Community-Based Treatment of Late Life Depression. An Expert Panel-Informed Literature Review

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 222-249

  Frederick, John T ^a   Steinman, Lesley E ^b   Prohaska, Thomas ^d   Satariano, William A ^e   Bruce, Martha ^f   Bryant, Lucinda ^g   Ciechanowski, Paul ^a   DeVellis, Brenda ^h   Leith, Katherine ⁱ   Leyden, Kevin M ^j   Sharkey, Joseph ^k   Simon, Gregory E ^c   Wilson, Nancy ^l   Unützer, Jurgen ^a   Snowden, Mark ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c CENTER FOR HEALTH STUDIES   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^h IL   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^j WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^k TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^l BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPRAZOLAM; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

AGING; CAREGIVER; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; EDUCATION; EXERCISE; GERIATRICS; GROUP THERAPY; HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT; HEALTH SERVICE; HOME; HUMAN; INFORMATION RETRIEVAL; INTERVENTION STUDY; LIFE; LITERATURE; LOGIC; MENTAL HEALTH; OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY; OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT; PANEL STUDY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; PUBLICATION; RESEARCH; REVIEW; SKILL; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRAINING;

AGE OF ONSET; AGED; AMBULATORY CARE; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HOME CARE SERVICES; HUMANS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 34548426084     PISSN: 07493797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.04.035     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Blazer D.G. Depression in late life: review and commentary. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58 (2003) M249-M265
2. Rozal G.P., Florio L., and Hoff R.A. Psychiatric status and 9-year mortality data in the New Haven Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Bruce ML LP. Am J Psychiatry 151 (1994) 716-721
3. Conwell Y., Duberstein P.R., Cox C., Herrmann J.H., Forbes N.T., and Caine E.D. Relationships of age and axis I diagnoses in victims of completed suicide: a psychological autopsy study. Am J Psychiatry 153 (1996) 1001-1008
4. Ciechanowski P.S., Katon W.J., and Russo J.E. Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs. Arch Intern Med 160 (2000) 3278-3285
5. Hippisley-Cox J., Fielding K., and Pringle M. Depression as a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease in men: population based case-control study. BMJ 316 (1998) 1714-1719
6. Unützer J., Patrick D.L., Diehr P., Simon G., Grembowski D., and Katon W. Quality adjusted life years in older adults with depressive symptoms and chronic medical disorders. Int Psychogeriatr 12 (2000) 15-33
7. Katon W., Lin E., Russo J., and Unützer J. Increased medical costs of a population-based sample of depressed elderly patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 (2003) 897-903
8. Unützer J., Patrick D.L., Simon G., et al. Depressive symptoms and the cost of health services in HMO patients aged 65 years and older. A 4-year prospective study. JAMA 277 (1997) 1618-1623
9. Joynt K.E., and O'Connor C.M. Lessons from SADHART, ENRICHD, and other trials. Psychosom Med 67 suppl 1 (2005) S63-S66
10. Joynt K.E., Whellan D.J., and O'Connor C.M. Depression and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms of interaction. Biol Psychiatry 54 (2003) 248-261
11. Bruce M., Ten Have T.R., Reynolds III C.F., et al. Reducing suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms in depressed older primary care patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291 (2004) 1081-1091
12. Ciechanowski P., Wagner E., Schmaling K., et al. Community-integrated home-based depression treatment in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291 (2004) 1569-1577
13. Lin E., Katon W., Von Kroff M., et al. Effect of improving depression care on pain and functional outcomes among older adults with arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 290 (2003) 2428-2435
14. Unützer J., Katon W., Callahan C.M., et al. Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288 (2002) 2836-2845
15. Alexopoulos G.S., Katz I.R., Reynolds III C.F., Carpenter D., Docherty J.P., and Ross R.W. Pharmacotherapy of depression in older patients: a summary of the expert consensus guidelines. J Psychiatr Pract 7 (2001) 361-376
16. AreÁn P.A., and Ayalon L. Assessment and treatment of depressed older adults in primary care. Clin Psychol 12 (2005) 321-335
17. Cole M.G., and Dendukuri N. The feasibility and effectiveness of brief interventions to prevent depression in older subjects: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19 (2004) 1019-1025
18. Cuijpers P. Psychological outreach programmes for the depressed elderly: a meta-analysis of effects and dropout. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 13 (1998) 41-48
19. Kohatsu N.D., and Melton R.J. A health department perspective on the Guide to Community Preventive Services. Am J Prev Med 18 suppl 1 (2000) 3-4
20. Truman B.I., Smith-Akin C.K., Hinman A.R., et al. Developing the Guide to Community Preventive Services-overview and rationale. The Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Am J Prev Med 18 suppl 1 (2000) 18-26
21. Briss P., Zaza S., Pappaioanou M., et al. Developing an evidence-based guide to community preventive services-methods. Am J Prev Med 18 suppl 1 (2000) 35-43
22. Norris S., Nichols P.J., Caspersen C.J., et al. The effectiveness of disease and case management for people with diabetes: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 22 suppl 4 (2002) 15-38
23. McLeroy K., Bibeau D., Steckler A., and Glanz. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Educ Q 15 (1988) 351-377
24. Sallis J., Bauman A., and Pratt M. Environmental and policy interventions to promote physical activity. Am J Prev Med 15 (1998) 379-397
25. Singh N., Clements K.M., and Singh M.A.F. The efficacy of exercise as a long-term antidepressant in elderly subjects: a randomized, controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56A (2001) M497-M504
26. Caserta M., and Lund D.A. Intrapersonal resources and the effectiveness of self-help groups for bereaved older adults. Gerontologist 33 (1993) 619-629
27. Stewart M., Craig D., MacPherson K., and Alexander S. Promoting positive affect and diminishing loneliness of widowed seniors through a support intervention. Public Health Nurs 18 (2001) 54-63
28. Grande G., Farquhar M.C., Barclay S.I., and Todd C.J. Caregiver bereavement outcome: relationship with hospice at home, satisfaction with care, and home death. J Palliat Care 20 (2004) 69-77
29. Segal D., Bogaards J.A., Becker L.A., and Chatman C. Effects of emotional expression on adjustment to spousal loss among older adults. J Ment Health Aging 5 (1999) 297-310
30. De Leo D., Carollo G., and Dello Buono M. Lower suicide rates associated with a tele-help/tele-check service for the elderly at home. Am J Psychiatry 152 (1995) 632-634
31. De Leo D., Dello Buono M., and Dwyer J. Suicide among the elderly: the long-term impact of a telephone support and assessment intervention in northern Italy. Br J Psychiatry 181 (2002) 226-229
32. Oyama H., Koida J., Sakashita T., and Kudo K. Community-based prevention for suicide in elderly by depression screening and follow-up. Community Ment Health 40 (2004) 249-263
33. Oyama H., Watanabe N., Ono Y., et al. Community-based suicide prevention through group activity for the elderly successfully reduced the high suicide rate for females. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 59 (2005) 337-344
34. Bramesfeld A., Adler G., Brassen S., and Schnitzler M. Day-clinic treatment of late-life depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 16 (2001) 82-87
35. Heller K., Thompson M.G., Trueba P.E., Hogg J.R., and Vlachos-Weber I. Peer support telephone dyads for elderly women: was this the wrong intervention?. Am J Community Psychol 19 (1991) 53-74
36. Grant I., McKibbin C.L., Taylor M.J., et al. In-home respite intervention reduces plasma epinephrine in stressed Alzheimer caregivers. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 11 (2003) 62-72
37. Arthur A., Jagger C., Lindesay J., and Matthews R.J. Evaluating a mental health assessment for older people with depressive symptoms in general practice: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract 52 (2002) 202-207
38. Banerjee S., Shamash K., Macdonald A.J., and Mann A.H. Randomised controlled trial of effect of intervention by psychogeriatric team on depression in frail elderly people at home. BMJ 313 (1996) 1058-1061
39. Brymer C., and Rusnell I. Reducing substance dependence in elderly people: the side effects program. Can J Clin Pharmacol 7 (2000) 161-166
40. Flaherty J., McBride M., Marzouk S., et al. Decreasing hospitalization rates for older home care patients with symptoms of depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 46 (1998) 31-38
41. Llewellyn-Jones R., Baikie K.A., Smithers H., Cohen J., Snowdon J., and Tennant C.C. Multifaceted shared care intervention for late life depression in residential care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 319 (1999) 676-682
42. Rabins P., Black B.S., Roca R., et al. Effectiveness of a nurse-based outreach program for identifying and treating psychiatric illness in the elderly. JAMA 283 (2000) 2802-2809
43. Waterreus A., Blanchard M., and Mann A. Community psychiatric nurses for the elderly: well tolerated, few side-effects and effective in the treatment of depression. J Clin Nurs 3 (1994) 299-306
44. Beutler L., Scogin F., Kirkish P., et al. Group cognitive therapy and alprazolam in the treatment of depression in older adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 55 (1987) 550-556
45. Steuer J., Mintz J., Hammen C.L., et al. Cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic group psychotherapy in treatment of geriatric depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 52 (1984) 180-189
46. Jarvik L., Mintz J., Steuer J., and Gerner R. Treating geriatric depression: a 26-week interim analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 30 (1982) 713-717
47. Watt L., and Cappeliez P. Integratve and instrumental reminiscence therapies for depression in older adults: intervention strategies and treatment effectiveness. Aging Ment Health 4 (2000) 166-177
48. Dai Y., Zhang S., Yamamoto J., Ao M., Belin T.R., Cheung F., and Hifumi S.S. Cognitive behavioral therapy of minor depressive symptoms in elderly Chinese Americans: a pilot study. Community Ment Health 35 (1999) 537-542
49. Campbell J. Treating depression in well older adults: use of diaries in cognitive therapy. Issues Ment Health Nurs 13 (1992) 19-29
50. Floyd M., Scogin F., McKendree-Smith N.L., Floyd D.L., and Rokke P.D. Cognitive therapy for depression: a comparison of individual psychotherapy and bibliotherapy for depressed older adults. Behav Modif 28 (2004) 297-318
51. Fry P. Cognitive training and cognitive-behavioral variables in the treatment of depression in the elderly. Clin Gerontol 3 (1984) 25-45
52. Scogin F., Hamblin D., and Beutler L. Bibliotherapy for depressed older adults: a self-help alternative. Gerontologist 27 (1987) 383-387
53. Gallagher D., and Thompson L.W. Treatment of major depressive disorder in older adult outpatients with brief psychotherapies. Psychother Theory Res Pract 19 (1982) 482-490
54. Gallagher D., and Thompson L.W. Effectiveness of psychotherapy for both endogenous and nonendogenous depression in older adult outpatients. J Gerontol 38 (1983) 707-712
55. Thompson L., Gallagher D., and Steinmetz-Breckenridge J. Comparative effectiveness of psychotherapies for depressed elders. J Consult Clin Psychol 55 (1987) 385-390
56. Gallagher-Thompson D., and Thompson L.W. Maintenance of gains versus relapse following brief psychotherapy for depression. Hanley-Peterson ?. J Consult Clin Psychol 58 (1990) 371-374
57. Rokke P., Tomhave J.A., and Jocic Z. The role of client choice and target selection in self-management therapy for older adults. Psychol Aging 14 (1999) 155-169
58. Gallagher-Thompson D., and Steffen A.M. Comparative effects of cognitive-behavioral and brief psychodynamic psychotherapies for depressed family caregivers. J Consult Clin Psychol 62 (1994) 543-549
59. Fry P. Structured and unstructured reminiscence training and depression among the elderly. Clin Gerontol 1 (1983) 15-37
60. Williams J.J., Barrett J., Oxman T., et al. Treatment of dysthymia and minor depression in primary care: a randomized controlled trial in older adults. JAMA 284 (2000) 1519-1526
61. Mossey J., Knott K.A., Higgins M., and Talerico K. Effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention, interpersonal counseling, for subdysthymic depression in medically ill elderly. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 51A (1996) M172-M178
62. Scogin F., Jamison C., and Davis N. Two-year follow-up of bibliotherapy for depression in older adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 58 (1990) 665-667
63. Scogin F., Jamison C., and Gochneaur K. Comparative efficacy of cognitive and behavioral bibliotherapy for mildly and moderately depressed older adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 57 (1989) 403-407
64. Husaini B., Castor R.S., Whitten-Stovall R., et al. An evaluation of a therapeutic health program for the black elderly. J Health Soc Policy 2 (1990) 67-85
65. Haight B. The therapeutic role of a structured life review process in homebound elderly subjects. J Gerontol 43 (1988) P40-P44
66. Haight B. Long-term effects of a structured life review process. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 47 (1992) P312-P315
67. Rybarczyk B., DeMarco G., DeLaCruz M., and Lapidos S. Comparing mind-body wellness interventions for older adults with chronic illness: classroom versus home instruction. Behav Med 24 (1999) 181-190
68. Kunik M., Braun U., Stanley M.A., et al. One session cognitive behavioural therapy for elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Psychol Med 31 (2001) 717-723
69. Viney L., Benjamin Y.N., and Preston C.A. An evaluation of personal construct therapy for the elderly. Br J Med Psychol 62 (1989) 35-41
70. Eisdorfer C., Czaja S.J., Loewenstein D.A., et al. The effect of a family therapy and technology-based intervention on caregiver depression. Gerontologist 43 (2003) 521-531
71. Coon D., Thompson L., Steffen A., Sorocco K., and Gallagher-Thompson D. Anger and depression management: psychoeducational skill training interventions for women caregivers of a relative with dementia. Gerontologist 43 (2003) 678-689
72. Mohide E., Pringle D.M., Streiner D.L., Gilbert J.R., Muir G., and Tew M. A randomized trial of family caregiver support in the home management of dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 38 (1990) 446-454
73. Hepburn K., Tornatore J., Center B., and Ostwald S.W. Dementia family caregiver training: affecting beliefs about caregiving and caregiver outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc 49 (2001) 450-457
74. Buckwalter K., Gerdner L., Kohout F., et al. A nursing intervention to decrease depression in family caregivers of persons with dementia. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 13 (1999) 80-88
75. Leutz W., Capitman J., Ruwe M., et al. Caregiver education and support: results of a multi-site pilot in an HMO. Home Health Care Serv Q 21 (2002) 49-72
76. Toseland R., McCallion P., Smith T., Huck S., Bourgeois P., and Garstka T.A. Health education groups for caregivers in an HMO. J Clin Psychol 57 (2001) 551-570
77. Toseland R., Labrecque M.S., Goebel S.T., and Whitney M.H. An evaluation of group program for spouses of frail elderly veterans. Gerontologist 32 (1992) 382-390
78. Burgio L., Stevens A., Guy D., Roth D.L., and Haley W.E. Impact of two psychosocial interventions on white and African American family caregivers of individuals with dementia. Gerontologist 43 (2003) 568-579
79. Gallagher-Thompson D., Coon D.W., Solano N., Ambler C., Rabinowitz Y., and Thompson L.W. Change in indices of distress among Latino and Anglo female caregivers of elderly relatives with dementia: site-specific results from the REACH national collaborative study. Gerontologist 43 (2003) 580-591
80. Burns R., Nichols L.D., Martindale-Adams J., Graney M.J., and Lummus A. Primary care interventions for dementia caregivers: 2-year outcomes from the REACH study. Gerontologist 43 (2003) 547-555
81. Mahoney D., Tarlow B.J., and Jones R.N. Effects of an automated telephone support system on caregiver burden and anxiety: findings from the REACH for TLC intervention study. Gerontologist 43 (2003) 556-567
82. Teri L., Gibbons L.E., McMcury S.M., et al. Exercise plus behavioral management in patients with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290 (2003) 2015-2022
83. Newbury J., Marley J.E., and Beilby J.J. A randomised controlled trial of the outcome of health assessment of people aged 75 years and over. Med J Aust 175 (2001) 104-107
84. Kono A., Kai I., Sakato C., Harkey J.O., and Rubenstein L.Z. Effect of preventive home visits for ambulatory housebound elders in Japan: a pilot study. Aging Clin Exp Res 16 (2004) 293-299
85. Schwarz K., and Blixen C.E. Does home health care affect strain and depressive symptomatology for caregivers of impaired older adults?. J Community Health Nurs 14 (1997) 39-48
86. Mignor D. Effectiveness of use of home health nurses to decrease burden depression of elderly caregivers. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 38 (2000) 34-41
87. Horton-Deutsch S., Farran C.J., Choi E.E., and Fogg L. The PLUS intervention: a pilot test with caregivers of depressed older adults. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 16 (2002) 61-71
88. Shapiro A., and Taylor M. Effects of a community-based early intervention program on the subjective well-being, institutionalization, and mortality of low-income elders. Gerontologist 42 (2002) 334-341
89. LaFramboise L., Todero C.M., Zimmerman L., and Agrawal S. Comparison of Health Buddy with traditional approaches to heart failure management. Fam Community Health 26 (2003) 275-288
90. Williams P., and Lord S.R. Effects of group exercise on cognitive functioning and mood in older women. Aust N Z J Public Health 21 (1997) 45-52
91. Sohng K., Moon J.S., Song H.H., Lee K.S., and Kim Y.S. Fall prevention exercise program for fall risk factor reduction of the community-dwelling elderly in Korea. Yonsei Med J 44 (2003) 883-891
92. Chin A Paw M., van Poppel M.N.M., Twisk J.W.R., and van Mechelen W. Effects of resistance and all-round functional training on quality of life, vitality and depression of older adults living in long-term care facilities: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 4 (2004) 5-13
93. Damush T., and Damush J.G. The effects of strength training on strength and health-related quality of life in older adult women. Gerontologist 39 (1999) 705-710
94. Castro C., Wilcox S., O'Sullivan P., Baumann K., and King A.C. An exercise program for women who are caring for relatives with dementia. Psychosom Med 64 (2002) 458-468
95. Belza B., Topolski T., Kinne S., Patrick D.L., and Ramsey S.D. Does adherence make a difference?. Results from a community-based aquatic exercise program. Nurs Res 51 (2002) 285-291
96. Timonen L., Rantanen T., Timonen T.E., and Sulkava R. Effects of a group-based exercise program on the mood state of frail older women after discharge from hospital. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 17 (2002) 1106-1111
97. Gary R., Sueta C.A., Dougherty M., et al. Home-based exercise improves functional performance and quality of life in women with diastolic heart failure. Heart Lung 33 (2004) 210-218
98. Thomas K.S., Muir K.R., Doherty M., Jones A.C., O'Reilly S.C., and Bassey E.J. Home based exercise programme for knee pain and knee osteoarthritis: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 325 (2002) 752-757
99. Goeppinger J., Arthur M.W., Baglioni Jr. A.J., Brunk S.E., and Brunner C.M. A reexamination of the effectiveness of self-care education for persons with arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 32 (1989) 706-716
100. Gattuso S. Promoting mental health in rural elders: a pilot program. Australas J Ageing 22 (2003) 76-79
101. Lorig K., Gonzalez V.M., and Ritter P. Community-based Spanish language arthritis education program: a randomized trial. Med Care 37 (1999) 957-963
102. Cuijpers P., and van Lammeren P. Secondary prevention of depressive symptoms in elderly inhabitants of residential homes. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 16 (2001) 702-708
103. Leveille S., Wagner E.H., Davis C., et al. Preventing disability and managing chronic illness in frail older adults: a randomized trial of a community-based partnership with primary care. J Am Geriatr Soc 46 (1998) 1191-1198
104. DeBerry S. The effects of mediation-relaxation on anxiety and depression in a geriatric population. Psychotherapy 19 (1982) 512-521
105. Davison B., and Degner L.F. Empowerment of men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer. Cancer Nurs 20 (1997) 187-196
106. Boter H., and HESTIA Study Group. Multicenter randomized controlled trial of an outreach nursing support program for recently discharged stroke patients. Stroke 35 (2004) 2867-2872
107. Phelan E., Williams B., Leveille S., Snyder S., Wagner E.H., and LoGerfo J.P. Outcomes of a community-based dissemination of the Health Enhancement Program. J Am Geriatr Soc 50 (2002) 1519-1524
108. McHugh F., Lindsay G.M., Hanlon P., et al. Nurse led shared care for patients on the waiting list for coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Heart 86 (2001) 317-323
109. Boult C., Boult L.B., Morishita L., Dowd B., Kane R.L., and Urdangarin C.F. A randomized clinical trial of outpatient geriatric evaluation and management. J Am Geriatr Soc 49 (2001) 351-359
110. Silverman M., Musa D., Martin D.C., Lave J.R., Adams J., and Ricci E.M. Evaluation of outpatient geriatric assessment: a randomized multi-site trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 43 (1995) 733-740
111. Glasgow R., Nutting P.A., King D.K., et al. A practical randomized trial to improve diabetes care. J Gen Intern Med 19 (2004) 1167-1174
112. Moore A., Siu A., Partridge J.M., Hays R.D., and Adams J. A randomized trial of office-based screening for common problems in older persons. Am J Med 102 (1997) 371-378
113. Corr S., and Bayer A. Occupational therapy for stroke patients after hospital discharge - a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 9 (1995) 291-296
114. Wolfe C., Tilling K., and Rudd A.G. The effectiveness of community-based rehabilitation for stroke patients who remain at home: a pilot randomized trial. Clin Rehabil 14 (2000) 563-569
115. Hauer K., Pfisterer M., Schuler M., Bartsch P., and Oster P. Two years later: a prospective long-term follow-up of a training intervention in geriatric patients with a history of severe falls. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84 (2003) 1426-1432
116. Green J., Forster A., Bogle S., and Young J. Physiotherapy for patients with mobility problems more than 1 year after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 359 (2002) 199-203
117. Hirakawa Y., Masuda Y., Kimata T., Uemura K., Kuzuya M., and Iguchi A. Effects of home massage rehabilitation therapy for the bed-ridden elderly: a pilot trial with a three-month follow-up. Clin Rehabil 19 (2005) 20-27
118. Clark F., Azen S.P., Zemke R., et al. Occupational therapy for independent-living older adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 278 (1997) 1321-1326
119. Horowitz B., and Chang P.J. Promoting well-being and engagement in life through occupational therapy life redesign: a pilot study within adult day programs. Top Geriatr Rehabil 20 (2004) 46-58
120. Reynolds III C.F., Frank E., Perel J.M., et al. Nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy as maintenance therapies for recurrent major depression: a randomized controlled trial in patients older than 59 years. JAMA 281 (1999) 39-45