Use of PCR based technologies for risk assessment of a winter cyanobacterial bloom in Lake Midmar, South Africa

African Journal of Biotechnology

Volumn 6, Issue 15, 2007, Pages 1794-1805

  Oberholster, P J ^a   Botha, A M ^b  

^a DSI CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

mcy gene cluster and quantitative real time PCR; TN: TP ratio; Waterfowl; Winter cyanobacterial bloom

Indexed keywords

CYANOGINOSIN; FRESH WATER; LAKE WATER; MICROCYSTIN SYNTHETASE; SURFACE WATER; SYNTHETASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALGAL BLOOM; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH; BACTERIAL STRAIN; CYANOBACTERIUM; ECOTOXICOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FOWL; HEALTH HAZARD; MCY GENE; MICROCYSTIS; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOUTH AFRICA; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TEMPERATURE; WINTER;

ANATIDAE; CYANOBACTERIA; MICROCYSTIS;

EID: 34548099170     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16845315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5897/ajb2007.000-2265     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. th edition. American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
2. An JS, Carmichael WW (1994). Use of a colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay linked immunosorbent assay for the study of microcystins and nodularins. Toxicon 32: 1495-1507.
3. Baker AL, Bakker KK, Tyler PA (1985). A family of pneumaticallyoperated thin layer samplers for replicate sampling of heterogenous water columns. Hydrobiologia 22: 107-211.
4. Baker JA, Neilan BA, Entsch B, McKay DB (2001). identification of cyanobacteria and their toxigenicity in environmental samples by rapid molecular analysis. Environ. Toxicol. 16: 472-485.
5. Boyer GL, Satchwell MF, Shambaugh A, Watzin M, Mihuc TB, Rosen B (2004). The occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins in Lake Champlain Waters. pp. 241-257. In: Lake Champlain: Partnerships and Research in the New Millennium, Manley T, Manley P, Mihuc TB (eds.), Kluwer Academic Press, pp. 411.
6. Breen CM (1983). Limnology of lake Midmar. South African national scientific programmes report no 78. December 1983, pp.134.
7. Brower JE, Zar JH, von Ende CN (1990). Field and laboratory methods for General Ecology. WMC Brown publishers, pp. 237.
8. Carmichael WW, An WJ (1999). Using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) for the detection of microcystins and nodularins. Nat. Toxins 7: 377-385.
9. Carmichael WW (1997). The cyanotoxins. Adv. In. Bot. Res. 27: 211-255.
10. Carmichael WW (2001). Health effects of toxin-producing cyanobacteria: "The cyanoHABs". Human and Ecol. Risk Ass. 7:1393-1407.
11. Chutter FM (1989). Evaluation of the impact of the 1 mg.l-1 Phosphate-P. Standard on the water quality and trophic state of Hartbeespoort Dam. Contract report to the Water Research Commission, WRC Report No. 181/1/89 Pretoria South Africa.
12. Codd GA (1999). Cyanobacterial toxins: their occurrence in aquatic environments and significance to health. In: Marine cyanobacteria. Charpy L, Larkum AWD (eds.), Bulletin de l' Institut Oceanographique, Monaco 19: 483-500.
13. Codd GA, Bell SG (1985) Eutrophication and toxic cyanobacteria in freshwaters. J Water. Pollut. Cont. 34: 225-232.
14. Dittmann E, Neilan BA, Erhard M, von Döhren H, Börner T (1997). Insertional mutagenesis of a peptide synthetase gene that is responsible for hepatotoxin production in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806. Mol. Microbiol. 26: 779-787.
15. Dittmann E, Neilan BA, Börner T (1999). Peptide synthetase genes occur in various species of cyanobacteria. In: The phototrophic prokaryotes. Peschek GA, Loeffelhardt, W Schemetterer G (eds.), Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, pp. 615-621.
16. Elmberg J, Nummi P, Poysa H, Sjoberg K (1994). Relationships between species number, lake size and resource diversity in assemblages of breeding waterfowl. Journal of Biogeography 21: 75-84.
17. Scott JT, Myer GE, Stewart R, Walther EG (1969). On the mechanism of langmuir circulations and their role in epilimnion mixing. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14: 493-503.
18. Giani A, Bird DF, Prairie YT, Lawrence JF (2005). Empirical study of cyanobacterial toxicity along a trophic gradient of lakes. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 62: 2100-2109.
19. Grobbelaar JU, Botes E, Van den Heever JA, Botha AM, Oberholster PJ (2004). Scope and dynamics of toxin produced by Cyanophytes in the freshwaters of South Africa and the implications for human and other users. WRC Report No: 1029/1/04. pp. 9 ISBN No. 1-77005-191-0.
20. Hee-Mock OH, Lee SG, Jang M-H, Yoon B-D (2000). Microcystin production by Microcystis aeruginosa in a phosphorus-limited chemostat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 176-179.
21. Howitt CA (1996). Amplification of DNA from whole cells of cyanobacteria using PCR. Biotechniques 21: 32-33.
22. Ichimura T (1979). Media for blue-green algae. In: Methods in algological studies. Nishizawa K, Chihara M (eds.), Kyoritsu, Tokyo, pp. 294-305.
23. Imamura N. (1981). Studies on the water blooms in Lake Kasumigaura. Verhandlungen der internationalen Vereinigung fur theoretische und angewandte Limnologie 21: 652-658.
24. Jensen LM (1985). Characterization of native bacteria and their utilization of algal extracellular products by a mixed-substrate kinetic model. Oikos 45: 311-322.
25. Johnson P (1981). Everyone's guide to South African birds. Leefung-Asco printers Ltd, Hong Kong, pp. 39-52.
26. Kaebernick M, Rohrlack T, Christoffersen K, Neilan BA (2001). A spontaneous mutant of microcystin biosynthesis: genetic characterization and effect on Daphnia. Environ. Microbiol. 3: 669-679.
27. Kalff, J. (2002). Limnology: Inland water ecosystems. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA. pp. 1-535.
28. Konopka A, Brock TD (1978). Effect of temperature on blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in Lake Mendota. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36: 572-576.
29. Kotak BG, Lam AKY, Prepas EE, Hudrey SE (2000). Role of chemical and physical variables in regulating microcystin-LR concentration in phytoplankton of eutrophic lakes. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 57: 1584-1593.
30. Kurmayer R, Dittmann E, Fastner J, Chorus I (2002). Diversity of microcystin genes within a population of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis spp. in Lake Wannsee ( Berlin, Germany). Microb. Ecol. 43: 107-118.
31. Kurmayer R, Christiansen G, Chorus I (2003). The abundance of microcystin-producing genotypes correlates positively with colony size in Microcystis sp. and determines its microcystin net production in Lake Wannsee. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 787-795.
32. Lawton LA, Robertson PKJ (1999). Physico-chemical treatment methods for the removal of microcystins (cyanobacterial hepatotoxins) from potable waters. Chem. Soc. Rev. 28: 217-224.
33. Lee SJ, Jang MH, Kim HS (2000). Variation of microcystin content of Microcystis aeruginosa relative to medium N:P ratio and growth stage. J. Appl. Microbiol. 89: 323-329.
34. Løvstad O, Bjørndalen K (1990). Nutrients (P, N, Si) and growth conditions for diatoms and Oscillatoria spp. in lakes of south-eastern Norway. Hydrobiol. 196: 255-263.
35. Neilan BA, Dittmann E, Rouhiainen L, Bass A, Schaub V, Sivonen K, Börner T (1999). Non-ribosomal peptide synthesis and toxigenicity of cyanobacteria. J. Bacteriol. 181: 4089-4097.
36. Nishizawa T, Asayama M, Fujii K, Harada K, Shirai M (1999). Genetic analysis of the peptide synthetase genes for a cyclic heptapeptide microcystin in Microcystis spp. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 126: 520-529.
37. Nishizawa T, Ueda A, Asayama M, Fujii K, Harada K, Ochi K, Shirai M (2000). Polyketide synthase gene coupled to the peptide synthetase module involved in the biosynthesis of the cyclic heptapeptide microcystin. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 127: 779-789.
38. McQueen DJ, Lean DRS (1987). Influence of water temperature and nitrogen to phosphorus ratios on the dominance of blue-green algae in Lake St. George, Ontario. Can.J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44: 598-604.
39. Oberholster PJ, Botha A-M, Grobbelaar JU (2004). Microcystis aeruginosa: source of toxic microcystins in drinking water. Africa Journal of Biotechnology 3: 159-168.
40. Oberholster PJ, Botha A-M, Cloete TE (2005). An overview of toxic freshwater cyanobacteria in South Africa with special reference to risk, impact and detection by molecular marker tools. Biokemistri 17: 57-71.
41. Oberholster PJ, Botha A-M, Cloete TE (2006a). Use of molecular makers as indicators for wintergrazing on toxic benthic cyanobacteria colonies by zooplankton in an urban Colorado lake. Harmful Algae 235: 1-12.
42. Oberholster PJ, Botha A-M, Cloete TE (2006b). Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in a shallow artificially mixed urban lake Colorado. Lakes & Resevoirs: Research and Management 11: 111-123.
43. OECD (1982). Eutrophication of water-monitoring, assessment and control. Paris: Org. for Econ. Cooperation and Dev.
44. O'Sullivan PE, Reynolds CS (2003). The lake handbook,volume 1, Limnology and Limnetic ecology. Blackwell Science Ltd, Malden, USA, pp. 252-271.
45. Patterson JC, Hamblin PF, Imberger, J (1984). Classification and dynamic simulation of the vertical density structure of lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 845-861.
46. Pfaffl MW (2001). A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 29: 2002-2007.
47. Rapala J, Sivonen K (1998). Assessment of environmental conditions that favour hepatotoxic and neurotoxic Anabaena spp. strains in culture under light-limitation at different temperatures. Microb. Ecol. 36: 181-192.
48. Reynolds CS (1984). The ecology of freshwater phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-384.
49. Robarts RD, Zohary T (1984). Microcystis aeruginosa and underwater light attenuation in a hypertrophic lake (Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa). Journal of Ecology 72: 1001-1017.
50. Robarts RD, Zohary T (1987). Temperature effects on photosynthetic capacity, respiration, and growth rates of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. NZ. J. Mar. and Freshwater Res. 21: 391-399.
51. Schindler DW (1977). Evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes. Sci. 195: 260-262.
52. Sivonen K (1990). Effects of light, temperature, nitrate, orthophosphate and bacteria on growth of and hepatoxin production by Oscillatoria agardhii strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 2658-2666.
53. Sivonen K, Jones G (1999). Cyanobacterial toxins. In: Toxic cyanobacteria in water. A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. Chorus I, Bartam J (eds.), E and FN Spon, London, pp 41-111.
54. nd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 719.
55. Smith VH (1976). Light and nutrient effects on the relative biomass of blue-green algae in lake phytoplankton. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 43: 148-153.
56. Smith VH (1982). The nitrogen and phosphorus dependence of algal biomass in lakes: An empirical and theoretical analysis. Limnol. Oceanogr. 27: 1101-1112.
57. Suter W (1994). Overwintering waterfowl on Swiss Lakes: How are abundance and species richness influenced by trophic status and lake morphology? Hydrobiologia 279/280: 1-14.
58. Takamura N, Otsuki A, Aizaki M, Nojiri Y. (1992) Phytoplankton species shift accompanied by transition from nitrogen dependence to phosphorus dependence of primary production in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Arc. Hydrobiol. 124: 129-148.
59. Teiling E (1941). Aeruginosa oder flos-aquae. Eine kleine Microcystis-Studie. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 35: 337-349.
60. Teixera MGLC, Costa MCN, Carvalho, VLP, Pereira MS, Hage E (1993). Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization 27: 244-253.
61. Tillett D, Dittmann E, Erhard M, von Döhren H, Börner T, Neilan BA (2000). Structural organization of microcystin biosynthesis in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806: an integrated peptidepolyketide synthetase system. Chem. Biol. 7: 753-764.
62. Oberholser and Botha 1805 Tillett D, Parker DL, Neilan BA (2001). Detection of toxigenicity by a probe for the microcystin synthetase A gene (mcyA) of the cyanobacterial genus Microcystis: comparison of toxicities with 16S rRNA and phycocyanin operon (phycocyanin intergenic spacer) phylogenies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 2810-2818.
63. Tilman D, Kiesling RL (1984). Freshwater algal ecology: taxonomic trade-offs in the temperature dependence of nutrient competitive abilities. In: Current perspectives in microbial ecology. Klug MJ, Reddy CA (eds.), Washington D.C. American Society for Microbiology, pp. 314-319.
64. Uneno Y, Nagata S, Tsutsumi T, Hasegawa A, Yoshida F, Suttajit M, Mebs D, Putsch M, Vasconcelos V (1996). Survey of microcystins in environmental water by a highly sensitive immunoassay based on monoclonal antibody. Nat. Toxins. 4: 271-276.
65. Van der Westhuizen AJ, Eloff JN (1985). Effect of temperature and light intensity on the toxicity of and growth of blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa (UV-006). Planta 163: 55-59.
66. Viner AB (1985). Termal stability and phytoplankton distribution. Hydrobiologia 125: 47-69.
67. Watanabe MF, Oishi S (1985). Effects of environmental factors on toxicity of a cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa under culture conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49: 1342.
68. Wicks RJ, Thiel PG (1990). Environmental factors affecting the production of peptide toxins in floating scums of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in a hypertrophic African reservoir. Environmental Science and Technology 24: 1413-1418.
69. Wojciechowski I (1971). Die Plankton-Flora der Seen in der Umgebung von Sosnowica (Ostpolen). Annals of the University M Curie-Skłodowska, Lublin 26: 233-263.
70. Yokoyama A Park HD (2003). Depuration kinetics and persistence of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR in the freshwater bivalve Unio douglasiae. Environ. Toxicol. 18: 61-67.
71. Zegura B, Sedmak B, Filipic M (2003). Microcystin-LR induces oxidative DNA damage in human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Toxicon 41: 41-48.
72. 2- fixing cyanobacteria: why they do not become dominant in Dutch, hypertrophic lakes. In: Developments in hydrobiology: hypertrophic ecosystems, Barcia J, Mur LR (eds.), Dordrecht, Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 2: 123-130.