Military synthesis in South Asia: Armies, warfare, and Indian society, c. 1740-1849

Journal of Military History

Volumn 69, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 651-690

  Roy, Kaushik ^a  

^a Nehru Memorial Museum and Library   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548122688     PISSN: 08993718     EISSN: 15437795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jmh.2005.0187     Document Type: Article

References (194)

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3. While Sarkar represents the traditional view, modern research is represented by historians like Muzaffar Alam, who, in his The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and the Punjab, 1707-48 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986), speaks of economic growth in north India during the first half of the eighteenth century.
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58. Captain F. R. Lee, "An Ancient Weapon of India," JUSII 41 (1912): 189-92.
59. C. R. Boxer, "Asian Potentates and European Artillery in the 16th-18th Centuries: A Footnote to Gibson-Hill," Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 38 (1966): 156-72;
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61. D. C. Ganguly, ed., Select Documents of the British Period of Indian History (Calcutta: Trustees of Victoria Memorial, 1958), 75.
62. John Pemble, The Invasion of Nepal: John Company at War (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), 26;
63. The Gurkhas, Notes by Lieutenant Colonel R. Sale Hill, with addenda by Charles Reid, in Ethnic Elements of the Indian Army, Records of Chief Commands, 1865-76, Notes and Minutes by Napier of Magdala, MSS.EUR.F.114, 5(4), Oriental and India Office Collection, British Library, London.
64. Ganguly, Select Documents, 228.
65. David B. Ralston, Importing the European Army: The Introduction of the European Military Techniques and Institutions into the Extra-European World, 1600-1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 175, 179;
66. General Sir John Hackett, The Profession of Arms (1983; reprint, London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1984), 56-64.
67. Stanford J. Shaw, "The Origins of Ottoman Military Reform: The Nizam-I-Cedid Army of Sultan Selim III," Journal of Modern History 37 (1963): 291-92.
68. Herbert Compton, A Particular Account of the European Military Adventurers of Hindustan from 1784 to 1803 (1892; reprint, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1976), 44-45.
69. T. D. Broughton, Letters Written in a Maratha Camp during the Year 1809 (1892; reprint, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1995), 218;
70. A European Experience of the Mughal Orient, translated and with an Introduction by M. Alam and Seema Alavi (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001), 5.
71. J. S. Grewal and Indu Banga, eds., Civil and Military Affairs of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University, 1988), 123.
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73. H. M. L. Lawrence, Adventures of an Officer in the Service of Ranjit Singh (1845; reprint, New Delhi: Rupa, 2002), 12.
74. Victor Davis Hanson, Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power (New York: Doubleday, 2001).
75. Jeffrey Greenhut, "Armies of India from the Aryans to the Marathas," JUSII 105 (1976): 30-41;
76. The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China, translated by Ralph D. Sawyer (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1993), 2-16.
77. Dirk H. A. Kolff, Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). See especially 231.
78. Sun Tzu, Art of War, translated with a Historical Introduction by Ralph D. Sawyer (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994), 33-126.
79. Channa Wickremesekera, "Best Black Troops in the World": British Perceptions and the Making of the Sepoy, 1746-1805 (New Delhi: Manohar, 2002), 130-86;
80. Jos J. L. Gommans, Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and the High Roads to Empire, 1500-1700 (London: Routledge, 2002), 203.
81. Subrahmanyam, "Warfare and State Finance," 215.
82. Muhammad, Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, 35.
83. N. K. Sinha, Haidar Ali (1941; reprint, Calcutta: A. Mukherjee & Company, 1969), 259, 262;
84. Jadunath Sarkar, "Haidar Ali's Invasion of the Eastern Carnatic, 1780," in Irfan Habib, ed., Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan (New Delhi: Tulika, 1999), 23;
85. A. W. Lawrence, ed., Captives of Tipu: Survivors' Narratives (London: Jonathan Cape, 1929), 34, 50.
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87. "State Intervention in the Economy: Tipu's Orders to Revenue Collectors, 1792-97, A Calendar," translated by I. G. Khan, in I. Habib, ed., State and Diplomacy under Tipu Sultan: Documents and Essays (New Delhi: Tulika, 2001), 122.
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89. B. P. Hughes, "Siege Artillery in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research (hereafter JSAHR) 60 (1982): 145.
90. Wheatley, "Campaign against Tipu," 255.
91. Quoted in A. C. Banerjee, Peshwa Madhav Rao I (1943; reprint, Calcutta: A. Mukherjee, 1968), 86-87.
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93. Lester Hutchinson, European Freebooters in Moghul India (Bombay: Asia Publishing, 1964), 12.
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95. H. Fukuzawa, "Non-Agricultural Production: Maharashtra and the Deccan," in Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of India, c. 1200- c. 1750, vol. 1 (1982; reprint, New Delhi: 1991), 314.
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99. Antony Brett-James, ed., Wellington at War, 1794-1815: A Selection of his Wartime Letters (London: Macmillan, 1961), 3 October 1803, 84-85.
100. Captain R. G. Burton, "Battles of the Deccan," JUSII 20 (1891): 166-67.
101. John Pemble, "Resources and Techniques in the Second Maratha War," Historical Journal 19 (1976): 394;
102. Randolf G. S. Cooper, "Wellington and the Marathas," International History Review 11 (1989): 38.
103. K. G. Pitre, Second Anglo-Maratha War, 1802-05 (Poona: Dastane Ramchandra and Co., 1990), 61-78;
104. H. C. Kar, Military History of India (Calcutta: Firma KLM, 1980), 371-72.
105. Raghubir Sinh, ed., Poona Residency Correspondence, vol. 10 (Mumbai: Gouranga Press, 1951), 149-50.
106. Brett-James, Wellington at War, 1 October 1803, 83.
107. Khanna, Diary of James Young, 7.
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110. B. K. Sinha, The Pindaris, 1798-1818 (Calcutta: Bookland, 1971), 155-6.
111. Lieutenant Colonel W. D. Bird, "The Assaye Campaign," JUSII 41 (1912): 105.
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116. J. Burton-Page, "A Study of Fortification in the Indian Subcontinent from the Thirteenth to the Eighteenth Century AD," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 23 (1960): 514;
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118. Dirk H. A. Kolff, "End of an Ancien Régime: Colonial War in India, 1798-1818," in J. A. De Moor and H. L. Wesseling, eds., Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa (Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1989), 44;
119. P. C. Gupta, "John Macleod's Private Journal during the Maratha War, 1817-18," Bengal Past and Present 190 (1981): 74-79.
120. W. W. Hunter, The Marquess of Dalhousie and the Final Development of the Company's Rule (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1895), 60-85.
121. Forster, Journey, 1:285-86.
122. J. M. Lafont, "Military Activities of French Officers of Maharaja Ranjit Singh," Journal of Sikh Studies 9 (1982): 32-33.
123. N. K. Sinha, Ranjit Singh (1933; reprint, Calcutta: Niva Mukherjee, 1975), 157.
124. Janet Dunbar, ed., Tigers, Durbars, and Kings: Fanny Eden's Indian Journals, 1837-38 (London: John Murray, 1988), 176-77.
125. Charles Gough and Arthur Innes, The Sikhs and the Sikh Wars: The Rise, Conquest and Annexation of the Punjab State (1897; reprint, Delhi: Gian Publishing, 1986), 67.
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128. Henry Steinbach, The Country of the Sikhs (1846; reprint, New Delhi: KLM Book House, 1978), 88.
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130. Hugh Cook, The Sikh Wars: The British Army in Punjab, 1845-49 (New Delhi: Thomson Press, 1975), 17;
131. Khushwant Singh, Ranjit Singh, Maharajah of Punjab, 1780-1839 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1962), 141.
132. H. L. O Garrett, ed., C. Grey, European Adventurers of Northern India, 1785-1849 (1929; reprint, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1993), 12;
133. Ganda Singh, "Colonel Mouton's Account of the First Sikh War: 1845-46," Punjab Past and Present 15 (1981): 117-27;
134. Sheo Narain, "General Ventura," Journal of Punjab Historical Society 6 (1970): 70.
135. C. Grey, European Adventurers, 80, 82.
136. Steinbach, Country of the Sikhs, 89.
137. Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet: The First Sikh War (London: Jarrolds, 1968), 3;
138. N. K. Sinha, Rise of the Sikh Power (1936; reprint, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1946), 151;
139. Jac Weller, "Wellington against Abrams: Were the Old Ways Better?" Military Digest 88 (1971): 53.
140. Jos J. L. Gommans and Dirk Kolff, eds., "Introduction," in Gommans and Kolff, eds., Warfare and Weaponry in South Asia, 1000-1800 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001), 1-42.
141. Yusuf Ali Khan, Tarikh, 13-16;
142. Antoine Louis Henri Polier, Shah Alam II and His Court, edited with an Introduction, Notes, and Appendixes by P. C. Gupta (Calcutta: S. C. Sarkar & Sons, 1947), 43.
143. Christopher Duffy, The Military Experience in the Age of Reason (London: RKP, 1987), 245.
144. Major Lewis Ferdinand Smith, A Sketch of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the Regular Corps of the Native Princes ... and Actions of the late Maratha War (Calcutta: J. Greenway, 1804), 13-14.
145. Meadows Taylor, Tipu Sultan: A Tale of the Mysore War (reprint; New Delhi: Rupa, 2000), 641-45;
146. Kaushik Roy, India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004), 117-18.
147. The quotation is from Colonel W. G. Hamilton, "Ochterlony's Campaign in the Simla Hills-Some Further Notes on," JUSII 41 (1912): 456.
148. George Bruce, Six Battles for India: The Anglo-Sikh Wars, 1845-46, 1848-49 (Calcutta: Rupa, 1969), 109-10.
149. The Marquess of Anglesey, ed., Sergeant Pearman's Memoirs . . . in India from 1845-53 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1968), 52-53.
150. Mark Nicholls, "A Surgeon in the Second Sikh War: Ludovick Stewart's Account of the Battle of Chillianwala," JSAHR 71 (1993): 220.
151. For the African case, see John K. Thornton, "The Art of War in Angola, 1575-1680," Comparative Studies in Society and History (henceforth CSSH) 30 (1988): 377.
152. Sindia as Regent of Delhi, 1787 & 1789-91, translated from the Persian by Jadunath Sarkar (Mumbai: Director of Archives Govt. of Bombay, 1954), 1;
153. Lieutenant Colonel Valentine Blacker, Memoir of the Operations of the British Army in India during the Maratha War of 1817, 1818 & 1819 (London: Black, Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen, 1821), 28-9;
154. Douglas M. Peers, Between Mars and Mammon: Colonial Armies and the Garrison State in Early Nineteenth Century India (London: I. B. Tauris, 1995);
155. Sumit Guha, The Agrarian Economy of Bombay Deccan (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985), 168;
156. J. M. Lafont, "The Commerce of Punjab and Kashmir in 1832: C. M. Wade's Report to the East India Company," in Lafont, Indika, 343-49;
157. Marshall Poe, "The Consequences of the Military Revolution in Muscovy: A Comparative Perspective," CSSH 38 (1996), 614-15.
158. Charles Waddington, "Account of the Battle of Miani," JRE 9 (1847): 25, 28.
159. William Napier, "Explanation of the Battle of Miani," JRE 49 (1849): 65-70.
160. Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, vol. 2,1839-1964 (1966; reprint, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989), 48-50.
161. Lieutenant Colonel H. M. Sinclair, "Second Sikh War, 1848-49," JUSII 28 (1899): 229-31.
162. Military Department, Proceedings of the Board of Ordnance, Letter from Captain Grant commanding at Buxar, to Ensign John Murray, Secy, to the Board of Ordnance, November 1775, p. 460, National Archives of India, New Delhi;
163. Daniel George Robinson's letter to his sister, Ramgarh, 5 January 1847, in Alan J. Guy, R. N. W. Thomas and G. J. DeGroot, eds., Military Miscellany I (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1997), 110.
164. James P. Lawford, Clive, Proconsul of India: A Biography (London: George Allen, 1976), 277;
165. V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815-1960 (Bungay, Suffolk: Fontana, 1982), 15.
166. M'Gregor, History of the Sikhs, 2:78-79.
167. Lieutenant General S. L. Menezes, Fidelity and Honour: The Indian Army from the Seventeenth to the Twenty-First Century (New Delhi: Viking, 1993), 10.
168. Wolseley Haig, "The Armies of East India Company," in H. H. Dodwell, ed., The Cambridge History of India: The Indian Empire, 1858-1918, vol. 6 (Delhi: Sultan Chand in association with the Cambridge University Press, 1958), 155.
169. D. C. Verma, Plassey to Buxar: A Military Study (New Delhi: K. B. Publications, 1976), 92.
170. Stanislas Lefebvre, "An Old French Memoir on India," JUSII 41 (1912): 236-37, 240.
171. Raymond Callahan, The East India Company and Army Reform, 1793-98 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972), xi.
172. Lorenzo M. Crowell, "Military Professionalism in a Colonial Context: The Madras Army, circa 1832," MAS 24 (1990): 259-63.
173. Smith, Maratha War, 14;
174. Colonel L. W. Shakespear, "The War with Nepal: Operations in Sirmoor, 1814-15," JUSII 42 (1913): 376-77.
175. Colonel W. G. Hamilton, "Ochterlony's Campaign in the Simla Hills: 1814-15," JUSII 41 (1912): 149-54.
176. G. J. Bryant, "The Cavalry Problem in the Early British Indian Army, 1750-85," War in History 2 (1995): 2-3.
177. Humphry Bullock, History of the Army Service Corps, 1760-1857, vol. 1 (New Delhi: Sterling, 1976), 24.
178. L. J. D. Collins, "The Military Organization and Tactics of the Crimean Tatars, 16th-17th Centuries," in V. J. Parry and M. E. Yapp, eds., War, Technology, and Society in the Middle East (London: Oxford University Press, 1975), 275.
179. Dirom, A Narrative, 4, 9.
180. Seema Alavi, The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in Northern India, 1770-1830 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995), 18.
181. M. A. Laird, ed., Bishop Heber in Northern India: Selections from Heber's Journal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), 224.
182. E. W. Thompson, The Last Siege of Seringapatam (1923; reprint, New Delhi: Asian Educational Service, 1990), 10.
183. Major H. Helsham Jones, "The Campaigns of Lord Lake against the Marathas: 1804-6," JRE 8 (1882): 69-70.
184. Burton Stein, Thomas Munro: The Origins of the Colonial State and his Vision of Empire (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989), 119.
185. Anthony S. Bennell, ed., The Maratha War Papers of Arthur Wellesley: Jan.-Dec. 1803 (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1998), p. 40.
186. Randolf G. S. Cooper, "Beyond Beasts and Bullion: Economic Considerations in Bombay's Military Logistics, 1803," MAS 33 (1999): 159-82.
187. H. M. Durand, "Passage of the Indus by the Bengal Portion of the Army of Indus," JRE 4 (1840): 103.
188. George Bnice, The Burma Wars, 1824-86 (London: Hart-Davis, 1973), 39;
189. J. J. Snodgrass, The Burmese War (1827; reprint, Delhi: Low Price Publications, 1993), 1-60.
190. Brett-James, Wellington at War, 97.
191. Captain Yule, "Some Account of the Passage of the Sutlej by the British Army in February 1846," JRE 49 (1849): 177-82.
192. C. A. Bayly, "Knowing the Country: Empire and Information in India," MAS 27 (1993): 5, 25.
193. Michael H. Fisher, "British Expansion in North India: The Role of the Resident in Awadh," IESHR 18 (1981): 72-3.
194. Anthony S. Bennell, The Making of Arthur Wellesley (Mumbai: Orient Longman, 1997), 69-72.