Retelling a script-based story: Do children with and without language impairments focus on script and story elements?

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 235-245

  Hayward, Denyse V ^a,d   Gillam, Ronald B ^b   Lien, Phuong ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Round Rock Ind School District   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Children; Language impairment; Script based story retell

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548366482     PISSN: 10580360     EISSN: 15589110     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1044/1058-0360(2007/028)     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Abelson, R. P. (1981). Psychological status of the script concept. American Psychologist, 36, 715-729.
2. Black, J., & Bower, G. (1980). Story understanding as problem solving. Poetics, 9, 223-250.
3. Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (Rev. ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Academic Press.
5. Constable, C. (1986). The application of scripts in the organization of language intervention contexts. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge: Structure and function in development (pp. 205-230). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Crais, E., & Chapman, R. (1987). Story recall and inferencing skills in language/learning-disabled and non-disabled children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 52, 50-55.
7. Engel, S. (1995). The stories children tell: Making sense of the narratives of childhood. New York: Freeman.
8. Fivush, R. ( 1984). Learning about school: The development of kindergartener's school scripts. Child Development, 55, 1697-1709.
9. Fivush, R. (2002). Scripts, schemas and memory of trauma. In N. Stein, P. Bauer, & M. Rabinowitz (Eds.), Representation, memory and development: Essays in honor of Jean Mandler (pp. 53-74). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
10. Fivush, R., & Slackman, E. (1986). The acquisition and development of scripts. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge: Structure and function in development (pp. 71-97). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Gillam, R. B., & Pearson, N. (2004). Test of Narrative Language. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
12. Graesser, A., & Clark, L. (1985). The structures and procedures of implicit knowledge. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
13. Harris Wright, H., & Newhoff, M. (2001). Narration abilities of children with language-learning disabilities in response to oral and written stimuli. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 10, 308-319.
14. Hayward, D. (2003). What's in a question? Measuring narrative comprehension using a picture story in typically developing children aged 4-8. Unpublished dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
15. Hayward, D., & Schneider, P. (2002, November). What's in a question? Measuring narrative comprehension. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Atlanta, GA.
16. Hudson, J. (1986). Memories are made of this: General event knowledge and the development of autobiographical memory. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge: Structure and function in development (pp. 97-117). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Hudson, J., & Shapiro, L. (1991). From knowing to telling: The development of children's scripts, stories and personal narratives. In A. McCabe & C. Peterson (Eds.), Developing narrative structure (pp. 89-136). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Justice, L. M., Bowles, R. P., Kadaravek, J. N., Ukrainetz, T. A., Eisenberg, S. L., & Gillam, R. B. (2006). The index of narrative microstructure: A clinical tool for analyzing schoolage children's narrative performance. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15, 177-191.
19. Kadaravek, J. N., Gillam, R. B., Ukrainetz, T. A., Justice, L. M., & Eisenberg, S. N. (2004). School-age children's self-assessment of oral narrative production. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 26, 37-48.
20. Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (2005). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition. Circle Pines, MN: AGS.
21. Loban, W. (1976). Language development: Kindergarten through grade twelve. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.
22. Mayer, M. (1969). Frog where are you? New York: Dial Press.
23. McCartney, K., & Nelson, K. (1981). Children's use of scripts in story recall. Discourse Processes, 4, 59-70.
24. Miller, J. F., & Chapman, R. S. (2000). Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (Version 6.1) [Computer software]. Madison: University of Wisconsin - Madison, Waisman Center, Language Analysis Laboratory.
25. Naremore, R. C. (1997). Making it hang together: Children's use of mental frameworks to structure narratives. Topics in Language Disorders, 18, 16-31.
26. Naremore, R. C., Densmore, A. E., & Barman, D. R. (1995). Language intervention with school-aged children. San Diego, CA: Singular.
27. Nelson, K. (1986). Event knowledge and cognitive development. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge: Structure and function in development (pp. 1-21). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
28. Nelson, K. (1996). Language in cognition: The emergence of the mediated mind. New York: Cambridge University Press.
29. Nelson, K., & Gruendel, J. (1981). Generalized event representations: Basic building blocks of cognitive development. In A. Brown & M. Lamb (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 131-158). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Nelson, K., & Gruendel, J. (1986). Children's scripts. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge: Structure and function in development (pp. 21-46). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
31. Newcomer, P., & Hamill, D. (1997). Test of Language Development-Primary, Third Edition. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
32. Omanson, R. (1982a). An analysis of narratives: Identifying central, supportive and distracting content. Discourse Processes, 5, 195-224.
33. Omanson, R. (1982b). The relation between centrality and story category variation. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 326-337.
34. Pace, A. J., & Feagans, L. (1984). Knowledge and language: Children's ability to use and communicate what they know about everyday experiences. In L. Feagans, C. Garvey, & R. Golinkoff (Eds.), The origins of growth of communication (pp. 268-280). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
35. Schank, R. (1975). The structure of episodes in memory. In D. G. Bobrow & A. M. Collins (Eds.), Representation and understanding: Studies in cognitive science (pp. 237-272). New York: Academic Press.
36. Schank, R., & Abelson, R. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
37. Schneider, P., Dubé, R., & Hayward, D. (2003). The Edmonton Narrative Norms Instrument. Retrieved April 21, 2004, from the University of Alberta Web site: http://www.rehabmed.ualberta.ca/spa/enni/.
38. Schneider, P., & Hayward, D. (2004, June). Measuring referring expressions in a story context. Poster session presented at the Symposium for Research on Child Language Disorders, Madison, WI.
39. Seidman, S., Nelson, K., & Gruendel, J. (1986). Make believe scripts: The transformation of ERs in fantasy. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge: Structure and function in development (pp. 161-187). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
40. Slackman, E., Hudson, J., & Fivush, R. (1986). Actions, actors, links and goals: The structure of children's event representations. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge: Structure and function in development (pp. 47-69). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
41. Slackman, E., & Nelson, K. (1984). Acquisition of an unfamiliar script in story form by young children. Child Development, 55, 329-340.
42. Stein, N. L., & Glenn, C. (1979). An analysis of story comprehension in elementary school children. In R. O. Freedle (Ed.), New directions in discourse processing. Vol. 2: Advances in discourse processing (pp. 53-120). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
43. Strong, C. J. (1998). The Strong Narrative Assessment Procedure. Eau Claire, WI: Thinking Publications.
44. Strong, C., & Shaver, J. (1991). Stability of cohesion in the spoken narratives of language impaired and normally developing school-age children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 95-111.
45. Trabasso, T., & Rodkin, P. (1994). Knowledge of goal/plans: A conceptual basis for narrating Frog where are you? In R. Berman & D. Slobin (Eds.), Relating events in narrative: A crosslinguistic developmental study (pp. 85-106). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
46. Trabasso, T., Secco, T., & van den Broek, P. (1984). Causal cohesion and story coherence. In H. Mandl, N. Stein, & T. Trabasso (Eds.), Learning and comprehension of text (pp. 83-111). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
47. Trabasso, T., & Sperry, L. (1985). Causal relatedness and importance of story events. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 595-611.
48. Trabasso, T., & van den Broek, P. (1985). Causal thinking and the representation of narrative events. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 612-630.
49. Trabasso, T., van den Broek, P., & Suh, S. (1989). Logical necessity and transitivity of causal relations in stories. Discourse Processes, 12, 1-25.
50. Ukrainetz, T. A., Justice, L. M., Kadaravek, J. N., Eisenberg, S. N., Gillam, R. B., & Horn, M. (2005). The development of expressive elaboration in fictional narratives. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 48, 1363-1377.
51. van den Broek, P. (1988). The effects of causal relations and hierarchical position on the importance of story statements. Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 1-22.
52. van den Broek, P. (1989). Causal reasoning and inference making in judging the importance of story statements. Child Development, 60, 286-297.
53. van den Broek, P. (1994). Comprehension and memory of narrative texts: Inferences and coherence. In M. A. Gernsbacher (Ed.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 539-588). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
54. van den Broek, P., & Trabasso, T. (1986). Causal networks versus goal hierarchies in summarizing text. Discourse Processes, 9, 1-15.
55. Wolfman, C. (1991). Sensitivity to causal cohesion in stories by children with mild mental retardation, children with learning disabilities, and children without disabilities. Journal of Special Education, 25, 135-154.
56. Wolfman, C., van den Broek, P., & Lorch, R. (1997). Effects of causal structure in immediate and delayed story recall by children with mild mental retardation, children with learning disabilities, and children without disabilities. Journal of Special Education, 30, 439-455.
57. Young, M. A. (1993). Supplementing tests of statistical significance: Variation accounted for. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 644-656.