Show the truth and let the audience decide: A web-based survey showing support among viewers of Al-Jazeera for use of graphic imagery

Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media

Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 245-264

  Fahmy, Shahira ^a   Johnson, Thomas J ^b  

^a School of Dental Medicine   (India)

^b TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548082071     PISSN: 08838151     EISSN: 15506878     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08838150701304688     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Aday, S., Livingston, S., & Hebert, M. (2005). Embedding the truth: Across-cultural analysis of objectivity and television coverage of the Iraq War. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 70(1), 3-21.
2. AME Info. (September 5, 2004). Al-Jazeera viewers base in Saudi Arabia is 5 times larger than United States sponsored Al-Hurra's audience. Retrieved December 17, 2006, from http://www.ameinfo.ccm/5654
3. American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) (1985). Why credibility matters. In Newspaper credibility: Building reader trust. Minneapolis, MN: American Society of Newspaper Editors.
4. Auter, P., Arafa, M. M., & Al-Jaber, K. (2004). Who is Al-Jazeera's audience? Deconstructing the demographics and psychographics of an Arab satellite news network. Transnational Broadcasting Studies. Retrieved December 17, 2006, from http://www.tbsjournal.com/html12.auter.htm
5. Auter, P., Arafa, M. M., & Al-Jaber, K. (2005). Identifying with Arabic journalists: How Al-Jazeera tapped parasocial interaction gratifications in the Arab world. Gazette, 67(2): 189-204.
6. Ayish, M. I. (2001). American style journalism and Arab World television: An exploratory study of news selection at six Arab world satellite television channels. Transnational Broad-casting Studies, 6(2). Retrieved December 17, 2006, from http://www.tbsjournal.com/archives/spring01/Aylsh.html
7. Ayish, M. I. (2002). Political communication on Arab world television: Evolving patterns.Political Communication, 79(2), 137-154.
8. Babble, E. R. (2001). Survey research methods. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
9. Barakat, H. (1993). The Arab world: Society, culture and state. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
10. Berkowitz, D., & Limor, Y. (2003). Professional confidence and situational ethics: Assessing the social-professional dialectic in journalistic ethics decisions. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(4), 783-801.
11. Boyd, D. (1999). Broadcasting in the Arab world: A survey of electronic media in the Middle East. Ames: Iowa State Press.
12. The Committee of Concerned Journalists and the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press (March 1999). Striking the balance: Audience interests. Business pressures and journalists' values. Retrieved December 17, 2006, from http://www.people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=67
13. Cooper, T. W., Clifford, G. C., Plude, F. F., & White, R. A. (Eds.). (1989). Communication ethics and global change. White Plains, NY: Longman.
14. Dayan, D., & Katz, E. (1994). Eventos mediaticos [Media events: The live broadcasting history]. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica.
15. Dennis, M., Chatt, C., Motta-Stanko, A., & Pulliam, P. (2005, May). Data collection mode effects controlling for sample origins in a panel survey: Telephone and Internet. Paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research annual meeting, Miami, FL.
16. Dillman, D. A. (2000). Mail and Internet surveys: The tailored design method. (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
17. Donnelly, J., & Bernard, A. (March 26, 2003). Differing TV images feed Arab, U.S. views. The Boston Globe, A1.
18. El-Nawawy, M. (2003). Why Al-Jazeera is the most popular network In the Arab World? Television Quarterly, 34(1), 10-15.
19. El-Nawawy, M., & Gher, L. (2003). Al-Jazeera: Bridging the East-West gap through public discourse and media diplomacy. Transnational Broadcasting Studies 70(2). Retrieved December 17, 2006, from http://www.tbsjournal.com/archives/spring03/nawawy.html
20. El-Nawawy, M., & Iskandar, A. (2002). Al-Jazeera: How the free Arab news network scooped the world and changed the Middle East. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press.
21. Fahmy, S. (2004, May). Framing visual news: The 9/11 attack & the war in Afghanistan in English and Arabic Newspapers. Paper presented at the International Communication Association annual conference. New Orleans, LA.
22. Fahmy, S. (2005a). Photojournalists' and photo-editors' attitudes and perceptions: The visual coverage of 9/11 & the Afghan War. Visual Communication Quarterly, 72(3 & 4), 146-163.
23. Fahmy, S., (2005b). Emerging alternatives or traditional news gates: Which news sources were used to picture the 9/11 attack & the Afghan War? Gazette, 67(5), 383-400.
24. Fahmy, S. (2007). "They took it down": Exploring determinants of visual reporting In the toppling of the Saddam Hussein statue in national and international newspapers. Mass Communication & Society, 10(2), 143-170.
25. Fahmy, S., Cho, S., Wanta, W., & Song, Y. (2006). Visual agenda-setting after 9-11 : individuals'emotions, image recall and concern with terrorism. Visual Communication Quarterly, 73(1), 4-15.
26. Fahmy, S., & Johnson, T. (2007). The caged bird sings: How reliance on Al-Jazeera TV affects views regarding press freedom In the Arab World. In P. Seib (Ed.), New media and the new Middle East. New York: Palgrave Macmlllan.
27. Fahmy, S., & Wanta, W. (2007). What visual journalists think others think?: The perceived Impact of news photographs on public opinion formation. Visual Communication Quarterly, 74(1), 16-31.
28. Fallows, D., & Rainie, L. (July 8, 2004). The Internet as a unique news source. Washington DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project.
29. Gauthier, C. (1999). Right to know, press freedom, public discourse. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 74(4), 197-212.
30. Greenberg, B. S. (1966). Media use and believability: Some multiple correlates. Journalism Quarterly, 43(4), 665-670, 732.
31. Hachten, W. A., & Scotton, J. F. (2002). The world news prism: Global media in an era of terrorism. (6th ed.). Ames: Iowa State Press.
32. Hafez, K. (2002). Journalism ethics revisited: A comparison of ethics codes In Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Muslim Asia. Political Communication, 79(2), 225-250.
33. Hanley, D. C. (2004). Al-Jazeera world forum takes a hard look at freedom of the press. Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, 23(8), 14-17.
34. Hickey, N. (2002). Perspectives on war: Different culture, different coverage. Columbia Journalism Review, 40(6), 40-43.
35. Hulteng, J. L. (1985). The messenger's motives: Ethical problems of the news media (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
36. Internet World Stats (2005). Internet usage statistics-the big picture. Retrieved December 17, 2006, from http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats
37. Jasperson, A. E., & El-Kikhia, M.O. (2003). CNN and Al-Jazeera's media coverage of America's war in Afghanistan. In P. N. Norris, M. Kern, & M. Just. (Eds.), Framing terrorism: The news media, the government, and the public, (pp. 113-132). New York: Routledge.
38. Johnson, T., & Fahmy, S. (2005, May). The CNN of the Arab World or a shill for terrorists?: How support for press freedom and political ideology predict credibility of Al-Jazeera among its audience. Paper presented at the International Communication Association annual conference. New York.
39. Jurdi, N., & Dashti, A.A. (1993-1994). Communication policies in the state of Kuwait. Annals of the Faculty of Arts, 14, 21-54.
40. Kalb, M., & Socolovsky, J. (1999) The Emboldened Arab Press. Harvard International Journal of Press Politics, 4(3), 1-3.
41. Kazan, F. (1994). Kuwait. In Y. Kamalipour & J. Mowlana (Eds.), Mass media in the Middle East: A comprehensive handbook. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press.
42. Kennicott, P. (March 25, 2003). The illustrated horror of conflict: Images convey facts that are hard to face. The Washington Post, C1.
43. Kohut, A. (2003). American public diplomacy in the Islamic world: Remarks of Andrew Kohut to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing. Philadelphia: Pew Center for the People and the Press. Retrieved December 17, 2006, from http://people-press.org/commentary/display.php3?AnalysisID=63
44. Kratzer, R. M., & Kratzer, B. (2003). How newspapers decided to run disturbing 9/11 photos. Newspaper Research Journal, 24(1), 34-47.
45. Limor, Y., & Himelboim, I. (2006). Journalism and moonlighting: An international comparison of 242 Codes of Ethics. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 21(4), 265-285.
46. Linz, D., Donnerstein, E., & Penrod, S. (1984). The effects of multiple exposure to filmed violence against women. Journal of Communication, 34(3), 130-147.
47. Linz, D., Donnerstein, E., & Penrod, S. (1988). Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 758-768.
48. McLeod, J. M., Sotirovic, M., Voakes, P. S., Guo, Z., & Haung, K-Y. (1998). A model of public support for First Amendment Rights. Communication Law and Policy, 3(4), 479-514.
49. Media Tenor Quarterly (2004). The CNN of the Arab world? Analysis of Al-Jazeera's coverage from March 12th-May 5th, 2004, 1, 82-84.
50. Mohl, J. D. (2003). The many shades of journalism ethics. The Quill, 97(3), 3.
51. Montague, P. (1997). Government, the press and the people's right to know. Journal of Social Psychology, 28(2), 68-78.
52. Nisbet, E., Nisbet, M., Scheufele, D., Shanahan, J. (2004). Public diplomacy, television news, and Muslim opinion. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 9(2), 11-37.
53. The Pew Global Project (2003). Views of a changing world. Retrieved December 17, 2006, from http://www.people.press.org/reports
54. Robertson, L. (2004). Images of war. American Journalism Review, 26(5), 44-51.
55. Roumani, R. (2003). One war, two channels: A young Arab-American keeps one finger on the remote. Columbia Journalism Review, 42(1), 64.
56. Rugh, W. (2004). The Arab press: News media and political process in the Arab World. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
57. Schleifer, S. A. (2001). The sweet and sour success of Al-Jazeera. Transnational Broadcasting Studies, 7. Retrieved December 17, 2006, from http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall2001
58. Seib, P. (2004). Beyond the front lines: How the news media cover a world shaped by war. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
59. Snyder, A. (2006, Aprill 8). Viewpoint: Al-Arabiya as new favorite satellite TV. Middle East Times. Retrieved December 17, 2006, from http://www.metimes.com/articles/normal.php?storyID=20060418-041335-8478r
60. Tai, Z., & Chang, T. (2002). The global news and the pictures in their heads: A comparative analysis of audience Interest, Editor Perceptions and Newspaper Coverage. Gazette, 64(3), 251-265.
61. Usborne, D. (2004, August 8). Biased, yes-but Al-Jazeera should be encouraged; Freedom of speech-The Iraqi government's ban on the Arab satellite. The Independent, 21.
62. Wanta, W., & Hu, Y. H. (1994). The effects of credibility, reliance, and exposure on media agenda-setting: A path analysis model. Journalism Quarterly, 77(1), 90-98.
63. Westley, B. H., & Severin, W. J. (1964). Some correlates of media credibility. Journalism Quarterly, 47(3), 325-335.
64. Wyatt, R. O., Edy, J. L., Blake, K., & Mastin, T. (2000, May). How general confidence in institutions predicts media credibility: A case against journalistic exceptionalism. Paper presented at the World Association for Public Opinion Research, Portland, OR.
65. Zednik, R. (2002). Perspectives on war Inside Al-Jazeera. Columbia Journalism Review. 40(6), 44-47.
66. Zillmann, D. (1998). The psychology of the appeal of portrayals of violence. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Why we watch: The attractions of violent entertainment (pp. 179-211 ). New York: Oxford University Press.