (4 580 590.
18. Duverger, M. (1967). Political parties: Their organization and activity in the modern state. London : Methuen.
19. Eatwell, R. (2000). The rebirth of the 'extreme right' in Western Europe. Parliamentary Affairs 53 (3 407 425.
20. Eatwell, R. (2003). Ten theories of the extreme right. In P. Merkl L. Weinberg (eds Right-wing extremism in the twenty-first century. London : Frank Cass.
21. Eisinger, P.K. (1973). The conditions of protest behavior in American cities. American Political Science Review 67 (1 11 28.
22. Fourquet, J. Bussi, M. (2004). Analyse des régionales 2004: l'apport de la géographie électorale. Paris : IFOP.
23. Golder, M. (2003). Explaining variation in the success of extreme right parties in Western Europe. Comparative Political Studies 36 (4 432 466.
24. Gordin, J.P. (2001). The electoral fate of ethnoregionalist parties in Western Europe: A Boolean test of extant explanations. Scandinavian Political Studies 24 (2 149 170.
25. Hainsworth, P. Mitchell, P. (2000). France: The Front National from crossroads to crossroads? Parliamentary Affairs 53 (3 443 456.
26. Husbands, Ch.T. (1991). The support for the Front National: Analyses and findings. Ethnic and Racial Studies 14 (3 382 416.
27. Husbands, Ch.T. (2002). How to tame the dragon, or what goes around, comes around: A critical review of some major contemporary attempts to account for extreme-right racist politics in Western Europe. In M. Schain et al eds Shadows over Europe: The development and impact of the extreme right in Western Europe. New York : Palgrave Macmillan.
28. Ignazi, P. (2003). Extreme right parties in Western Europe. New York : Oxford University Press.
29. Institute Nationale Statistiques et Études Économiques (INSEE) 1999). Population census, March 1999. Available online at: http://www.insee.fr.
30. Ivaldi, G. (2001). Les formations d'extrême-droite: Front National et Mouvement National Républicain. In P. Bréchon (ed Les partis politiques. Paris : La Documentation Fraņaise.
31. Jackman, R.W. Volpert, K. (1996). Conditions favouring parties of the extreme right in Western Europe. British Journal of Political Science 26 (4 501 521.
32. Jerôme, B. Jerôme-Speziari, V. (2000). The French regional elections: Why so much political instability? Electoral Studies 19 (2-3 219 236.
33. Jungerstam-Mulders, S. (2003). Uneven odds: The electoral success of the Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, the Vlaams Blok, the Republikaner and the Centrumdemokraten under the conditions provided by the political system in Austria, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. Helsinki : Swedish School of Social Science.
34. King, G., Keohane, R.O. Verba, S. (1994). Designing social inquiry: Scientific inference in qualitative reserach. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press
35. Kitschelt, H.P. (1986). Political opportunity structures and political protest: Anti-nuclear movements in four democracies. British Journal of Political Science 16 (1 57 85.
36. Kitschelt, H. (1995). The radical right in Western Europe: A comparative analysis. Ann Arbor, MI : Michigan University Press.
37. Knigge, P. (1998). The ecological correlates of right-wing extremism in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research 34 (2 249 279.
38. Laakso, M. Taagepera, R. (1979). Effective number of parties: A measure with application to West Europe. Comparative Political Studies 12 (1 3 27.
39. Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of democracy: Government forms and performance in thirty-six countries. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press.
40. Lubbers, M., Gijsberts, M. Scheepers, P. (2002). Extreme right-wing voting in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research 41 (3 345 378.
41. Lubbers, M. Scheepers P. (2002). French Front National voting: A micro and macro perspective. Ethnic and Racial Studies 25 (1 120 149.
42. Mair, P. Castles, F.G. (1997). Revisiting expert judgements. European Journal of Political Research 31 : 150 157.
43. Martin, P. (2002). Les Élections de 2002 constituent-elles un 'moment de rupture' dans la vie politique française? Revue Française de Science Politique 52 (5-6 593 606.
44. Mayer, N. (1998). The French National Front. In H.-G. Betz S. Immerfall (eds The new politics of the right: Neo-populist parties and movements in established democracies. London : Macmillan.
45. Mayer, N. (2002). Ces français qui votent Le Pen. Paris : Flammarion.
46. Mayer, N. Perrineau, P. (1992). Why do they vote Le Pen? European Journal of Political Research 22 (1 123 141.
47. McAdam, D. (1982). The political process and the development of black insurgency. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
48. Miguet, A. (2002). The French elections of 2002: After the earthquake, the deluge. West European Politics 25 (4 207 219.
49. Ministère de l'Intérieur (2004a). Les elections en France: Les elections régionales 2004. Available online at: http://www.interieur. gouv.fr/.
50. Ministère de l'Intérieur (2004b). Elections régionales et cantonales des 21 et 28 Mars 2004. Available online at: http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/rubriques/b/b3_elections/b31_actualites/ dossier_presse_2004/Dossier_elections_2004v2.pdf.
51. Ministère de l'Intérieur (2004c Resultats des elections régionales de 1986, 1992 et 1998. Available online at: http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/rubriques/b/b3_elections/b31_actualites/stats/ statsreg.pdf
52. Mudde, C. (1999). The single-issue party thesis: Extreme right parties and the immigration issue. West European Politics 22 (3 182 197.
53. Neocleous, M. Startin, N. (2003). 'Protest' and fail to survive: Le Pen and the great moving right show. Politics 23 (3 145 155.
54. Norris, P. (2005). Radical right: Voters and parties in the electoral market. New York : Cambridge University Press.
55. Ordeshook, P. Shvetsova, O. (1994). Ethnic heterogeneity, district magnitude and the number of parties. American Journal of Political Science 38 (1 100 123.
56. Parodi, J.-L. (1997). Proportionnalisation periodique, cohabitation, atomisation partisane: un triple défi pour le regime semi- présidentiel de la cinquième république. Revue Française de Science Politique 47 (3-4 292 312.
57. Pedahzur, A. Brichta, A. (2002). The institutionalization of extreme right-wing charismatic parties: A paradox? Party Politics 8 (1 31 49.
58. Pedersen, M.N. (1990). Electoral volatility in Western Europe, 1948-1977. In P. Mair (ed The West European party system. New York : Oxford University Press.
59. Perrineau, P. (1993). Le Front National. La force solitaire. In P. Habert, P. Perrineau C. Ysmal (eds Le vote sanction. Les elections législatives des 21 et 28 mars 1993. Paris : Departement d'Etudes Politiques du Figaro/Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques.
60. Poguntke, T. (1996). Anti-party sentiment - Conceptual thoughts and empirical evidence: Explorations into a minefield. European Journal of Political Research 29 (3 319 344.
61. Rydgren, J. (2002). Radical right populism in Sweden: Still a failure, but for how long? Scandinavian Political Studies 25 (1 27 56.
62. Rydgren, J. (2003). Meso-level reasons for racism and xenophobia: Some converging and diverging effects of radical right populism in France and Sweden. European Journal of Social Theory 6 (1 45 68.
63. Rydgren, J. (2005). Is extreme right-wing populism contagious? Explaining the emergence of a new party family. European Journal of Political Research 44 (3 413 438.
64. Sartori, G. (1968). Political development and political engineering. Public Policy 17 : 261 298.
65. Snyder, R. (2001). Scaling down: The subnational comparative method. Studies in Comparative International Development 36 (1 93 110.
66. Taagepera, R. Shugart, M.S. (1989). Seats and votes: The effects and determinants of electoral systems. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press.
67. Taagepera, R. Shugart, M.S. (1993). Predicting the number of parties: A quantitative model of Duverger's mechanical effect. American Political Science Review 87 (2 455 464.
68. Taggart, P. (1995). New populist parties in Western Europe. West European Politics 18 (1 34 51.
69. Tarrow, S. (1998). Power in movement: Social movements and contentious politics. New York : Cambridge University Press.
70. Van der Heijden, H.-A. (1997). Political opportunity structure and the institutionalisation of the environmental movement. Environmental Politics 6 (4 25 50.
71. Veugelers, J. Magnan, A. (2005). Conditions of far-right strength in contemporary Western Europe: An application of Kitschelt's theory. European Journal of Political Research 44 (6 837 860.