Mothers, fathers, or parents: Samegendered families in South Africa

South African Journal of Psychology

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 260-283

  Lubbe, Carien ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Gay and lesbian families; Heteronormativity; Homosexual parents; Homosexuality; Parenting; Same gendered families

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548028932     PISSN: 00812463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/008124630703700204     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Anderssen, N., Amlie, C., & Ytterø, E. A. (2002). Outcomes for children with lesbian and gay parents: A review of studies from 1978 to 2000. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 335-351.
2. Baetens, P., & Brewaeys, A. (2001). Lesbian couples requesting donor insemination: An update of the knowledge with regard to lesbian mother families. Human Reproduction Update, 7(5), 512-519.
3. Barett, S. E. (1997). Children of lesbian parents: The what, when and how of talking about donor identity. Women & Therapy, 20(2), 43-55.
4. Benkov, L. (1994). Reinventing the family: The emerging story of lesbian and gay parents. New York: Crown.
5. Bernstein, M., & Reimann, R. (2001). Introduction. In M. Bernstein & R. Reimann (Eds.), Queer families, queer politics (pp. 1-17). New York: Columbia University Press.
6. Bonthuys, E. (1994). Awarding access and custody to homosexual parents of minor children. Stellenbosch Law Review, 5(3), 298-313.
7. Bos, H. M. W., van Baien, F., & van den Boom, D. C. (2003). Planned lesbian families: Their desire and motivation to have children. Human reproduction, 18(10), 2216-2224.
8. Botha, A. (1992). Die ontwikkeling van homoseksualisme by die vrou. Unpublished D. Phil thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
9. Botha, K. S. (2000). Die invloed van die ouer se homoseksuele verbintenis op die adolessent: 'n Maatskaplike werkondersoek. Unpublished master's dissertation, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
10. Bozett, F. W. (1987). Gay and lesbian parents. New York: Praeger.
11. Bozzoli, B. (Ed.). (1987). Class, community and conflict. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
12. Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. London: Routledge Falmer.
13. Cameron-Ellis, J. A. (1999). Church and homosexuality: The relationship between individual religious beliefs, attitudes and the quality of contact. Unpublished master's dissertation, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
14. Causey, K. A., & Duran-Aydintug, C. (1997). Tendency to stigmatise lesbian mothers in custody cases. In C. A. Everett (Ed.), Child custody, legal decisions and family outcomes (pp. 171-182). New York: Haworth Press.
15. Cheng, S., & Powell, B. (2005). Small samples, big challenges: Studying atypical family forms. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 67(4), 926-935.
16. Clark, B. (1998). Competing custody rights. Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, 31(3), 288-306.
17. Clarke, V. (2000). 'Stereotype, attack and stigmatize those who disagree': Employing scientific rhetoric in debates about lesbian and gay parenting. Feminism & Psychology, 10(1), 152-159.
18. Clarke, V. (2002). Sameness and difference in research on lesbian parenting. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 12, 210-222.
19. Clunis, D. M., & Green, G. D. (2000). The lesbian parenting book (2nd ed.). New York: Seal Press.
20. Cock, J. (2003). Engendering gay and lesbian rights: The equality clause in the South African constitution. Woman's Studies International Forum, 26(1), 35-45.
21. Cole, B. (2002, November 3). Egg-static! Court rules for lesbian parents. Sunday Tribune, p. 1.
22. Coontz, S. (1992). The way we never were: American families and the nostalgia trip, New York: Basic Books.
23. Coyle, A., & Kitzinger, C. (2002). Lesbian & gay psychology. London: Blackwell.
24. Cramer, D. (1986). Gay parents and their children: A review of research and practical implications. Journal of Counselling and Development, 64(8), 504-507.
25. Dalton, S. E., & Bielby, D. D. (2000). That's our kind of constellation: Lesbian mothers negotiate institutionalised understandings of gender within the family. Gender & Society, 14(1), 36-61.
26. de Bruin, P. (2004, December 1). Huwelikshek oop, skerp reaksie op hof se groen lig vir gays wat wil trou. Beeld, p. 1.
27. Demo, D. H., & Allen, K. R. (1996). Diversity within lesbian and gay families: Challenges and implications for family theory and research. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13(3), 415-434.
28. de Vos, P. (1994). The right of a lesbian mother to have access to her children: Some constitutional issues. South African Law Journal, 111(4), 687-694.
29. Dinshaw, C. (1999). Getting medieval: Sexualities and communities, pre-and post-modern. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
30. Donovan, C. (2000). Who needs a father? Negotiating biological fatherhood in British lesbian families using self-insemination. Sexualities, 3(2), 149-194.
31. Dundas, S., & Kaufman, M. (2000). The Toronto lesbian family study. Journal of Homosexuality, 40(2), 65-79.
32. Dunne, G. A. (2000). Opting into motherhood: Lesbians blurring the boundaries and transforming the meaning of parenthood and kinship. Gender & Society, 14(1), 11-35.
33. Dunphy, R. (2000). Sexual politics: An introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
34. Elder, G. (1995). Of moffies, kaffirs and perverts: Male homosexuality and the discourse of moral order in the apartheid state. In B. David & V. Gill (Eds.), Sexuality (pp. 56-65). London: Routledge Falmer.
35. Ellis, E. (2003, February 9). Same-sex parents can raise family, says court. Star, p. 3.
36. Ellis, P., & Murphy, B. C. (1994). The impact of misogyny and homophobia on therapy with women. In M. P. Mirkin (Ed.), Women in context: Toward a feminist reconstruction of psycho-therapy (pp. 48-73). New York: Guilford Press.
37. Epstein, D., O'Flynn, S., & Telford, D. (2002). Innocence and experience: Paradoxes in sexuality and education. In D. Richardson & S. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of lesbian and gay studies (pp. 271-290). London: Sage.
38. Esterberg, K. G. (2002). The bisexual menace: Or, will the real bisexual please stand up? In D. Richardson & S. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of lesbian and gay studies (pp. 215-227). London: Sage.
39. Fitzgerald, B. (1999). Children of lesbian and gay parents: A review of the literature. Marriage & Family Review, 29(1), 57-75.
40. Flaks, D. K., Ficher, I., Masterpasqua, F., & Joseph, G. (1995). Lesbians choosing motherhood: A comparative study of lesbians and heterosexual parents and their children. Developmental psychology, 31(1), 105-114.
41. Fulton, C. (2004, February). They said it wouldn't last. Fair Lady, pp. 72-75.
42. Gabb, J. (2001). Querying the discourses of love. The European Journal of Women's Studies, 8(3), 313-328.
43. Gabb, J. (2005). Locating lesbian parent families: Everyday negotiations of lesbian motherhood in Britain. Gender Place and Culture, 12(4), 419-432.
44. Gevisser, M., & Cameron, E. (Eds.). (1994). Defiant desire. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
45. Goldberg, A. E., & Sayer, A. (2006). Lesbian couples' relationship quality across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 68(1), 87-100.
46. Golombok, S., Perry, B., Burston, S., Murray, C., Mooney-Somers, J., Stevens, M., et al. (2003). Children with lesbian parents: A community study. Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 20-33.
47. Golombok, S., Tasker, F., & Murray, C. (1997). Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: Family relationships and the socio-emotional development of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 38(1), 783-791.
48. Gordon, T. (1990). Feminist mothers. London: Macmillan.
49. Gottfried, A. E., & Gottfried, A. W. (Eds.). (1994). Redefining families, implications for children's development. New York: Plenum Press.
50. Green, R., Mandel, J. B., Hotvedt, M. E., Gray, J., & Smith, L. (1986). Lesbian mothers and their children: A comparison with solo parent heterosexual mothers and their children. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 15(2), 167-184.
51. Greenfeld, D. A. (2005). Reproduction in same sex couples: Quality of parenting and child development. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 17(3), 309-312.
52. Hare, J. (1994). Concerns and issues faced by families headed by a lesbian couple. Families in Society, 75(1), 27-35.
53. Hare, J., & Richards, L. (1993). Children raised by lesbian couples: Does context of birth affect father and partner involvement? Family Relations, 42(3), 249-255.
54. Harris, M. B., & Turner, P. H. (1985). Gay and lesbian parents. Journal of Homosexuality, 12(2), 101-113.
55. Hequembourg, A. L., & Farrell, M. P. (1999). Lesbian motherhood: Negotiating marginal mainstream identities. Gender & Society, 13(4), 540-557.
56. Hunter, J., & Mallon, G. P. (2000). Lesbian, gay and bisexual development: Dancing with your feet tied together. In B. Greene & G. L. Croom (Eds.), Education, research and practice in lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered psychology (pp. 226-243). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
57. Isaack, W. (2003). Equal in word of law: The rights of lesbian and gay people in South Africa. Retrieved July 19, 2004, from http://www.equality. org.za/legal/articles/2003/equalworldlaw.php
58. Jackson, N. (2003, August 27). 50%+ van sinodegangers meen gays sondig. Beeld, p. 4.
59. Jackson, S., & Scott, S. (2004). Sexual antinomies in late modernity. Sexualities, 7(2), 233-248.
60. Johnson, P. (2004). Haunting heterosexuality: The homo/het binary and intimate love. Sexualities, 7(2), 183-2000.
61. Johnson, S. M., & O'Connor, E. (2001). For lesbian parents: Your guide to helping your family grow up happy, healthy and proud. New York: Guilford Press.
62. Jordaan, D. W. (1998). Homoseksuele ouerskap: 'n Grondwetlike analise. De Jure ac Legibus, 31(2), 302-321.
63. Kershaw, S. (2000). Living in a lesbian household: The effects on children. Child and Family Social Work, 5(4), 365-371.
64. Khan, F. (2002, September 15). Same-sex adoptions are 'godless'. Sunday Tribune, p. 3.
65. Kheswa, B., & Wieringa, S. (2005). My attitude is manly... a girl needs to walk on the aisle: Butch-femme culture in Johannesburg, South Africa. In Morgan, R. & Wieringa, S. (Eds.), Tommy boys, lesbian men and ancestral wives: Female same-sex practices in Africa (pp. 199-229). Johannesburg: Jacana Press.
66. Kidd, W. (1999), Family diversity in an uncertain future. Sociology Review, 9(1), 11-14.
67. King, J. R. (2004). The (Im)possibility of gay teachers for young children. Theory into Practice, 43(2), 22-127.
68. Kirkpatrick, D. D. (2004, February 28). Gay-marriage fight finds ambivalence from evangelicals. New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2004, from http://nytimes.com
69. Kirkpatrick, M., Smith, C., & Roy, R. (1981). Lesbian mothers and their children: A comparative study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51(3), 545-551.
70. Knoesen, E. (2003). Speech to OUT AGM 2003. Retrieved July 19, 2004, from http://www. equality.org.za/archive/2-3/outagm.php
71. Knoesen, E. (2004, March 3). Queering the vote. Mail & Guardian, p. 15.
72. Knowler, W., & Donaldson, H. (2002, September 15). Gay couples celebrate adoption law. Sunday Tribune, p. 3.
73. Krestan, J. (1987). Lesbian daughters and lesbian mothers: The crisis of disclosure from a family system perspective. Journal of Psychotherapy & the Family, 3(4), 113-130.
74. Kurdek, L. A. (2006). Differences between partners form heterosexual, gay and lesbian cohabiting couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(2), 509-528.
75. Lacayo, R. (2004). For better or for worse? Time Magazine, 163(10), 18-25.
76. Laird, J. (1994). Lesbian families: A cultural perspective. In M. P. Mirkin (Ed.), Women in context: Toward a feminist reconstruction of psycho-therapy (pp. 118-148).New York: Guilford Press.
77. Laird, J. (1996). Family-centred practice with lesbian and gay families. Families in Society, 77(9), 559-572.
78. Lehr, V. (1999). Queer family values. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
79. Levy, E. F. (1992). Strengthening the coping resources of lesbian families. Families in Society, 73(1), 23-31.
80. Lott-Whitehead, L., & Tully, C. T. (1993). The family lives of lesbian mothers. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 63(3), 265-280.
81. Loutzenheiser, L. W., & Macintosh, L. B. (2004). Citizenships, sexualities and education. Theory into Practice, 42(2), 151-158.
82. Lützen, K. (1998). Gay and lesbian politics: Assimilation or subversion: A Danish perspective. In J. Löfström (Ed.), Scandinavian homosexualities: Essays on gay and lesbian studies (pp. 233-244). New York: Haworth Press.
83. Lynch, J. M. (2000). Considerations of family structure and gender composition: The lesbian and gay stepfamily. Journal of Homosexuality, 40(2), 81-95.
84. Lynch, J. M., & Murray, K. (2000). For the love of the children: The coming out process for lesbian and gay parents and stepparents. Journal of Homosexuality, 39(1), 1-24.
85. Malone, K., & Cleary, R. (2002). (De)Sexing the family. Feminist Theory, 3(3), 271-293.
86. McCafferty, C. (2001, October 9). Children without fathers more crime-prone. Eastern Province Herald, p. 4.
87. McGiIl, J. (2002, September 26). Ruling reflects moral problem. The Herald, p. 7.
88. Mosikatsana, T. (1996). Comment on the adoption by K and B, re (1995)31 CRR(2d)151. South African Journal on Human Rights, 12(4), 582-586.
89. Mphaki, A. (2003, April 20). Same-sex couples get equality and disapproval. City Press, p. 21.
90. Norton, R. (2002). A critique of social constructionism and postmodern queer theory: 'Labelling theory'. Retrieved February 25, 2005, from http://www.inoopt.demon. co.uk/social21.htm
91. Oliver, L. (1998, December 5). Tears as pair is given custody. Saturday Argus, p. 3.
92. Oswald, R. F. (2002). Resilience within the family networks of lesbian and gay men: Intentionally and redefinition. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64(2), 374-383.
93. Paechter, C. (2000). Growing up with a lesbian mother: A theoretical based analysis of personal experience. Sexualities, 3(4), 395-408.
94. Pantazis, A. (1996). The problematic nature of gay identity. South African Journal on Human Rights, 12(2), 291-307.
95. Parks, C. A. (1998). Lesbian parenthood: A review of literature. American Orthopsychiatric Association, 86(3), 376-389.
96. Patterson, C. J. (1995), Families of the lesbian baby boom: Parents' division of labor and children's adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 3/(1), 115-123.
97. Patterson, C. J., & Redding, R. E. (1996). Lesbians and gay families with children: Implications of social science research for policy. Journal of Social Issues, 52(3), 29-50.
98. Pennington, S. B. (1987). Children of lesbian mothers. In F.W. Bozett (Ed.), Gay and lesbian parents (pp. 58-74). New York: Praeger.
99. Pies, C. A. (1990). Lesbians and the choice to parent. Marriage and Family Review, 14(3-4), 137-154.
100. Plummer, K. (2003). Intimate citizenship: Private decisions and public dialogues. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
101. Polders, L., & Wells, H. (2004). Overall research findings on levels of empowerment among LGBT people in Gauteng, South Africa. Pretoria: OUT LGTB Well-being.
102. Potgieter, C. (2004). Sexualities? Hey, this is what Black, South African lesbians have to say about relationships with men, the family, heterosexual women and culture. In van Zyl, M. & Steyn, M. (Eds.), Performing queer: Shaping sexualities 1994-2004 (Vol. 1.) (pp. 177-192). Cape Town: Kwela Books.
103. Powers, C. (1998, April 3). Lesbian mother wins custody of her child. The Star, p. 3.
104. Prins, J. (2003, November 11). Gays wat nie skrik, sal hei toe gaan, sê gospelsanger. Beeld. Retrieved November 11,2003, from http://152.111.1.25l/argief/berigte/beeld/2003/11/11/B3/03/05.html
105. Puri, J. (2002). Nationalism has a lot to do with it! Unravelling questions of nationalism and transnationalism in lesbian/gay studies. In D. Richardson & S. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of lesbian and gay studies (pp. 427-442). London: Sage.
106. Richardson, D., & Seidman, S. (2002). Introduction. In D. Richardson & S. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of lesbian and gay studies (pp. 1-15). London: Sage.
107. Riggs, D. W. (2005). 'Rather like a conspiracy theory': Refusing heteronormative understandings of lesbian and gay parents. Australian Journal of Psychology, 57, 249-249.
108. Roseneil, S. (2002). The heterosexual/homosexual binary: Past, present and future. In D. Richardson & S. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of lesbian and gay studies (pp. 27-44). London: Sage.
109. Savin-Williams, R. C., & Esterberg, K. G. (2000). Lesbian, gay and bi-sexual families. In D. H. Demo, K. R. Allen, & M. A. Fine (Eds.), Handbook of family diversity (pp. 197-215). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
110. Sedgwick, E. K. (1990). Epistemology of the closet. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
111. Segal-Sklar, S. (1995). Lesbian parenting: Radical or retrograde? In K. Jay (Ed.), Dyke life: From growing up to growing old, a celebration of lesbian experience (pp. 174-191). New York: Basic Books.
112. Siegenthaler, A. L., & Bigner, J. J. (2000). The value of children to lesbian and non-lesbian mothers. Journal of homosexuality, 39(2), 73-91.
113. Singh, D. (1995). Discrimination against lesbians in family law. South African Journal on Human Rights, 11(4), 571-581.
114. Stacey, J., & Biblarz, T. J. (2001). (How) does the sexual orientation of parents matter? American Sociological Association, 66(2), 159-183.
115. Sullivan, N. (2003). A critical introduction to queer theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
116. Tasker, F. (2002). Lesbian and gay parenting. In A. Coyle & C. Kitzinger (Eds.), Lesbian and gay psychology: New perspectives (pp. 81-97). London: Blackwell.
117. Tasker, F., & Golombok, S. (1995). Adults raised as children in lesbian families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65(2), 203-215.
118. Tasker, F., & Golombok, S. (1997). Growing up in a lesbian family: Effects on child development. New York: Guilford Press.
119. Truter, R. H. (2003, April 22). Gay-regte nie ligte besluit. Die Burger, p. 10.
120. Underhill, G. (2003, June). The story of us. Femina, pp. 72-75.
121. van der Linde, S. (1995). Egskeidingsgeding: Toesig oor middeljarige kinders. Codicillus, 36(1), 61-62.
122. Vanfraussen, K., Ponjaert-Kristoffersen, I., & Brewaeys, A. (2002). What does it mean for youngsters to grow up in a lesbian family created by means of donor insemination? Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 20(4), 237-252.
123. van Niekerk, E. (1989). Seksuele ontsporinge by seuns in die puberteit. Unpublished master's dissertation, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
124. Victor, S. B., & Fish, M. C. (1995). Lesbian mother and the children: A review for school psychologists. School Psychology Review, 24(3), 456-479.
125. von Geusau, R. (2003, August). How to make a baby, Shape, pp. 68-71.
126. Wallis, C. (2003, August 18). A house divided. Time Magazine, pp. 44-45.
127. Walters, S. D. (2000). Wedding bells and baby carriages: Heterosexuals imagine gay families, gay families imagine themselves. In M. Andrews, S. D. Sclater, C. Squire, & A. Treacher (Eds.), Lines of narrative (pp. 48-63). London: Routledge Falmer.
128. Whisson, M. (2003, May 5). Morals matter: Same sex marriages. Daily Dispatch, p. 3.
129. Wind, L. H. (1999). Developmental identity crisis in non-traditional families. In N. B. Webb (Ed.), Play therapy with children in crisis (pp. 318-338). New York: Guilford Press.
130. Wright, J. M. (2001). Aside from one little, tiny detail, we are so incredibly normal: Perspectives of children in lesbian step families. In M. Bernstein & R. Reimann (Eds.), Queer families, queer politics (pp. 272-290). New York: Columbia University Press.
131. Ziehl, S. C. (2001). Documenting changing family patterns in South Africa: Are census data of any value? Africa Sociological Review, 5(2), 36-62.
132. Zimmerman, B. (1992). Lesbians like this and that. In S. Munt (Ed.), New lesbian criticism (pp. 1-15). New York: Columbia University Press.