Marker vaccines and the impact of their use on diagnosis and prophylactic measures

OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 351-372

  Vannier, P ^a   Capua, I ^b   Le Potier, M F ^a   Mackay, D K J ^c   Muylkens, B ^d,f   Parida, S ^e   Paton, D J ^e   Thiry, E ^d  

^a Healthy Pigs Production and Experimentation Section   (France)

^b ISTITUTO ZOOPROFILATTICO SPERIMENTALE DELLE VENEZIE   (Italy)

^c EUROPEAN MEDICINES AGENCY   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

^e INSTITUTE FOR ANIMAL HEALTH   (United Kingdom)

^f FNRS   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Aujeszky's disease; Avian influenza; Classical swine fever; Companion diagnostic tool; Control; DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) strategy eradication; Foot and mouth disease; Latent infection; Marker vaccine; Sanitary measure

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; AVES; BOS; BOVINAE; SUIDAE;

EID: 34548363642     PISSN: 02531933     EISSN: 16080645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.20506/rst.26.2.1743     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. Ackermann M. & Engels M. (2006). - Pro and contra IBReradication. Vet. Microbiol., 113, 293-302.
2. Andrew M.E., Morris K., Coupar B., Sproat K., Oke P., Bruce M., Broadway M., Morrissy C. & Strom D. (2006). Porcine interleukin-3 enhances DNA vaccination against classical swine fever. Vaccine, 24, 3241-3247.
3. Andrew M.E., Morrissy C.J., Lenghaus C., Oke P.G., Sproat K.W, Hodgson A.L.M., Johnson M.A. & Coupar B.E.H. (2000). - Protection of pigs against classical swine fever with DNA-delivered gp55. Vaccine, 18, 19321938.
4. Aynaud J.M.. Lejolly J.C., Bibard C. & Galicher C. (1971). Studies of the properties of cold induced classical swine fever virus mutants. Application to vaccination. Bull. Off. int. Epiz., 75. 654-659.
5. Baranowski E., Ruiz-Jarabo CM., Lim E & Domingo E. (2001). - Foot-and-mouth disease virus lacking the VP 1 G-H loop: the mutant spectrum uncovers interactions among antigenic siles for fitness gain. Virolqgv. 288, 192-202.
6. Baranowski E., Ruiz-Jarabo CM., Sevilla N., Andreu D., Beck E. & Domingo E. (.2000). - Cell recognition by footand-mouth disease virus that lacks the RGD integrin-binding motif: flexibility in aphlhovirus receptor usage. J. Virol., 74. 1641-1647.
7. Beer M., Konig P., Schielke G. & Trapp S. (20031. Diagnostic markers in the prevention of bovine herpesvirus type 1: possibilities and limitations. Berl. Munch. tierärztl Wochenschr., 116. 183-191.
8. Belsham G.J., Abrams C.C., King A.M., Roosien J. & Valk J.M. (1991). - Myristoylation of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid protein precursors is independent of other viral proteins and occurs in both mammalian and insect cells. J.gen. Virol., 72, 747-751.
9. Berns A., van den Ouweland A., Quint W., van Oirschol J. & Gielkens A. ( 1985). - Presence of markers for virulence in the unique shon region or repeat region or both of Pseudorabies hybrid viruses. J. Virol., 53, 89-93.
10. Bittle J.L., Houghten R.A., Alexander H., Shinnick T.M., Sutcliffe J.G., Lemer RA, Rowlands D.J. &r Brown E (1982). - Protection against Foot-and-mouih disease by immunization with a chemically synthesized peptide predicted from the viral nucleotide sequence. Nature, 298, 30-33.
11. Boelaeri F., Speybroeck N., de Kruif A.. Aerts M., Burzykowski T., Molenberghs G. & Berkvens D.L. (2005). Risk factors for bovine herpesvirus-1 seropositivity. Prev. vet. Med.. 69, 285-295.
12. Bose h J.C. kaaslioek M.J.. Kioesc A. 11. & van Oirscho: J.T. (1996).- An attenuated bovine herpesvirus 1 marker vaccine induces a belter protection than two inactivated marker vaccines.. Vet. Microbiol. 52. 223-234.
13. Bosch J.C., Kaashoek M.J. & van Oirschoi J.T. (1997). Inactivated bovine herpesvirus 1 marker vaccines are more efficacious in reducing virus excretion after reactivation than a live marker vaccine. Vaccine, 15, 1512-1517.
14. Bouma A., Desmit A.J., Dejong M.C.M., Dekluijver E.P. & Moormann R.J.M. 12000). - Determination of the onset of the herd-immunity induced by the E2 sub-unit vaccine against classical swine fever virus. Vaccine, 18, 1374-1381.
15. Bouma A., Desmit AJ., Dekluijver E.P., Terpstra C. & Moormann R.J.M. (1999). - Efficacy and stability of a subunit vaccine based on glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol. 66, 101-114.
16. Brocchi E., Bergmann I., Dekker A., Paton D.J., Sammin D.J., Greiner M., Grazioli S., Desimone F., Yadin H., Haas B., Bulut N., Malirat V., Neilzert E., Goris N., Parida S., Sorensen K. & De Clercq K. (2006). - Comparative performance of six ELISAs for antibodies to the nonstructural proieins of foot-and-mouth disease. Vaccine. 24, 6966-6979.
17. Bruderer U., Swam H., Haas B., Visser N., Brocchi E., Grazioli S., Esterhuysen J.J., Vosloo W, Forsyth M., Aggarwal N., Cox S.. Armstrong R. & Anderson J. (2004). Differentiating infection from vaccination in foot-and-mouihdisease: evaluation of an ELISA based on recombinant 3ABC Vet. Microbiol., 101, 187-197.
18. Capua 1. & Marangon S. (2006). - The use of vaccination to combat multiple introduction of notifiable avian influenza viruses of the H5 an H7 subtypes between 2000 and 2006 in Italy. Vaccine, 25, 4987-4995.
19. Capua I. & Mutinelli F. (2001). - Aetiology of avian influenza. In A colour atlas and text on avian influenza. Papi Editore, Bologna. 236.
20. Cattoli G., Milani A., Bettini E, Beato M.S., Mancin M., Terregino C. & Capua I. (2006). - Development and validation of an anti-N3 indirect immunofluorescent antibody test to be used as a companion diagnostic test in the framework of a 'DIVA vaccination strategy for avian influenza infections in poultry. Avian Pathol., 35 (2), 154-159.
21. Cattoli G., Terregino C., Brasola V., Rodriguez J.F. & Capua I. (2003). - Development and preliminary validation of an ad hoc N1-N3 discriminatory test for the control of avian influenza in Italy. Avian Dis., 47 (3 Suppl.), 1060-1062.
22. Chinsangaram J., Moraes M.P., Koster M. & Grubman M.J. (2003). - Novel viral disease control strategy: adenovirus expressing alpha interferon rapidly protects swine from foot and mouth disease. J. Virol. 77, 1621-1625.
23. Chinsangram J.. Mason P.W. & Grubman M.J. (1998). Protection of swine by live inactivated vaccines prepared from a leader proteinasc-deficient serotype A12 foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vliainc. 16. 1516-1522.
24. Cox S., Voyce C., Parida S.. Reid S., Hamblin P. Hutching G. Paton D.J. & Barnett P.V. (2006). - Effect of antigen payload on protection, sub-clinical infection and persistence following direct contact challenge of cattle. Vaccine. 24, 3184-3190.
25. Cox S.J., Voyce C., Parida S., Reid S.M., Hamblin P.A., Paton D.J. & Barneu P.V (2005). - Protection against directcontact challenge following emergency FMD vaccination of cattle and the effect on virus excretion from the oropharynx. Vaccine, 23, 1106-1113.
26. Crowther J.R., Farias S., Carpenter WC & Samuel A.R. (1993). - Identification of a fifth neutralizaba site on type O foot-and-mouth disease virus following characterization of single and quintuple monoclonal antibody escape mutants. J. gen. Virol., 74, 1547-1553.
27. Cuncliffe H.R. (1964). - Observations on the duration of immunity in cattle after experimental infection with foot-andmouth disease. Cornell Vet., 54, 501.
28. De Diego M.E., Brocchi E.. Mackay D.KJ. & Simone F.D. (1997). - The non-structural polyproiein 3ABC of foot-andmouth disease virus as a diagnostic antigen in ELISA to differentiate infected from vaccinated cattle. Arch. Virol., 142, 2021-2033.
29. Dc Wit J.J., Hage JJ., Brinkhol J. & Wesienbrink E (1998). A comparative study of serological tests for use in the bovine herpesvirus 1 eradication programme in The Netherlands. Vet. Microbiol., 61, 153-163.
30. Depner K.R., Bouma A., Koenen F., Klinkenberg D., Lange E., deSmit H. & Vanderhallen H. (2001). - Classical swine fever (CSF) marker vaccine - Trial II. Challenge study in pregnant sows. Vet. Microbiol., 83, 107-120.
31. Dewulf J., Laevens H., Koenen F., Mintiens K. & deKruif A. (2001). - An E2 sub-unit marker vaccine does not prevent horizontal or vertical transmission of classical swine fever virus.Vaccine, 20. 86-91.
32. Dewulf J., Laevens H., Koenen F., Mintiens K. & deKruif A. (2004). - Efficacy of E2 sub-unit marker and C-strain vaccines in reducing horizontal transmission of classical swine fever virus in weaner pigs. Prcv. vet. Med., 65, 121-133.
33. DiMarchi R., Brooke G.. Gale C., Cracknell V., Doel T. & Mowat N. (1986). - Protection of cattle against foot-andmouth disease biosynthetic peptide. Science, 232, 639-641.
34. Dispas M.. Lcmaire M., Speybroeck N.. Berkvens D., Dupont A., Boelart F., Dramaix M., Vanopdenbosch E.. Kerkhofs P. & Thiry E. (2004). - Deux protocoles d'hyperimmunisation au moyen de vaccins marqués réduisent l'incidence de seroconversion envers l'herpesvirus bovin 1 en cheptels laitiers : résultais d'une étude sur le terrain. Ann. Méd. vél., 148. 47-61.
35. Dispas M., Schynts F., Lemaire M.. Leiellier C., Vanopdenbosch E.. Thiry E. &sr Kerkhois P (2003). - Isolation of a glycoprotein E-deleied bovine herpesvirus type I strain in the field. Vet. Rec. 153, 209-212.
36. Doel T.R. (2003). - FMD vaccines. Virus Res., 91, 81-99.
37. Doel T.R. (1999). - Optimisation of the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Vaccine. 17, 13-14.
38. Dundon W., Maniero S., Toffan A., Capua I. & Cattoli G. (2006). - Appearance of serum antibodies against the avian influenza non-strueiural 1 protein in experimentally infected chickens and turkeys. Avian Dis., 51, 209-212.
39. European Union (2003). - Council Directive 2003/85/LC on Community measures for the control of foot-and-mouth disease repealing Directive 85/511/EEC and Decisions 89/531/EEC and 96/665/EEC and amending Directive 92/46/F.EC Off. J. Eur. Union. L306.
40. Floegcl-Niesmann G. (2001). - Classical swine fever (CSF) marker vaccine - Trial III. Evaluation of discriminatory ELISAs. Vet. Microbiol., 83, 121-136.
41. Francis M.J., Hastings G.Z., Brown F., McDermed J., Lu Y.A. & Tarn J.P. (1991). - Immunological evaluation of the multiple antigen peptide (.MAP) system using the major immunogenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus, immunology, 73, 249-254.
42. Gogev S., de Fays K., Versali M.F., Gautier S. & Thiry E. (2004). - Glycol chilosan improves the efficacy of intranasally administrated replication defective human adenovirus type 5 expressing glycoprotein D of bovine herpesvirus 1. Vaccine, 22, 1946-1953.
43. Gogev S., Ceorgin J.P., Schynts F., Vanderplasschen A. & Thiry E. (2004). - Bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D expression in bovine upper respiratory tract mediated by a human adenovirus type. J. Vet Res., 35, 715-721.
44. Gogev S., Vanderheijden N., Lemaire M.. Schynts F., D'Offay J.. Deprez I. Adam M., Eloit M. & Thiry E. (2002). - Induction of protective immunity lo bovine herpesvirus type 1 in cattle by intranasal administration of replicationdefective human adenovirus type 5 expressing glycoprotein gC: or gD. Vaccinc, 20. 1451-1465.
45. Golding S.M.. Hedger R.S. & Talbot P. (1976). - Radial immuno-diffusion and serum-neuiralisation techniques for the assay of antibodies to swine vesicular disease. Res. vet. Sci.. 20. 142-147.
46. Greiner M. & Dekker A. (2005). - On the issue of documenting small herds as free from disease. Prev. vet. Med.. 70. 223-234.
47. Grubman M.J. (2005). - Development of novel strategies to control foot-and-mouth disease: marker vaccine and antivirals. Biologicals. 33, 227-234.
48. Grubman M.J. & Mason P.W. (2002). - Prospects, including lime frames, for improved foot and mouth vaccines. In Foot and mouth disease: facing the new dilemmas (G.R. Thomson, ed.). Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz.. 21 (3), 589-600.
49. Grubman M.J., Morgan D.O., Kendall J. & Baxi B. (1985). Capsid intermediates assembled in a foot-and-mouth disease virus genome RNA-programmed cell-free translation system and in infected cells. J. Virol.. 56. 120-126.
50. Gupta P.K., Saini M., Gupta L.K.. Rao V.D., Bandyopadhyay S.K., Butchaiah G.. Garg G.K. & Garg S.K. (2001). - Induction of immune responses in cattle with a DNA vaccine encoding glycoprotein C of bovine herpesvirusI. Vet. Microbiol.. 78, 293-305.
51. Hamblin C., Bameit I.T. & Hedger R.S. (1986). - A new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus. 1. Development and method of ELISA. J. immunol. Meth., 93, 115-121.
52. Hammond J.M., Jansen E.S., Morrissy C.J., Goff W.V. Mechan G.C., Williamson M.M., Lenghaus C., Sproat K.W, Andrew M.E., Coupar B.E.H. & Johnson M.A. (2001). - A prime-boost vaccination strategy using naked DNA followed by recombinam porcine adenovirus protects pigs from classical swine fever. Vet. Microbiol., 80, 101-119.
53. Heffner S., Kovacs F., Klupp B. & Mettenleiter T. (1993). Glycoprotein gp 50-negative Pseudorabies virus: a novel approach toward a non-spreading live herpesvirus vaccine. J. Virol.. 67, 1529-1537.
54. loannou X.P., Griebel P., Hecker R., Babiuk L.A. & van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. (2002). - The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D plus Emulsigen are increased by formulation with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J. Virol., 76, 9002-9010.
55. Kaashoek M.J., Moerman A.. Madic J., Rijsewijk F.A., Quak J., Gielkens A.L. & van Oirschot J.T. (1994). - A conventionally attenuated glycoprotein E-negative strain of bovine herpesvirus type 1 is an efficacious and safe vaccine. Vaccine, 12. 439-444.
56. Kaashoek M.J., Rijsewijk F.A., Ruuls R.C.. Keil G.M.. Thiry E.. Pastorel P.-P. & van Oirschol J.T. (1998). - Virulence, immunogenicity and reactivation or bovine herpesvirus 1 mutants with a deletion in the gC gG, gl. gE, or in both the gl and gE gene. Vaccine. 16. 802-809.
57. Kaden V. & Linge B. (2001). - tirai immunisation against classical swine fever (CSF). onset and duration of immunity. vet. Microbiol.. 82. 301-310.
58. Kerkhofs P.. Renjifo X., Toussaint J.F. Letellier C., Vanopdenbosch E. &? Wellemans G. (.2003). - Enhancement of the immune response and virological protection of calves against bovine herpesvirus type 1 with an inactivated gE-deleted vaccine. Vet Rec, 152, 681-686.
59. Kit M., Kit S., Little S.E, Di Marchi R.D. & Gale C. (1991). Bovine herpesvirus-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus)-based viral vector which expresses foot-and-mouth disease epitopes. Vaccine, 9, 564-572.
60. Kitson J.D., Burke K.L., Pulle L.A., Belsham G.J. & Almond J.W. (1991). - Chimeric polioviruses that include sequences derived from two independent antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) induce neutralising antibodies againsi FMDV in guinea pigs. J. Virol, 65, 3068-3075.
61. Konig P., Giesow K. & Keil G.M. (2002). - Glycoprotein M of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-I) is nonessential for replication in cell culture and is involved in inhibition of bovine respiratory syncytial virus F protein induced syncytium formation in recombinant BHV-I infected cells. Vet. Microbiol, 86, 37-49.
62. Kramps J.A., Banks M., Beer M., Kerkhofs P., Perrin M., Wellenberg G.J. & van Oirschot J.T. (2004). - Evaluation of tests for antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 performed in national reference laboratories in Europe. Vet. Microbiol, 102. 169-181.
63. Launais M., Aynaud J.M. & Corthier G. (1972). - Peste porcine classique : propriétés d'un clone (souche 'thiverval') isolé en culture cellulaire àbasse température. Application dans la vaccination. Rev. Méd. vét., 123, 1537-1554.
64. Le Potier M.F, Fournier A., Houdayer C., Hutet E., Auvigne V., Hery D., Sanaa M. & Toma B. (1998). - Use of muscle ex-dales for the detection of anti-gE antibodies to Aujeszkys disease virus. Vet Rec., 143, 385-387.
65. Le Potier M.E, Mesplède A. & Vannier E (2006). - Classical swine fever and other pestiviruses. In Diseases of swine (B.E. Straw, J.J. Zimmerman, S. D'Allaire & D.J. Taylor, eds). Blackwell Publishing, 309-322.
66. Lehmann D., Sodoyer R., Leterme S. & Crevat D. (2002). Improvement of serological discrimination between herpesvirus-infected animals and animals vaccinated with marker vaccines. Vet. Microbiol, 86, 59-68.
67. Lemaire M., Schynts F., Meyer G., Georgin J.R, Baranowski E., Gabriel A., Ros C., Belak S. & Thiry E. (2001). - Latency and reactivation of a glycoprotein E negative bovine herpesvirus type 1 vaccine: influence of virus load and effect of specific maternal antibodies. Vaccine, 19, 4795-4804.
68. Lewis S.A.. Morgan D.O. & Grubman M.J. (1991). _ Expression, processing and assembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid structures in heterologous systems: induction of neutralising antibody response in Guinea pig. J. Virol.. 65. 6572-6580.
69. Li Y., Aggarwal N., Takamatsu H.H., Sterling C.M., Voyce C & Barnell P.V. (2006). - Enhancing immune responses against a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding a FMDV empty capsid from serotype O. Vaccine, 24, 4602-4606.
70. Lin M., Lin F., Mallory M. & Clavijo A. (2000). - Deletions of structural glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever virus strain Alfort/187 resolve a linear epitope of monoclonal antibody WH303 and the minimal N-terminal domain essential for binding immunoglobulin G antibodies of a pig hyperimmune serum. J. Virol, 74, 11619-11625.
71. Loehr B.I., Willson P., Babiuk L.A. & van Drunen Littelvan den Hurk S. (2000). - Gene gun-mediated DNA immunization primes development of mucosal immunity against bovine herpesvirus 1 in cattle. J. Virol, 74, 6077-6086.
72. Luschow D., Werner O., Mettenleiter T.C. & Fuchs W (2001). - Protection of chickens from lethal avian influenza A virus infection by live-virus vaccination with infectious laryngotracheitis virus recombinants expressing the hemagglutinin (H5) gene. Vaccine, 19 (30), 4249-4259.
73. Mackay D.K.. Bulut A.N., Rendle T., Davidson E & Ferris N.P (2001). - A solid-phase competition ELISA for measuring antibody to foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. virol Meth.. 97, 33-48.
74. McKenna T.S., Lubroth J., Rieder E., Baxt B. & Mason P.W. (1995). - Receptor binding site-deleted foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus protects cattle from FMD. J. Virol, 69, 5787-5790.
75. Malirat V., Neitzert E., Bergmann I.E., Maradei E. & Beck E. (1998). - Detection of cattle exposed to foot-and-mouth disease virus by means of an indirect ELISA test using bioengineered non-structural polyprotein 3ABC Vet. Q., 20, S24-26.
76. Margarita S., Nunez J.R., Jimenez-Clavero M.A., Baranowski E. & Sobrino E (2002). - Foot-and-mouth disease virus: biology and prospects for disease control. Microbes Infect, 4, 1183-1192.
77. Mars M.H., de Jong M.C., Franken P. & van Oirschot J.T. (2001). - Efficacy of a live glycoprotein E-negative bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccine in catlle in the field. Vaccine, 19, 1924-1930.
78. Mars M.H., de Jong M.C. & van Oirschot J.T. (2000). A gE-negative BHVI vaccine virus strain cannot perpetuate in cattle populations. Vaccine, 18, 2120-2124.
79. Mason P.W., Piccone M.E., McKenna P.S., Chinsangaram J. & Grubman M.J. (1997). - Evaluation of a live- attenuated footand-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate. Virology, 227, 96-102.
80. Mayr G.A., Chinsangaram J. & Grubman M.J. (1999). Development of replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 containing the capsid and 3C protease coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate. Virology, 263. 496-503.
81. Mayr G.A., O'Donnell V., Chinsangaram J., Mason P.W & Grubman M.J. (2001). - Immune responses and protection against foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) challenge in swine vaccinated with adenovirus FMDV constructs. Vaccine, 19, 2152-2162.
82. Mettenleiter T (1994). - Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus. In Proc. OIE Symposium on Aujeszky's disease, 30June-l July, Bangkok. Thailand. OIE, Paris, 1-9.
83. Moraes M.P., Mayr G.A., Mason P.W. & Grubman M.J. (2002). Early protection against homologous challenge after a single dose of replication defective human adenovirus type 5 expressing capsid proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strain A24. Vaccine, 20, 1631-1639.
84. Muylkens B., Meurens F., Schynts F., de Fays K., Pourchet A.. Thiry J.. Vanderplasschen A., Antoine N. & Thiry E. (2006). Biological characterization of bovine herpesvirus 1 recombinants possessing the vaccine glycoprotein E negative phenotype. Vet. Microbiol., 113, 283-291.
85. Muylkens B., Meurens E, Schynts E, Famir E, Pourchet A., Bardiau M., Gogev S., Thiry J.. Cuisenaire A., Vanderplasschen A. & Thiry E. (2006). - Intraspecific bovine herpesvirus 1 recombinants carrying glycoprotein E deletion as a vaccine marker are virulent in cattle. J. gen. Virol, 87, 2149-2154.
86. Nichani A.K., Mena A., Kaushik R.S., Mutwiri G.K., Townsend H.G., Hecker R., Krieg A.M., Babiuk L.A. & Griebel P.J. (2006). - Stimulation of innate immune responses by CpG oligodeoxynucleotide in newborn lambs can reduce bovine herpesvirus-1 shedding. Oligonucleotides. 16, 58-67.
87. Oliveira S.C., Harms J.S., Rosinha G.M., Rodarte R.S., Rech E.L. & Splitter G.A. (2000). - Biolistic-mediated gene transfer using the bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein D is an effective delivery system to induce neutralizing antibodies in its natural host. J. Immunol. Meth., 245, 109-118.
88. Oren S.L., Swenson S.L., Kinker D.R., Hill H.T., Hu H.L. & Zimmerman J. (1993). - Evaluation of serological Pseudorabies tests for the detection of antibodies during early infection. J. vet. diagn. Invest., 5, 529-533.
89. Osorio F.A. (1991). - Diagnosis of Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus infections, In Proc. 1st International Symposium: 'The eradication of Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's) virus' (R.B. Morrison, ed.), 19-22 May, Saint Paul, 7-32.
90. Parida S., Anderson J., Cox S.J., Barnett P.V. &r Paton D.J. (2006). - Secretory IgA as an indicator of oropharyngeal footand-mouth disease virus replication and as a tool for post vaccination surveillance. Vaccine, 24, 1107-1116.
91. Parida S., Cox S.J., Reid S.M., Hamblin P., Bamett P.V. Inoue T., Anderson J. & Paton D.J. (2005). - The application of new techniques to the improved detection of persistently infected cattle after vaccination and contact exposure to footand-mouth disease. Vaccine, 23, 5186-5195.
92. Paton D.J., De Clercq K. & Dekker A. (.2004). - Post-vaccinal serosurveillance for FMD: a European perspective on progress and problems. In Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, 12-15 October. Chania. Crete, Greece. Appendix 8. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome, 68-71.
93. Paton D.J., De Clercq K., Greiner M.. Deller A., Brocchi E., Bergmann I., Sammin D., Gubbins S. & Parida S. (2006). Application of non-siructural protein antibody tesis in subsiantiating freedom from foot-and-mouth disease virus infection after emergency vaccination of cattle. Vaccine, 24, 6503-6512.
94. Peeters B., Bienkowska-Szewczyk K., Hulst M., Gielkens A. & Kimman T. (1997). - Biologically safe, non-transmissible Pseudorabies virus vector vaccine protects pigs against both Aujeszky's disease and classical swine fever. J. gen. Virol, 78, 3311-3315.
95. Pensaert M.B., de Smet K. & de Waele K. (1990). - Extent and duration of virulent virus excretion upon challenge of pigs vaccinated with different glycoprotein-deleted Aujeszky's disease vaccines. Vet. Microbiol, 22, 107-117.
96. Perez Filgueira D.M., Zamorano P.l., Dominguez M.G., Taboga O., Del Medico Zajac M.P., Puntel M., Romera S.A., Morris T.J., Borca M.V & Sadir A.M. (2003). - Bovine herpes virus gD protein produced in plants using a recombinant tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) vector possesses authentic antigenicity. Vaccine, 21, 4201-4209.
97. Perrin B., Perrin M., Moussa A. & Coudert M. (1996). Evaluation of a commercial gE blocking ELISA lest for detection of antibodies lo infectious bovine rhinoiracheitis virus. Vet. Rec, 138, 520.
98. Persson K., Nordengrahn A., Decker C. & Merza M. (2004). - The development of an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural protein 3ABC of the footand-mouth disease virus; the use of a polyclonal conjugate thai allows a multi-species detection of antibodies. In Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouih Disease, 12-15 October. Chania, Crete, Greece. Appendix 79. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 479-480.
99. Pfaff E., Mussgay M., Bohm H.O., Schulz G.E. & Schaller H. 11982). - Antibodies against a preselected peptide recognize and neutralize foot and mouth disease virus. EMBO J., 1, 869-874.
100. Reddy Ps.. ldaniakanti N.. Chen Y., Whale T. Babiuk L.A., Mehtali M. & Tikoo S.K. (1999). - Replication-defective bovine adenovirus type 3 as an expression vector. J. Virol., 73. 9137-9144.
101. Rijsewijk F.A., Kaashoek M.J., Langeveld J.P., Maris-Veldhuis M.A., Magdalena J., Verschuren S.B., Meloen R.H. & van Oirschot J.T. (2000). - Epitopes on glycoprotein E and on the glycoprotein E/glycoprotein 1 complex of bovine herpesvirus 1 are expressed by all of 222 isolates and 11 vaccine strains. Arch. Virol.. 145, 921-936.
102. Rousien J., Belsham G.J., Ryan M.D., King A.M. & Valk J.M. (1990). - Synthesis of foot and mouth disease virus capsid proteins in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors. J. gen. Virol., 71, 1703-1711.
103. Schalch L., Rebeski D.E., Samaras H., Lozana G., Thuer B. & Schelp C. (2002). - Recently generated data with the CHEK1T-FMD-3ABC ELISA kit and methods to monitor lhe operational performance of a 3ABC ELISA, In Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, 17-20 September, Cesme, Izmir, Turkey. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 283302.
104. Schmitt B. (2005). - Differential diagnostic test technology: sensitivity and specificity, an OIE validation perspective. Biologicals, 33. 211-213.
105. Schynts F., Meurens F., Detry B., Vanderplasschen A. or Thiry E. (2003). - Rise and survival of bovine herpesvirus 1 recombinants after primary infection and reactivation from latency. J. Virol., 77. 12535-12542.
106. Shen P.D., Chen P.D., Walfield A.M., Ye J.. House J., Brown E & Wang C.Y. (1999). - Differentiation of convalescent animals from those vaccinated against footand-mouth disease by a peptide ELISA. Vaccine, 17, 30393049.
107. Solis-Calderon J.J., Segura-Correa VM., Segura-Correa J.C. & Alvarado-Islas A. (2003). - Seroprevalence of and risk factors for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in beef cattle herds of Yucatan, Mexico. Prev. vet. Med., 57, 199-208.
108. Sorensen K.J., Madsen K.G., Madsen E.S., Salt J.S., Nqindi J. & Mackay D.K. (1998). - Differentiation of infection from vaccination in foot-and-mouth disease by the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins 3D. 3AB and 3ABC in ELISA using antigens expressed in baculovirus. Arch. Virol. 143, 1461-1476.
109. Strohmaier K., Franze R. & Adam K.H. (1982). - Location and characterization of the antigenic portion of the FMDV immunizing protein. J. gen. Virol, 59. 295-306.
110. Swayne D.E. (2004). - Application of new vaccine technologies for the control of transboundary diseases. Dot Biol. 119, 219-228.
111. Swayne D.F... Beck J.R. & Kinney N. (2000). - Failure of a recombinant fowl poxvirus vaccine containing an avian influenza hemagglutinin gene to provide consistent protection against influenza in chickens preimmunized with a fowl pox vaccine. Avian Dis., 44 (1). 132-137.
112. Swayne D.E., Perdue M.L. Beck J.R., Garcia M. & Suarez D.L. (2000). - Vaccines protect chickens against H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza in the face of genetic changes in field viruses over multiple years. Vet. Microbiol., 74 (1-2), 165-172.
113. Swayne D.E., Suarez D.L., Schultz-Cherry S.. Tumpey TM., King D.J., Nakaya T., Palese P. & Garcia-Sastre A. (2003). Recombinant paramyxovirus type 1-avian influenza-H7 virus as a vaccine for protection of chickens against influenza and Newcastle disease. Avian Dis., 47 (3 Suppl.), 1047-1050.
114. Terpsira C. Woortmeyer R. & Barteling S.J. (1990). Development and properties of a cell culture produced vaccine for hog cholera based on the Chinese strain. Dtsch. licrärztl Wochcnschr., 97, 77-79.
115. Thiry E., Meurens E, Muylkens B., McVoy M., Gogev S., Thiry J., Vanderplasschen A., Epstein A., Keil G. & Schynts E (2005). - Recombination in alphaherpesviruses. Rev. Med. Virol., 15, 89-103.
116. Thiry E., Muylkens B., Meurens E, Gogev S., Thiry J., Vanderplasschen A. &r Schynts F (2006). - Recombination in the alphaherpesvirus bovine herpesvirus 1. Vet. Microbiol., 113. 171-177.
117. Thiry E., Saliki J., Bublot M. & Pastoret P.-P. (1987). Reactivation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus by transport. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol, infect. Dis., 10, 59-63.
118. Thiry E., Saliki J., Schwers A. & Pastoret P.-P. (1985). Parturition as a stimulus of IBR virus reactivation. Vet. Rec. 116, 599-600.
119. Tian G., Zhang S., Li Y., Bu Z., Liu P., Zhou J., Li C., Shi J., Yu K. & Chen H. (2005). - Protective efficacy in chickens, geese and ducks of an H5Nl-inactivated vaccine developed by reverse genetics. Virology, 341 (1), 153-162.
120. Toussaint J.E, Coen L., Letellier C., Dispas M., Gillet L., Vanderplasschen A. & Kerkhofs R (2005). - Genetic immunisation of cattle against bovine herpesvirus 1: glycoprotein gD confers higher protection than glycoprotein gC or tegument protein VP8. Vet. Res., 36, 529-544.
121. Toussaint J.F., Letellier C., Paquet D., Dispas M. & Kerkhofs R (2005). - Prime-boost strategies combining DNA and inactivated vaccines confer high immunity and protection in cattle against bovine herpesvirus-1. Vaccine, 23, 5073-5081.
122. Tumpey T.M.. Alvarez R., Swayne D.E. & Suarez D.L. (2005). - Diagnostic approach for differentiating infected from vaccinated poultry on the basis of antibodies to NSl, the nonstructural protein of influenza A virus. J. clin. Microbiol., 43 (2). 676-683.
123. Utienthal A., Le Potier M.F., Romero L., DeMia G.M. & Floegel-Niesmann G. (2001). - Classical swine fever (CSF) marker vaccine - Trial I. Challenge studies in weaner pigs. Vet. Microbiol., 83, 85-106.
124. Van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. (2006). - Rationale and perspectives on the success of vaccination against bovine herpesvirus-1. Vet. Microbiol., 113, 275-282.
125. Van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S., Tikoo S.K., Liang X. & Babiuk L.A. (1993). - Bovine herpesvirus-1 vaccines. Immunol. Cell Biol, 71 (Pt 5), 405-420.
126. Van Drunen Liuel-van den Hurk S., van Donkersgoed J., KowaLski J., van den Hurk J.V, Harland R., Babiuk L.A. & Zamb T.J. (1994). - A subunit gIV vaccine, produced by transfected mammalian cells in culture, induces mucosal immunity against bovine herpesvirus-1 in cattle. Vaccine, 12, 1295-1302.
127. Van Engelenburg F.A., Kaashoek M.J., Rijsewijk F.A., Moerman A., Gielkens A.L. & van Oirschot J.T. (1994). - A glycoprotein E deletion mutant of bovine herpesvirus 1 is avirulent in calves. J. gen. Virol, 75. 2311-2318.
128. Van Engelenburg F.A., Kaashoek M.J., van Oirschot J.T. & Rijsewijk F.A. (1995). - A glycoprotein E deletion mutant of bovine herpesvirus 1 infects the same limited number of tissues in calves as wild-type virus, but for a shorter period. J. gen. Virol., 76 (Pt 9), 2387-2392.
129. Van Oirschot J.T. (1998). - Diva vaccines against bovine infectious diseases. European Centre for Pharmaceutical Information (ECPl) Conference, Rapid development of veterinary vaccines in Europe, 29-30 September, London.
130. Van Oirschot J.T., Kaashoek M.J., MarisVeldhuis M.A., Weerdmeester K. & Rijsewijk F.A.M. (1997). -An enzymelinked immunosorbent assay to detect antibodies against glycoprotein gE of bovine herpesvirus 1 allows differentiation between infected and vaccinated caule. J. virol. Meth., 67, 23-34.
131. Van Oirschot J.T., Rziha HJ., Moonen P.J., Pol. J.M. & van Zaane D. (1986). - Differentiation of serum antibodies from pigs vaccinated or infected with Aujeszky's disease virus by a competitive enzyme immunoassay J. gen. Virol., 67. 1179-1182.
132. Van Schaik G. (2001). - Risk and economics of disease introduction to dairy farms, Iijdschr. Diergeneeskd., 126, 414-418.
133. Van Schaik G.. Schukken Y.H., Nielen M., Dijkhuizen A.A., Barkema H.W & Benedictus G. (2002). - Probability of and risk factors for introduction of infectious diseases into Dutch SPF dairy farms: a cohort study. Prev. vet. Med., 54, 279-289.
134. Van Schaik G., Schukken Y.H., Nielen M., Drjkhuizen A.A. & Benedicius G. (2001). - Risk factors for introduction of BHVl into BHVl-free Dutch dairy farms: a case-control study. Vet. Q., 23, 71-76.
135. Van Zijl M.. Wensvoort G., de Kluyver E., Hulst M.. van der Gulden H., Gielkens A., Berns A. & Moormann R. (1991). - Live auenuaied Pseudorabies virus expressing envelope glycoprotein El of hog cholera virus protects swine against both Pseudorabies and hog cholera. J. Virol., 65, 2761-2765.
136. Vandeputte J. & Chappuis G. (1999). - Classical swine fever: the European experience and a guide for infected areas. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 18 (3), 638-647.
137. Vannier P., Hutet E., Bourgueil E. & Cariolet R. (1991). Level of virulent virus excreted by infected pigs previously vaccinated wih different glycoprotein deleted Aujeszky's disease vaccines. Vet. Microbiol.,
138. Veits J., Wiesner D., Fuchs W., Hoffmann B., Granzow H., Starick E., Mundt E., Schirrmeier H., Mebatsion T., Mettenleiter T.C. & Romer-Oberdorfer A. (2006). Newcastle disease virus expressing H5 hemagglutinin gene protects chickens against Newcastle disease and avian influenza. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA, 103 (21), 8197-8202.
139. Vonk Noordegraaf A., Labrovic A., Frankena K., Pfeiffer D.U. & Nielen M. (2004). - Simulated hazards of loosing infection-free status in a Dutch BHVl model. Prev. vet. Med.. 62. 51-58.
140. Wellenberg G.J., Versi raten E.R., Mars M.H. & van Oirschot J.T. (1998). - ELISA detection of antibodies to glycoprotein E of bovine herpesvirus 1 in bulk milk samples. Vet. Rec. 142, 219-220.
141. Wienhold D., Armengol E., Marquardt A., Marquardt C., Voigt H., Buttner M., Saalmuller A. & Pfaff E. (2005). Immunomodulatory effect of plasmids co-expressing cytokines in classical swine fever virus subunit gp55/E2DNA vaccination. Ver. Res., 36, 571-587.
142. Willeberg P., Leontides L., Ewald C., Moriensen S., Mclnerney J.R, Howe H.S. & Kooij D. (1996). - Effect of vaccination against Aujeszky's disease compared with test and slaughter programme: epidemiological and economical evaluations. Acta vet. scand. suppl, 90, 25-51.
143. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2004). Chapter 2.1.1. Foot and mouih disease, In Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (mammals birds and bees), 5th Ed. OIE, Paris, 111-128.
144. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2004). Chapter 2.2.2. Aujeszky's disease. In Manual of DiagnosticTests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (mammals, birds and bees), 5th Ed. OIE. Paris, 295-307.
145. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2005). Chapter 2.2.10. Foot and mouth disease. Jn Terrestrial Animal Health Code. 14th Ed. OIE. Paris, 111-122.
146. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIF.) (2005). Chapter 2.7.12. Avian influenza. In Terrestrial Animal Health Code. 14th Ed. OIE. Paris. 294-300. Also available at: http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mcode/en_chapter _2.7.12.htm (accessed on 25 June 2007).
147. Wu Q., Brum M.C.S.. Caron I., Koster M. & Grubman M.J. (2003). - Adcnovirus-mediated type I interferon expression delays and reduces disease signs in cattle challenged with foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Interferon Cytokine Res.. 23, 359-368.
148. Zakhartchouk A.N., Pyne C., Mutwiri G.K., Papp Z.. Baca-Estrada M.E., Griebel P., Babiuk L.A. & Tikoo S.K. (1999). - Mucosal immunization of calves with recombinant bovine adenovirus-3: induction of protective immunity to bovine herpesvirus-1. J. gen. Virol, 80, 1263-1269.
149. Zhang F. Yu M.. Weiland E.. Morrissy C., Zhang N.. Westhury H. S: Wang L.F. (.2006). - Characterization of epitopes for neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to classical swine fexer virus E2 and E:- ?using phage-displayed random peptide library. Arch. Virol., 151, 37-54.