Bladder cancer biomarkers: Current developments and future implementation

Current Opinion in Urology

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 341-346

  Alvarez, Alonso ^a   Lokeshwar, Vinata B ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bladder cancer; Diagnosis; Surveillance; Tumor markers; Urothelial carcinoma

Indexed keywords

BCLA 4; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN BETA TYPE II; CYTOKERATIN; DNA; FAS ANTIGEN; HYALURONIC ACID; HYALURONIDASE; MICROSATELLITE DNA; NUCLEAR MATRIX PROTEIN; NUCLEAR MATRIX PROTEIN 22; STAT PROTEIN; SURVIVIN; TELOMERASE; TUMOR MARKER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED 1;

BLADDER CANCER; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER PATIENT; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DNA DETERMINATION; DNA METHYLATION; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; FOLLOW UP; GENE; GENE TECHNOLOGY; GENOMICS; HEMATURIA; HUMAN; IMMUNOCYT; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TEST; PERFORMANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW; SCREENING; STANDARD; UROLOGY;

ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASE; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; COMPLEMENT FACTOR H; DNA METHYLATION; DNA MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; DNA, NEOPLASM; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FAS LIGAND PROTEIN; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENOMICS; HEMATURIA; HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES; HUMANS; HYALURONIC ACID; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION, FLUORESCENCE; KERATINS; MICROSATELLITE REPEATS; MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES; NEOPLASM PROTEINS; NUCLEAR PROTEINS; PATIENT SELECTION; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; PROTEOMICS; REAGENT KITS, DIAGNOSTIC; TELOMERASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

EID: 34548336951     PISSN: 09630643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOU.0b013e3282c8c72b     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 57:43-66.
2. Malkowicz SB, Van Poppel H, Mickisch G, et al. Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Urology 2007; 69 (1 Suppl):3-16.
3. Botteman MF, Pashos CL, Redaelli A, et al. The health economics of bladder cancer: a comprehensive review of the published literature. Pharmacoeconomics 2003; 21:1315-1330.
4. Wakui M, Shiigai T. Urinary tract cancer screening through analysis of urinary red blood cell volume distribution. Int J Urol 2000; 7:248-253.
5. Lokeshwar VB, Habuchi T, Grossman HB, et al. Bladder tumor markers beyond cytology: International Consensus Panel on bladder tumor markers. Urology 2005; 66 (6 Suppl 1):35-63.
6. Messing EM, Madeb R, Young T, et al. Long-term outcome of hematuria home screening for bladder cancer in men. Cancer 2006; 107:2173-2179. The long-term results of hematuria screening show that it may detect bladder cancer at earlier stages and reduce cancer deaths.
7. Messing EM, Young TB, Hunt VB, et al. Comparison of bladder cancer outcome in men undergoing hematuria home screening versus those with standard clinical presentations. Urology 1995; 45:387-396; discussion 396-397.
8. Black PC, Brown GA, Dinney CP. Molecular markers of urothelial cancer and their use in the monitoring of superficial urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:5528-5535.
9. Lokeshwar VB, Selzer MG. Urinary bladder tumor markers. Urol Oncol 2006; 24:528-537.
10. Grossman HB, Soloway M, Messing E, et al. Surveillance for recurrent bladder cancer using a point-of-care proteomic assay. JAMA 2006; 295: 299-305. A study of the clinical use of NMP22 as a biomarker for bladder cancer both as a stand-alone test and an adjunct to cystoscopy for surveillance.
11. Kumar A, Kumar R, Gupta NP. Comparison of NMP22 BladderChek test and urine cytology for the detection of recurrent bladder cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2006; 36:172-175.
12. Tritschler S, Scharf S, Karl A, et al. Validation of the diagnostic value of NMP22® BladderChek® test as a marker for bladder cancer by photodynamic diagnosis. Eur Urol 2007; 51:403-408.
13. Lokeshwar VB, Cerwinka WH, Isoyama T, et al. HYAL1 hyaluronidase in prostate cancer: a tumor promoter and suppressor. Cancer Res 2005; 65:7782-7789.
14. Lokeshwar VB, Cerwinka WH, Lokeshwar BL. HYAL1 hyaluronidase: a molecular determinant of bladder tumor growth and invasion. Cancer Res 2005; 65:2243-2250.
15. Lokeshwar VB, Soloway MS. Current bladder tumor tests: does their projected utility fulfill clinical necessity? J Urol 2001; 165:1067-1077.
16. Lokeshwar VB, Civantos F. Tumor markers: current status. In: Droller MJ, editor. Atlas of clinical oncology: bladder cancer. Hamilton: Decker; 2004. pp. 160-205.
17. Eissa S, Kassim SK, Labib RA, et al. Detection of bladder carcinoma by combined testing of urine for hyaluronidase and cytokeratin 20 RNAs. Cancer 2005; 103:1356-1362.
18. Aboughalia AH. Elevation of hyaluronidase-1 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 helps select bladder cancer patients at risk of invasion. Arch Med Res 2006; 37:109-116.
19. Kramer M, Golshani R, Merseburger A, et al. Hyaluronic acid and HYAL1 hyaluronidase: prognostic markers for bladder cancer. Presented at American Urological Association Annual Meeting. Anaheim 2007, abstract 81.
20. Golshani R, Hautmann SH, Estrella V, et al. HAS1 expression in bladder cancer and its relation to urinary HA test. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1712-1720. A detailed study describing the association between increased hyaluronic acid expression in bladder cancer and its increased synthesis in those tumors.
21. Salz W, Eisenberg D, Plescia J, et al. A survivin gene signature predicts aggressive tumor behavior. Cancer Res 2005; 65:3531-3534.
22. Karam JA, Lotan Y, Karakiewicz PI, et al. Use of combined apoptosis biomarkers for prediction of bladder cancer recurrence and mortality after radical cystectomy. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8:128-136. Describes how increased expression of survivin and other tumor markers can help predict the outcome of patients after radical cystectomy.
23. Shariat SF, Ashfaq R, Karakiewicz PI, et al. Survivin expression is associated with bladder cancer presence, stage, progression, and mortality. Cancer 2007; 109:1106-1113.
24. Shariat SF, Casella R, Khoddami SM, et al. Urine detection of survivin is a sensitive marker for the noninvasive diagnosis of bladder cancer. J Urol 2004; 171 (2 Pt 1):626-630.
25. Sharp JD, Hausladen DA, Maher MG, et al. Bladder cancer detection with urinary survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis. Front Biosci 2002; 7: e36-e41.
26. Kenney DM, Geschwindt RD, Kary MR, et al. Detection of newly diagnosed bladder cancer, bladder cancer recurrence and bladder cancer in patients with hematuria using quantitative RT-PCR of urinary survivin. Tumor Biol 2007; 28:57-62.
27. Weikert S, Christoph F, Schrader M, et al. Quantitative analysis of survivin mRNA expression in urine and tumor tissue of bladder cancer patients and its potential relevance for disease detection and prognosis. Int J Cancer 2005; 116:100-104.
28. Sanchini MA, Gunelli R, Nanni O, et al. Relevance of urine telomerase in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. JAMA 2005; 294:2052-2056.
29. Dalbagni G, Han W, Zhang ZF, et al. Evaluation of the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay for telomerase as a diagnostic modality in recurrent bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3:1593-1598.
30. Bian W, Xu Z. Combined assay of CYFRA21-1, telomerase and vascular endothelial growth factor in the detection of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Int J Urol 2007; 14:108-111.
31. Melissourgos N, Kastrinakis NG, Davilas I, et al. Detection of human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA in urine of patients with bladder cancer: evaluation of an emerging tumor marker. Urology 2003; 62:362-367.
32. De Kok JB, Schalken JA, Aalders TW, et al. Quantitative measurement of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA in urothelial cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2000; 87:217-220.
33. Bialkowska-Hobrzanska H, Bowles L, Bukala B, et al. Comparison of human telomerase reverse transcriptase messenger RNA and telomerase activity as urine markers for diagnosis of bladder carcinoma. Mol Diagn 2000; 5:267-277.
34. Isurugi K, Suzuki Y, Tanji S, et al. Detection of the presence of catalytic subunit mRNA associated with telomerase gene in exfoliated urothelial cells from patients with bladder cancer. J Urol 2002; 168 (4 Pt 1): 1574-1577.
35. De Kok JB, Van Balken MR, Ruers TJ, et al. Detection of telomerase activity in urine as a tool for noninvasive detection of recurrent bladder tumors is poor and cannot be improved by timing of sampling. Clin Chem 2000; 46:2014-2015.
36. Srougi M, Gattas G, Leite K, et al. Increasing the FISH detection of urothelial bladder carcinoma -a Brazilian experience comparing with BTA-Stat, hyaluronic acid and cytology in voided urine specimens [abstract]. J Urol 2004; 171 (Suppl 4):71.
37. Sarosdy MF, Schellhammer P, Bokinsky G, et al. Clinical evaluation of a multitarget fluorescent in situ hybridization assay for detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 2002; 168:1950-1954.
38. Halling KC, King W, Sokolova IA, et al. A comparison of BTA stat, hemoglobin dipstick, telomerase and Vysis UroVysion assays for the detection of urothelial carcinoma in urine. J Urol 2002; 167:2001-2006.
39. Friedrich MG, Toma MI, Hellstern A, et al. Comparison of multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization in urine with other noninvasive tests for detecting bladder cancer. BJU Int 2003; 92:911-914.
40. Halling KC, King W, Sokolova IA, et al. A comparison of cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. J Urol 2000; 164:1768-1775.
41. Junker K, Fritsch T, Hartmann A, et al. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) on cells from urine for the detection of bladder cancer. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 114:279-283.
42. Skacel M, Fahmy M, Brainard JA, et al. Multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization assay detects transitional cell carcinoma in the majority of patients with bladder cancer and atypical or negative urine cytology. J Urol 2003; 169:2101-2105.
43. Yoder BJ, Skacel M, Hedgepeth R, et al. Reflex UroVysion testing of bladder cancer surveillance patients with equivocal or negative urine cytology: a prospective study with focus on the natural history of anticipatory positive findings. Am J Clin Pathol 2007; 127:295-301. A prospective evaluation of how UroVysion may predict bladder cancer recurrence in the face of a negative urologic evaluation.
44. Mian C, Lodde M, Comploj E, et al. Multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridization: prognostic perspectives in superficial bladder cancer. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:984-987. Examines the use of FISH as a prognostic marker to stratify patients into risk groups and as an aid in selecting bladder cancer treatment.
45. Goessl C, Muller M, Straub B, et al. DNA alterations in body fluids as molecular tumor markers for urological malignancies. Eur Urol 2002; 41:668-676.
46. Turyn J, Matuszewski M, Schlichtholz B. Genomic instability analysis of urine sediment versus tumor tissue in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Oncol Rep 2006; 15:259-265.
47. Berger AP, Parson W, Stenzl A, et al. Microsatellite alterations in human bladder cancer: detection of tumor cells in urine sediment and tumor tissue. Eur Urol 2002; 41:532-539.
48. Bartoletti R, Dal Canto M, Cai T, et al. Early diagnosis and monitoring of superficial transitional cell carcinoma by microsatellite analysis on urine sediment. Oncol Rep 2005; 13:531-537.
49. Frigerio S, Padberg BC, Strebel RT, et al. Improved detection of bladder carcinoma cells in voided urine by standardized microsatellite analysis. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 329-338.
50. Bartoletti R, Cai T, Dal Canto M, et al. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for microsatellite analysis of urine sediment cells: a rapid and inexpensive method for diagnosing and monitoring superficial transitional bladder cell carcinoma. J Urol 2006; 175:2032-2037; discussion 2037. Describes the development of a cost efficient MSA analysis aimed at widespread clinical use.
51. Clark SJ, Melki J. DNA methylation and gene silencing in cancer: which is the guilty party? Oncogene 2002; 21:5380-5387.
52. Hoque MO, Begum S, Topaloglu O, et al. Quantitation of promoter methylation of multiple genes in urine DNA and bladder cancer detection. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:996-1004. Describes the technology and use of DNA methylation profiling to diagnose bladder cancer.
53. Pu RT, Laitala LE, Clark DP. Methylation profiling of urothelial carcinoma in bladder biopsy and urine. Acta Cytol 2006; 50:499-506.
54. Dhawan D, Hamdy FC, Rehman I, et al. Evidence for the early onset of aberrant promoter methylation in urothelial carcinoma. J Pathol 2006; 209:336-343.
55. Van Le TS, Myers J, Konety BR, et al. Functional characterization of the bladder cancer marker, BLCA-4. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1384-1391.
56. Myers-Irvin JM, Van Le TS, Getzenberg RH. Mechanistic analysis of the role of BLCA-4 in bladder cancer pathobiology. Cancer Res 2005; 65:7145-7150.
57. Nielsen ME, Gonzalgo ML, Schoenberg MP, et al. Toward critical evaluation of the role(s) of molecular biomarkers in the management of bladder cancer. World J Urol 2006; 24:499-508.
58. Fernandez-Gomez J, Rodriguez-Martinez JJ, Barmadah SE, et al. Urinary CYFRA 21.1 is not a useful marker for the detection of recurrences in the follow-up of superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2007; 51:1267-1274.
59. Lodde M, Mian C, Comploj E, et al. uCyt+ test: alternative to cystoscopy for less-invasive follow-up of patients with low risk of urothelial carcinoma. Urology 2006; 67:950-954. An evaluation of uCyt+ as a means of reduction of cystoscopic evaluation in surveillance of bladder cancer. It evaluated the performance of uCyt+ in low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups.
60. Celis JE, Gromov P. Proteomics in translational cancer research: toward an integrated approach. Cancer Cell 2003; 3:9-15.
61. Munro NP, Cairns DA, Clarke P, et al. Urinary biomarker profiling in transitional cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:2642-2650. A study evaluating proteomic technology and its use in bladder cancer diagnosis.
62. Wittke S, Schiffer E, Bauer HW. Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry for proteome analysis: an innovative diagnostic method for prostate and bladder cancer. Urologe A 2007, [Epub ahead of print]. Describes the development of a proteomic assay for bladder and prostate cancer diagnosis, and highlights that this assay may estimate tumor stage.
63. Sanchez-Carbayo M, Socci ND, Lozano JJ, et al. Profiling bladder cancer using targeted antibody arrays. Am J Pathol 2006; 168:93-103.
64. Orntoft TF, Zieger K, Dyrskjot L. Recent developments in molecular profiling of bladder cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2006; 16:377-381.
65. Hotakainen K, Lintula S, Jarvinen R, et al. Overexpression of human chorionic gonadotropin beta genes 3, 5 and 8 in tumor tissue and urinary cells of bladder cancer patients. Tumor Biol 2007; 28:52-56. Shows how certain human chorionic gonadotropin b genes are found in different cancers and how this information has been applied to bladder cancer diagnosis.
66. Wang XS, Zhang Z, Wang HC, et al. Rapid identification of UCA1 as a very sensitive and specific unique marker for human bladder carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:4851-4858. Describes urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 - a newly discovered genomic marker for diagnosing bladder cancer.
67. Svatek RS, Herman MP, Lotan Y, et al. Soluble Fas-a promising novel urinary marker for the detection of recurrent superficial bladder cancer. Cancer 2006; 106:1701-1707. Shows how an apoptotic protein has been adapted for the diagnosis of bladder cancer.
68. Yossepowitch O, Herr HW, Donat SM. Use of urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer surveillance: patient perspectives. J Urol 2007; 177:1277-1282; discussion 1282. An analysis and discussion of patient acceptance of alternatives to cystoscopy for bladder cancer surveillance. It shows how patients have a reluctance in accepting markers with low sensitivity as they are apprehensive about missing recurrences of bladder cancer.