Novel pharmacological therapies for atrial fibrillation

Current Opinion in Cardiology

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 450-457

  Bagwe, Suveer ^a,b   Leonardi, Marino ^a   Bissett, Joe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Atrial fibrillation; Pharmacology; Therapies

Indexed keywords

2' (4 METHOXYPHENYLACETAMIDOMETHYL) N [2 (3 PYRIDYL)ETHYL] 2 BIPHENYLCARBOXAMIDE; ALMOKALANT; AMIODARONE; ASCORBIC ACID; ATI 2042; AZD 7009; AZIMILIDE; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DRONEDARONE; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IBUTILIDE; ION CHANNEL; IRBESARTAN; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PILSICAINIDE; PIRFENIDONE; PLACEBO; POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; ROTIGAPTIDE; SEMATILIDE; SOTALOL; STEROID; TACROLIMUS; TEDISAMIL; TERTIAPIN; TRECETILIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL COMMUNICATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG SAFETY; ELECTRIC CURRENT; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SIGNAL DETECTION; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS; HEART CONDUCTION SYSTEM; HUMANS; ION CHANNELS;

EID: 34548395348     PISSN: 02684705     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/HCO.0b013e328204c45b     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, et al. Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation 2006; 114:119-125.
2. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 2001; 285:2370-2375.
3. Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Bailey KR, et al. Mortality trends in patients diagnosed with first atrial fibrillation: a 21-year community-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:986-992.
4. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48:854-906.
5. Lafuente-Lafuente C, Mouly S, Longas-Tejero MA, et al. Antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:719-728.
6. Humphries KH, Kerr CR, Steinbuch M, et al. Limitations to antiarrhythmic drug use in patients with atrial fibrillation. CMAJ 2004; 171:741-745.
7. AFFIRM First Antiarrhythmic Drug Substudy Investigators. Maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation: an AFFIRM substudy of the first antiarrhythmic drug. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42:20-29.
8. Roy D, Talajic M, Dorian P, et al. Amiodarone to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:913.
9. Jalife J, Berenfeld O, Skanes A, et al. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: mother rotors or multiple daughter wavelets, or both? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998; 9:S2-S12.
10. Nattel S. New ideas about atrial fibrillation 50 years on. Nature 2002; 415:219-226.
11. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:659-666.
12. Kalifa J, Jalife J, Zaitsev AV, et al. Intra-atrial pressure increases rate and organization of waves emanating from the superior pulmonary veins during atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003; 108:668-671.
13. Allessie M, Ausma J, Schotten U. Electrical, contractile and structural remodeling during atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 54:230-246.
14. Cha TJ, Ehrlich JR, Zhang L, et al. Atrial ionic remodeling induced by atrial tachycardia in the presence of congestive heart failure. Circulation 2004; 110:1520-1526.
15. Lai L, Su M, Lin J, et al. Down-regulation of L-type calcium channel and sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+-ATPase mRNA in human atrial fibrillation without significant change in the mRNA of ryanodine receptor, calsequestrin and phospholamban: An insight into the mechanism of atrial electrical remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33:1231-1237.
16. Kneller J, Kalifa J, Zou R, et al. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation termination by pure sodium channel blockade in an ionically-realistic mathematical model. Circ Res 2005; 96:e35-e47.
17. Eijsbouts S, Ausma J, Blaauw Y, et al. Serial cardioversion by class IC Drugs during 4 months of persistent atrial fibrillation in the goat. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006; 17:648-654.
18. Brendel J, Peukert S. Blockers of the Kv1.5 channel for the treatment of atrial arrhythmias. Curr Med Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents 2003; 1:273-287.
19. Dobrev D, Ravens U. Remodeling of cardiomyocyte ion channels in human atrial fibrillation. Basic Res Cardiol 2003; 98:137-148.
20. Wettwer E, Hala O, Christ T, et al. Role of IKur in controlling action potential shape and contractility in the human atrium: influence of chronic atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2004; 110:2299-2306.
21. Dobrev D, Friedrich A, Voigt N, et al. The G protein-gated potassium current I(K,ACh) is constitutively active in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2005; 112:3697-3706.
22. Goette A, Bukowska A, Lendeckel U. Nonion channel blockers as antiarrhythmic drugs (reversal of structural remodeling). Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 7:219-224.
23. Boldt A, Wetzel U, Weigl J, et al. Expression of angiotensin II receptors in human left and right atrial tissue in atrial fibrillation with and without underlying mitral valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42:1785-1792.
24. Goette A, Staack T, Rocken C, et al. Increased expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and angiotensin-converting enzyme in human atria during atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35:1669-1677.
25. Ehrlich JR, Hohnloser SH, Nattel S. Role of angiotensin system and effects of its inhibition in atrial fibrillation: clinical and experimental evidence. Eur Heart J 2006; 27:512-518. This is an excellent review of the role of renin-angiotensin system in atrial fibrillation.
26. Kistler PM, Davidson NC, Sanders P, et al. Absence of acute effects of angiotensin II on atrial electrophysiology in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45:154-156.
27. Sato T, Mitamura H, Kurita Y, et al. Electropharmacologic effects of pilsicainide, a pure sodium channel blocker, on the remodeled atrium subjected to chronic rapid pacing. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001; 38:812-820.
28. Okishige K, Fukunami M, Kumagai K, et al. Pharmacological conversion of persistent atrial fibrillation into sinus rhythm with oral pilsicainide: pilsicainide suppression trial for persistent atrial fibrillation II. Circ J 2006; 70:657-661. A novel class Ic sodium channel blocker was used in management of persistent atrial fibrillation.
29. Atarashi H, Inoue H, Hiejima K, et al. Conversion of recent-onset Atrial Fibrillation by a single oral dose of Pilsicainide (Pilsicainide Suppression Trial on atrial fibrillation). The PSTAF Investigators. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78:694-697.
30. Singh BN, Hohnloser SH, Connolly SJ, et al. The EURIDIS and ADONIS trials: dronedarone for maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation/ flutter [abstract]. Circulation 2004; 110 (Suppl III):741.
31. Davy JM. Dronedarone demonstrates additional rate control on top of standard pharmacotherapies in the treatment of atrial fibrillation [abstract]. In: American Heart Association 2005 Scientific Sessions; 13-16 November 2005; Dallas. Dallas: American Heart Association; 2005. Abstract 2737.
32. Sanofi-Aventis. Discontinuation of one of the studies (ANDROMEDA) with dronedarone; 17 January 2003 [press release]. Paris: Sanofi-Aventis; 2003.
33. Gautier P, Guillemare E, Djandjighian L, et al. In vivo and in vitro characterization of the novel antiarrhythmic agent SSR149744C: electrophysiological, antiadrenergic, and antiangiotensin II effects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2004; 44:244-257.
34. Morey TE, Seubert CN, Raatikainen MJ, et al. Structure-activity relationships and electrophysiological effects of short-acting amiodarone homologs in guinea pig isolated heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 297:260-266.
35. Baskin EP, Lynch JJ Jr. Differential atrial versus ventricular activities of class III potassium channel blockers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 285:135-142.
36. Hohnloser SH, Dorian P, Straub M, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenously administered tedisamil for rapid conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44:99-104.
37. Schotten U, de Haan S, Verheule S, et al. Blockade of atrial-specific K+-currents increases atrial but not ventricular contractility by enhancing reverse mode Na+/Ca2+-exchange. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 73:37-47. This paper provides mechanistic insight into the important effect of AVE0118 in increasing atrial contractility.
38. Fedida D, Orth PM, Chen JY, et al. The mechanism of atrial antiarrhythmic action of RSD1235. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005; 16:1227-1238.
39. Roy D, Rowe BH, Stiell IG, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of RSD1235, a novel antiarrhythmic agent, in the treatment of recent onset atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44:2355-2361.
40. Roy D, Pratt C, Wyse DG, et al., The ACT I Investigators. RSD1235 for conversion of atrial fibrillation. The Phase III Atrial Arrhythmia Conversion Trial. Heart Rhythm 2005; 2:1035.
41. Lombardi F, Borggrefe M, Ruzyllo W, et al. Azimilide vs. placebo and sotalol for persistent atrial fibrillation: the A-COMET-II (Azimilide-CardiOversion MaintEnance Trial-II) trial. Eur Heart J 2006; 27:2224-2231.
42. Kerr CR, Connolly SJ, Kowey P, et al. Efficacy of azimilide for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the presence and absence of structural heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98:215-218.
43. Page RL, Tilsch TW, Connolly SJ, et al. Asymptomatic or "silent" atrial fibrillation: frequency in untreated patients and patients receiving azimilide. Circulation 2003; 107:1141-1145.
44. Pratt CM, Al-Khalidi HR, Brum JM, et al. Cumulative experience of azimilide-associated torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia in the 19 clinical studies comprising the azimilide database. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48:471-477. This study showed temporal relationship between azimilide loading and TdP.
45. Pritchett EL, Page RL, Connolly SJ, et al. Antiarrhythmic effects of azimilide in atrial fibrillation: efficacy and dose-response. Azimilide Supraventricular Arrhythmia Program 3 (SVA-3) Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36:794-802.
46. Carlsson L, Chartier D, Nattel S. Characterization of the in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological effects of the novel antiarrhythmic agent AZD7009 in atrial and ventricular tissue of the dog. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47:123-132.
47. Crijns HJ, Van Gelder IC, Walfridsson H, et al. Safe and effective conversion of persistent atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm by intravenous AZD7009. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3:1321-1331.
48. Hashimoto N, Yamashita T, Tsuruzoe N. Tertiapin, a selective IKACh blocker, terminates atrial fibrillation with selective atrial effective refractory period prolongation. Pharmacol Res 2006; 54:136-141.
49. Kach in basal inwardly rectifying potassium current.
50. Anand K, Mooss AN, Hee TT, et al. Meta-analysis: inhibition of renin-angiotensin system prevents new-onset atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 2006; 152:217-222. This provides a detailed analysis of the randomized trials involving ACE inhibitors involving various patient subsets.
51. Karthikeyan VJ, Lip GY. Review: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers prevent atrial fibrillation. Evid Based Med 2006; 11:15.
52. White CM, Kluger J, Lertsburapa K, et al. Effect of preoperative angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use on the frequency of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a cohort study from the atrial fibrillation suppression trials II and III. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007; 31:818-821.
53. Madrid AH, Bueno MG, Rebollo JM, et al. Use of irbesartan to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation: a prospective and randomized study. Circulation 2002; 106:331-336.
54. Boos CJ, Anderson RA, Lip GY. Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory disorder? Eur Heart J 2006; 27:136-149. This is an excellent review of the inflammatory component in atrial fibrillation.
55. Carnes CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2001; 89:E32-E38.
56. Patti G, Chello M, Candura D, et al. Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: results of the ARMYDA-3 (Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Dysrhythmia After cardiac surgery) study. Circulation 2006; 114:1455-1461.
57. Shiroshita-Takeshita A, Brundel BJ, Lavoie J, et al. Prednisone prevents atrial fibrillation promotion by atrial tachycardia remodeling in dogs. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 69:865-875.
58. Reiffel JA, McDonald A. Antiarrhythmic effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98:50i-60i. This is a comprehensive review of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oils) in cardiac arrhythmias.
59. Li D, Fareh S, Leung TK, et al. Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs: atrial remodeling of a different sort. Circulation 1999; 100:87-95.
60. Lee KW, Everett TH 4th, Rahmutula D, et al. Pirfenidone prevents the development of a vulnerable substrate for atrial fibrillation in a canine model of heart failure. Circulation 2006; 114:1703-1712. This important paper shows the role of inhibiting MMP and modulating TIMP on extracellular matrix in atrial fibrillation.
61. Axelsen LN, Stahlhut M, Mohammed S, et al. Identification of ischemia-regulated phosphorylation sites in connexin43: A possible target for the antiarrhythmic peptide analogue rotigaptide (ZP123). J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 40:790-798.
62. Shiroshita-Takeshita A, Sakabe M, Haugan K, et al. Model-dependent effects of the gap junction conduction-enhancing antiarrhythmic peptide rotigaptide (ZP123) on experimental atrial fibrillation in dogs. Circulation 2007; 115:310-318.
63. Bukowska A, Lendeckel U, Hirte D, et al. Activation of the calcineurin signaling pathway induces atrial hypertrophy during atrial fibrillation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006; 63:333-342.
64. Benjamin IJ, McMillan DR. Stress (heat shock) proteins: molecular chaperones in cardiovascular biology and disease. Circ Res 1998; 83:117-132.
65. Brundel BJ, Shiroshita-Takeshita A, Qi X, et al. Induction of heat shock response protects the heart against atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2006; 99:1394-1402.