The child with recurrent respiratory infections: Normal or not?

Pediatric Allergy and Immunology

Volumn 18, Issue SUPPL. 18, 2007, Pages 13-18

  De Martino, M ^a,b   Ballotti, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Air pollution; Environmental factors; Immune system; Recurrent respiratory infections; Tobacco smoke

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; DAY CARE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FAMILY SIZE; HOME DAMPNESS; HUMAN; IMMUNE FUNCTION TEST; PARENTAL SMOKING; PEDIATRICIAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; SOCIAL ASPECT;

CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; ITALY; RECURRENCE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 34548357281     PISSN: 09056157     EISSN: 13993038     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00625.x     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. De Martino M, Vierucci A, Appendino C, et al. Children with recurrent respiratory infections. Immunol Ped 1981 : 4 : 76 81.
2. Galli L, De Martino M, Muccioli AT. Biological response modifiers in children with recurrent respiratory infections. J Chemother 1991 : 3 : 196 202.
3. De Martino M, Rossi ME, Muccioli AT, et al. T lymphocytes in children with recurrent respiratory infections: effect of the use of thymostimulin on the alterations of T-cell subsets. Int J Tissue React 1984 : 6 : 223 8.
4. De Martino M, Galli L, Vierucci A. The child with recurrent respiratory infections. In : Aiuti F, eds. Pathogenesis and Control of Viral Infections. New York : Raven Press, 1989 : 225 31.
5. Griffin MR, Walker FJ, Iwane MK, et al. Epidemiology of respiratory infections in young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004 : 23 : 188 92.
6. Arden KE, McErlean P, Nissen MD, Sloots TP, Mackay IM. Frequent detection of human rhinoviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses and bocavirus during acute respiratory tract infections. J Med Virol 2006 : 78 : 1232 40.
7. Karevold G, Kvestad E, Nafstad P, Kvaerner KJ. Respiratory infections in schoolchildren: co-morbidity and risk factors. Arch Dis Child 2006 : 91 : 391 5.
8. Forssel G, Hakansson A, Mansson NO. Risk factors for respiratory tract infections in children aged 2-5 years. Scand J Prim Health Care 2001 : 19 : 122 5.
9. Celedon JC, Litonjua AA, Weiss ST, Gold DR. Day care attendance in the first year of life and illness of the upper and lower respiratory tract in children with a familial history of atopy. Pediatrics 1999 : 104 : 495 500.
10. Monto AS, Ullman BM. Acute respiratory illness in an American community. The Tecumseh study. JAMA 1974 : 227 : 164 9.
11. Dales RE, Cakmak S, Brand K, Judek S. Respiratory illness in children attending daycare. Pediatr Pulmonol 2004 : 38 : 64 9.
12. Hurwitz ES, Gunn WJ, Pinsky PF, Schonberger LB. Risk of respiratory illness associated with day-care attendance: a nationwide study. Pediatrics 1991 : 87 : 62 9.
13. Kamper-Jorgensen M, Wohlfahrt J, Simonsen J, Gronbaek M, Benn CS. Population-based study of the impact of childcare attendance on hospitalizations for acute respiratory infections. Pediatrics 2006 : 118 : 1439 46.
14. Marbury MC, Maldonado G, Waller L. Lower respiratory illness, recurrent wheezing and day care attendance. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1997 : 155 : 156 61.
15. Pacini DL, Collier AM, Henderson FW, et al. Adenovirus infections and respiratory illnesses in children in group day care. J Infect Dis 1987 : 156 : 920 7.
16. Stick S. The effects of in-utero tobacco-toxin exposure on the respiratory system in children. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006 : 6 : 312 6.
17. Zlotkowka R, Zejda JE. Fetal and postnatal exposure to tobacco smoke and respiratory health in children. Eur J Epidemiol 2005 : 20 : 719 27.
18. Bradley JP, Bacharier LB, Bonfiglio J, et al. Severity of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis is affected by cigarette smoke exposure and atopy. Pediatrics 2005 : 115 : 7 14.
19. Jaakkola JJ, Kosheleva AA, Katsnelson BA, Kuzmin SV, Privalova KI, Spengler JD. Prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory health in Russian children. Respir Res 2006 : 7 : 48 57.
20. Noakes PS, Holt PG, Prescott SL. Maternal smoking in pregnancy alters neonatal cytokine responses. Allergy 2003 : 58 : 1053 8.
21. Noakes PS, Hale J, Thomas R, Lane C, Devadason SG, Prescott SL. Maternal smoking is associated with impaired neonatal toll-like-receptor-mediated immune responses. Eur Respir J 2006 : 28 : 721 9.
22. Brims F, Chauhan AJ. Air quality, tobacco smoke, urban crowding and day care: modern menaces and their effects on health. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005 : 24 : 152 6.
23. Smith KR, Samet JM, Romieu I, Bruce N. Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute lower respiratory infections in children. Thorax 2000 : 55 : 518 32.
24. Colley JR. Air pollution and respiratory disease in children and young adults. Community Health (Bristol) 1975 : 7 : 28 31.
25. Pershagen G, Rylander E, Norberg S, Eriksson M, Nordvall SL. Air pollution involving nitrogen dioxide exposure and wheezing bronchitis in children. Int J Epidemiol 1995 : 24 : 1147 53.
26. Chauhan AJ, Johnston SL. Air pollution and infection in respiratory illness. Br Med Bull 2003 : 68 : 95 112.
27. Schwartz J, Spix C, Wichmann HE, Malin E. Air pollution and acute respiratory illness in five German communities. Environ Res 1991 : 56 : 1 14.
28. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Fagoaga OR, et al. Change in salivary IgA following a competitive marathon race. Int J Sports Med 2002 : 23 : 69 75.
29. Filaire E, Bonis J, Lac G. Relationships between physiological and psychological stress and salivary immunoglobulin A among young female gymnasts. Percept Mot Skills 2004 : 99 : 605 17.
30. Tiollier E, Gomez-Merino D, Burnat P, et al. Intense training: mucosal immunity and incidence of respiratory infections. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005 : 93 : 421 8.
31. Nystad W, Nja F, Magnus P, Nafstad P. Baby swimming increases the risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections and otitis media. Acta Paediatr 2003 : 92 : 905 9.
32. Day N, Tangsinmankong N, Ochs H, et al. Interleukin receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-4) deficiency associated with bacterial infections and failure to sustain antibody responses. J Pediatr 2004 : 144 : 524 6.
33. Ottenhoff TH, Verreck FA, Lichtenauer-Kaligis EG, Hoeve MA, Sanal O, Van Dissel JT. Genetics, cytokines and human infectious disease: lessons from weakly pathogenic mycobacteria and salmonellae. Nat Genet 2002 : 32 : 97 105.
34. Ianni A, Majore S, Arzani D, Carboni I, Corbo GM, Romano-Spica V. CCR2 and CCR5 gene polymorphisms in children with recurrent respiratory infections. Respir Med 2001 : 95 : 430 2.
35. Gomi K, Tokue Y, Kobayashi T, et al. Mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphism is a modulating factor in repeated respiratory infections. Chest 2004 : 126 : 95 9.
36. Smirnova I, Mann N, Dols A, et al. Assay of locus-specific genetic load implicates rare Toll-like receptor 4 mutations in meningococcal susceptibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003 : 13 : 100.
37. Pryjma J, Kaszuba-Zwoinska J, Pawlik J, et al. Alveolar macrophages of children suffering from recurrent infections of respiratory tract are less efficient in eliminating apoptotic neutrophils. Pediatr Pulmonol 1999 : 27 : 167 73.
38. Finocchi A, Angelini F, Chini L, et al. Evaluation of the relevance of humoral immunodeficiencies in a pediatric population affected by recurrent infections. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2002 : 13 : 443 7.
39. Herrod HG, Blaiss MS, Valenski WR, Gross S. Cell-mediated immune status of children with recurrent infection. J Pediatr 1995 : 126 : 530 6.
40. Bossuyt X, Moens L, Van Hoeyveld E, et al. Coexistence of (partial) immune defects and risk of recurrent respiratory infections. Clin Chem 2007 : 53 : 124 30.
41. Cardinale F, Gentile V, Brunetti L, Hanson M, Armenio L. Titres of antibodies to poliovirus type 3 and tetanus toxoid in saliva and serum of children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2001 : 12 : 42 8.
42. Li Volti G, Malaponte G, Bevelacqua V, et al. Persistent high plasma levels of interleukins 18 and 4 in children with recurrent infections of the upper respiratory tract. Transplant Proc 2003 : 35 : 2911 5.
43. Malaponte G, Bevelacqua V, Li Volti G, et al. Soluble adhesion molecules and cytokines in children affected by recurrent infections of the upper respiratory tract. Pediatr Res 2004 : 55 : 666 73.
44. Balemans WA, Rovers MM, Schilder AG, et al. Recurrent childhood upper respiratory tract infections do not reduce the risk of adult atopic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2006 : 36 : 198 203.
45. Nafstad P, Brunekreef B, Skrondal A, Nystad W. Early respiratory infections, asthma, and allergy: 10-year follow-up of the Oslo Birth Cohort. Pediatrics 2005 : 116 : 255 62.
46. Hagerhed-Engman L, Bornehag CG, Sundell J, Aberg N. Day-care attendance and increased risk for respiratory and allergic symptoms in preschool age. Allergy 2006 : 61 : 447 53.
47. Celedon JC, Litonjua AA, Ryan L, Weiss ST, Gold DR. Day care attendance, respiratory tract illnesses, wheezing, asthma, and total serum IgE level in early childhood. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002 : 156 : 241 5.
48. Ciprandi G, Tosca MA, Fasce L. Allergic children have more numerous and severe respiratory infections than non-allergic children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006 : 17 : 389 91.
49. Vaughan D, Katkin JP. Chronic and recurrent pneumonias in children. Semin Respir Infect 2002 : 17 : 72 84.
50. Owayed AF, Campbell DM, Wang EE. Underlying causes of recurrent pneumonia in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000 : 154 : 190 4.
51. Auinger P, Lanphear BP, Kalkwarf HJ, Mansour ME. Trends in otitis media among children in the US. Pediatrics 2003 : 112 : 514 20.
52. Arrieta A, Singh J. Management of recurrent and persistent acute otitis media: new options with familiar antibiotics. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004 : 23 : 115 24.
53. Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM, Kaplan EL, Schwartz RH. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Clin Infect Dis 2002 : 35 : 113 25.
54. Park SY, Gerber MA, Tanz RR, et al. Clinician's management of children and adolescents with acute pharyngitis. Pediatrics 2006 : 6 : 1871 8.
55. Kazemi-Shirazi L, Pauli G, Purohit A, et al. Quantitative IgE inhibition experiments with purified recombinant allergens indicate pollen-derived allergens as the sensitizing agents responsible for many forms of plant food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000 : 105 : 116 25.
56. Stensballe LG, Kristensen K, Simoes EA, et al. Data Network. Atopic disposition, wheezing, and subsequent respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization in Danish children younger than 18 months: a nested case-control study. Pediatrics 2006 : 118 : 1360 8.
57. De Jongste JC, Shields MD. Cough. 2: Chronic cough in children. Thorax 2003 : 58 : 998 1003.
58. Tasher D, Somekh E, Dalal I. PFAPA syndrome: new clinical aspects disclosed. Arch Dis Child 2006 : 91 : 981 4.
59. Masters SL, Lobito AA, Chae J, Kastner DL. Recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of hereditary recurrent fevers. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006 : 6 : 428 33.
60. Winkelstein ML, Tarzian A, Wood RA. Parental smoking behavior and passive smoke exposure in children with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997 : 78 : 419 23.
61. Mahabee-Gittens M. Smoking in parents of children with asthma and bronchiolitis in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2002 : 18 : 4 7.
62. Nelson R. Smoking outside still causes second-hand smoke exposure to children. Lancet 2002 : 359 : 1675.
63. Uhari M, Mottonen M. An open randomized controlled trial of infection prevention in child day-care centers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999 : 18 : 672 7.
64. Ponka A, Poussa T, Laosmaa M. The effect of enhanced hygiene practices on absences due to infectious diseases among children in day care centers in Helsinki. Infection 2004 : 32 : 2 7.
65. Kahan E, Gross S, Horev Z, Grosman Z, Cohen HA. Pediatrician attitudes to exclusion of ill children from child-care centers in Israel: pressure on ambulatory practices. Patient Educ Couns 2006 : 60 : 164 70.
66. Copeland KA, Harris EN, Wang NY, Cheng TL. Compliance with American Academy of Pediatrics and American Public Health Association illness exclusion guidelines for child care centers in Maryland: who follows them and when? Pediatrics 2006 : 118 : 1369 80.
67. Frohna JG. Effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy in children with mild symptoms of throat infections or adenotonsillar hypertrophy: open, randomised controlled trial. J Pediatr 2005 : 146 : 435 6.
68. Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Colborn DK, Bernard BS, Rockette HE, Kurs-Lasky M. Tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in moderately affected children. Pediatrics 2002 : 110 : 7 15.
69. Del-Rio-Navarro BE, Espinosa Rosales F, Flenady V, Sienra-Monge JJ. Immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 : 4 : 1 52.
70. De Martino M, Galli L, Vierucci A. May children with recurrent respiratory infections be a test bed of immunomodulators? Pharmacol Res 1992 : 26 : 156 9.