The promise of geometric morphometrics

Yearbook of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 45, Issue , 2002, Pages 63-91

  Richtsmeier, Joan T ^a,b,c   DeLeon, Valerie Burke ^c   Lele, Subhash R ^d  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Form; Invariance; Landmark data; Shape; Size; Statistical models

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT; BIOMETRY; HUMAN; MORPHOGENESIS; ORIENTATION; PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; PROCEDURES; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ANIMALS; ANTHROPOLOGY, PHYSICAL; BIOMETRY; BODY PATTERNING; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; MODELS, ANATOMIC; MODELS, STATISTICAL; ORIENTATION;

EID: 0040074359     PISSN: 0096848X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10174     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Agresti A. 1989. Categorical data analysis. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
2. Aldridge KA, Marsh JL, Gorier D, Richtsmeir JT. 2002. Central nervous system phenotypes in craniosynostosis. J Anat 201:31-39.
3. Atchley WR, Cowley D, Vogl C, McLellan T. 1992. Evolutionary divergence, shape change, and genetic correlation structure in the rodent mandible. Syst Biol 41:196-221.
4. Berger J. 1980. Statistical decision theory. New York: Springer-Verlag.
5. Boas F. 1905. The horizontal plane of the skull and the general problem of the comparison of variable forms. Science 21:862-863.
6. Bookstein F. 1978. The measurement of biological shape and shape change. New York: Springer-Verlag.
7. Bookstein FL. 1982. Foundations of morphometrics. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 13:451-470.
8. Bookstein F. 1986. Size and shape spaces for landmark data in two dimensions. Stat Sci 1:181-242.
9. Bookstein F. 1989. Principal warps: thin plate splines and the decomposition of deformations. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal 11: 567-585.
10. Bookstein F. 1991. Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11. Broadbent BS, Broadbent BJ, Golden W. 1975. Bolton standards of dentofacial developmental growth. St. Louis: Mosby.
12. Casella G, Berger RL. 1990. Statistical inference. Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press.
13. Chamberlain T. 1965. The method of multiple working hypotheses. Science 148:754-759.
14. Chapman R. 1990. Conventional Procrustes approaches. In: Rohlf FJ, Bookstein F, editors. Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. p 251-267.
15. Cheverud J, Lewis J, Bachrach W, Lew W. 1983. The measurement of form and variation in form: an application of three-dimensional quantitative morphology by finite-element methods. Am J Phys Anthropol 62:151-165.
16. Cole TM III. 1996. Historical note: early anthropological contributions to "geometric morphometrics." Am J Phys Anthropol 101:291-296.
17. Cole TM III. 2002. WinEDMA: Windows-based software for Euclidean distance matrix analysis. Kansas City: Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri at Kansas City.
18. Cole TM III, Richtsmeier JT. 1998. A simple method for visualization of influential landmarks when using Euclidean distance matrix analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 107:273-283.
19. Corner BD, Lele S, Richtsmeier JT . 1992. Measuring precision of three-dimensional landmark data. Quantitative Anthropol 3:347-359.
20. Corruccini R. 1987. Shape in morphometrics: comparative analyses. Am J Phys Anthropol 73:289-303.
21. Corruccini R. 1995. Of ratios and rationality. Am J Phys Anthropol 96:189-191.
22. DeLeon V, Zumpano M, Richtsmeier J. 2001. The effect of neurocranial surgery on basicranial morphology in isolated sagittal craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 38:134-146.
23. Dryden I, Mardia K. 1998. Statistical shape analysis. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
24. Dürer A. 1613. Les quatres livres d'Albert Durer de la propotion des parties et pourtraicts des corps humains. Arnheim.
25. Godfrey L, Sutherland M. 1995. What's growth got to do with it? Process and product in the evolution of ontogeny. J Hum Evol 29:405-431.
26. Goodall C. 1991. Procrustes methods in the statistical analysis of shape. J R Stat Soc B 53:285-339.
27. Gould SJ. 1966. Allometry and size in ontogeny and phylogeny. Biol Rev 41:587-640.
28. Gould SJ. 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29. Gould SJ. 1981. The mismeasure of man. New York: W.W. Norton.
30. Hildebolt C, Vannier M. 1988. 3-D measurement accuracy of skull surface landmarks. Am J Phys Anthropol 76:497-504.
31. Huxley J. 1932. Problems of relative growth. London: Methuen.
32. Jungers W, Falsetti A, Wall C. 1995. Shape, relative size, and size-adjustments in morphometrics. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 38: 137-161.
33. Kendall J. 1994. Shape manifolds, Procrustean metrics and complex projective spaces. Bull Lond Math Soc 16:81-121.
34. Kent J, Mardia K. 1997. Consistency of Procrustes estimators. J R Stat Soc B 59:281-290.
35. Kohn L, Cheverud J. 1992. Calibration, validation, and evaluation of scanning systems: anthropometric imaging system repeatability. In: Vannier MW, Yates RE, Whitestone JJ, editors. Electronic imaging of the Human Body Workshop. Dayton, OH: Crew System Ergonomics Information Center. p 114-123.
36. Kowalski CJ. 1972. A commentary on the use of multivariate statistical methods in anthropometric research. Am J Phys Anthropol 36:119-132.
37. Lague MR. 2002. Another look at shape variation in the distal femur of Australopithecus afarensis: implications for taxonomic and functional diversity at Hadar. J Hum Evol 42:609-626.
38. Lele S. 1991. Some comments on coordinate free and scale invariant methods in morphometrics. Am J Phys Anthropol 85:407-418.
39. Lele S. 1993. Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) of landmarks data: estimation of mean form and mean form difference. Math Geol 25:573-602.
40. Lele S. 1999. Invariance and morphometrics: a critical appraisal of statistical techniques for landmark data. In: Chaplain M, Singh G, McLachlan J, editors. On growth and form: spatiotemporal pattern formation in biology. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. p 325-336.
41. Lele S, McCulloch C. 2002. Invariance, identifiability and morphometrics. J Am Stat Assoc 971:796-806.
42. Lele S, Richtsmeier JT. 1990. Statistical models in morphometrics-are they realistic? Syst Zool 39:60-69.
43. Lele S, Richtsmeier JT. 1991. Euclidean distance matrix analysis: a coordinate free approach to comparing biological shapes using landmark data. Am J Phys Anthropol 98:73-86.
44. Lele S, Richtsmeier J. 1995. Estimating confidence intervals for the comparison of forms. Am J Phys Anthropol 98:73-86.
45. Lele S, Richtsmeier J. 2001. An invariant approach to the statistical analysis of shapes. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
46. Lestrel P. 1982. A Fourier analytic procedure to describe complex morphological shape. In: Dixon A, Sarnat B, editors. Factors and mechanisms influencing bone growth. Los Angeles: Alan R. Liss. p 393-409.
47. Lestrel P. 1989. Method for analyzing complex two-dimensional forms: elliptical Fourier functions. Am J Hum Biol 1:149-164.
48. Lewis J, Lew W, Zimmerman J. 1980. A nonhomogeneous anthropometric scaling method based on finite element principles. J Biomech 13:815-824.
49. Lohmann GP. 1983. Eigenshape analysis of microfossils: a general morphometric procedure for describing changes in shape. Math Geol 15:659-672.
50. Lohmann GP, Schweitzer PN . 1990. On eigenshape analysis. In: Rohlf FJ, Bookstein FL, editors. Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. p 147-166.
51. MacLeod N. 1999. Generalizing and extending the eigenshape method of shape visualization and analysis. Paleobiology 25: 107-138.
52. MacLeod N, Rose K. 1993. Inferring locomotor behavior in Paleogene mammals via eigenshape analysis. Am J Sci 239:300-355.
53. Marcus LF, Corti M, Loy A, Naylor GJP, Slice D, editors. 1996. Advances in morphometrics. NATO ASI series. New York: Plenum Press.
54. Morris G. 1989. FIESCA: software for thE application of FESA in biological research. Baltimore: Department of Civil Engineering, Johns Hopkins University.
55. Mosimann J. 1979. Size allometry: size and shape variables with characterizations of the lognormal and generalized gamma distributions. J Am Stat Assoc 63:930-978.
56. Mosimann J, James F. 1979. New statistical methods for allometry with application to Florida red-winged blackbirds. Evolution 33:444-459.
57. Moyers RE, Bookstein FL. 1979. The inappropriateness of conventional cephalometrics. Am J Orthod 75:599-617.
58. Neyman J, Scott E. 1948. Consistent estimates based on partially consistent observations. Econometrica 16:1-32.
59. Oxnard C. 1978. One biologist's view of morphometrics. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 9:219-241.
60. Platt J. 1964. Strong inference. Science 146:347-353.
61. Popper K. 1959. The logic of scientific discovery. London: Hutchinson.
62. Rao C. 2000. A note on statistical analysis of shape through triangulation of landmarks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:2995-2998.
63. Rao C, Suryawanshi S. 1996. Statistical analysis of shape of objects based on landmark data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 12132-12136.
64. Read D, Lestrel P. 1986. Comment on uses of homologous-point measures in systematics: a reply to Bookstein et al. Syst Zool 35:241-253.
65. Reyment R, Blackith R, Campbell N. 1984. Multivariate morphometrics. London: Academic Press.
66. Richtsmeier J. 1987. A comparative study of normal, Crouzon and Apert craniofacial morphology using finite-element scaling analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 74:473-493.
67. Richtsmeier J, Cheverud J. 1986. Finite element scaling analysis of normal growth of the human craniofacial complex. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 6:289-323.
68. Richtsmeier J, Lele S. 1990. Analysis of craniofacial growth in Crouzon syndrome using landmark data. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 10:39-62.
69. Richtsmeier JT, Lele S. 1993. A coordinate-free approach to the analysis of growth patterns: models and theoretical considerations. Biol Rev 68:381-411.
70. Richtsmeier J, Morris G, Marsh J, Vannier M. 1990. The biological implications of varying element design in finite-element scaling analyses of growth. In: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 12. Philadelphia: IEEE. p 387-388.
71. Richtsmeier JT, Cheverud JM, Lele S. 1992. Advances in anthropological morphometrics. Annu Rev Anthropol 21:231-253.
72. Richtsmeier J, Paik C, Eifert P, Cole TM I, Dahlman H. 1995. Precision, repeatability and validation of the localization of cranial landmarks using computed tomography scans. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 32:217-227.
73. Rohlf F. 1993. Morphometric spaces, shape components and the effects of linear transformations. In: Marcos LF, Corti M, Loy A, Naylor G, Slice DE, editors. NATO Advanced Studies Institute on Morphometrics. New York: Plenum Press. p 117-129.
74. Rohlf F. 2000. On the use of shape spaces to compare morphometric methods. Hystrix Ital J Mammol 11:9-25.
75. Rohlf F. 2002. Consistency and bias in morphometric methods. Am J Phys Anthropol [Suppl] 34:133 [abstract].
76. Rohlf F, Marcus L. 1993. A revolution in morphometrics. TREE 8:129-132.
77. Rohlf F, Slice D. 1990. Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks. Syst Zool 39:40-59.
78. Siegel A, Benson R. 1982. A robust comparison of biological shapes. Biometrics 38:341-350.
79. Sneath PHA. 1967. Trend-surface analysis of transformation grids. J Zool Lond 151:65-122.
80. Splus. 2000. Statistics software. Seattle: MathSoft, Inc.
81. Sprent P. 1972. The mathematics of size and shape. Biometrics 28:23-37.
82. SPSS, Inc. 1998. SYSTAT Statistics. Chicago: SPSS, Inc.
83. Strauss R, Bookstein FL. 1982. The truss: body form reconstructions in morphometrics. Syst Zool 31:113-135.
84. Thompson D. 1992. On growth and form: the complete revised edition. New York: Dover.
85. Valeri C, Cole T III, Lele S, Richtsmeier J. 1998. Capturing data from three dimensional surfaces using fuzzy landmarks. Am J Phys Anthropol 107:113-124.
86. Walker J. 2001. Ability of geometric morphometric methods to estimate a known covariance matrix. Syst Biol 49:686-696.
87. Williams F, Richtsmeier J. 2002. Testing the efficacy of image analysis against digitized mandibular landmarks. Clin Anat (in press).