Reversal of normal cerebral sexual dimorphism in schizophrenia: Evidence and speculations

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 69, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 896-902

  Mendrek, Adrianna ^a  

^a CENTRE DE RECHERCHE FERNAND SEGUIN   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SEX HORMONE;

ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; COGNITION; EMOTION; FEMINIZATION; HUMAN; MASCULINITY; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROIMAGING; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEX DIFFERENCE;

EID: 34547844177     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.064     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Kraepelin E., Barclay R.M., and Robertson G.M. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia (1919), Livingstone, Edinburgh
2. Leung A., and Chue P. Sex differences in schizophrenia, a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 401 (2000) 3-38
3. Flor-Henry P. Schizophrenia: sex differences. Can J Psychiatry 30 (1985) 319-322
4. Hafner H. Gender differences in schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2 (2003) 17-54
5. Goldstein J.M., Seidman L.J., Horton N.J., et al. Normal sexual dimorphism of the adult human brain assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb Cortex 11 (2001) 490-497
6. Harasty J., Double K.L., Halliday G.M., Kril J.J., and McRitchie D.A. Language-associated cortical regions are proportionally larger in the female brain. Arch Neurol 54 (1997) 171-176
7. Paus T., Otaky N., Caramanos Z., et al. In vivo morphometry of the intrasulcal gray matter in the human cingulate, paracingulate, and superior-rostral sulci: hemispheric asymmetries, gender differences and probability maps. J Comp Neurol 376 (1996) 664-673
8. Allen L.S., Hines M., Shryne J.E., and Gorski R.A. Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. J Neurosci 9 (1989) 497-506
9. Zhou J.N., Hofman M.A., Gooren L.J., and Swaab D.F. A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature 378 (1995) 68-70
10. Reite M., Sheeder J., Teale P., et al. Magnetic source imaging evidence of sex differences in cerebral lateralization in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54 (1997) 433-440
11. Bryant N.L., Buchanan R.W., Vladar K., Breier A., and Rothman M. Gender differences in temporal lobe structures of patients with schizophrenia: a volumetric MRI study. Am J Psychiatry 156 (1999) 603-609
12. Flau M., Swayze II V.W., O'Leary D.S., et al. Effects of diagnosis, laterality, and gender on brain morphology in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 152 (1995) 704-714
13. Goldstein J.M., Seidman L.J., O'Brien L.M., et al. Impact of normal sexual dimorphisms on sex differences in structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59 (2002) 154-164
14. Takahashi T., Suzuki M., Kawasaki Y., et al. Perigenual cingulate gyrus volume in patients with schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 53 (2003) 593-600
15. Takahashi T., Suzuki M., Zhou S.Y., et al. Lack of normal gender differences of the perigenual cingulate gyrus in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 254 (2004) 273-280
16. Gur R.C., Gunning-Dixon F., Bilker W.B., and Gur R.E. Sex differences in temporo-limbic and frontal brain volumes of healthy adults. Cereb Cortex 12 (2002) 998-1003
17. Gur R.E., Kohler C., Turetsky B.I., et al. A sexually dimorphic ratio of orbitofrontal to amygdala volume is altered in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 55 (2004) 512-517
18. Kimura D. Sex, sexual orientation and sex hormones influence human cognitive function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 6 (1996) 259-263
19. Seidman L.J., Goldstein J.M., Goodman J.M., et al. Sex differences in olfactory identification and Wisconsin Card Sorting performance in schizophrenia: Relationship to attention and verbal ability. Biol Psychiatry 42 (1997) 104-115
20. Goldstein J.M., Seidman L.J., Goodman J.M., et al. Are there sex differences in neuropsychological functions among patients with schizophrenia?. Am J Psychiatry 155 (1998) 1358-1364
21. Lewine R.R., Walker E.F., Shurett R., Caudle J., and Haden C. Sex differences in neuropsychological functioning among schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 153 (1996) 1178-1184
22. Goldberg T.E., Gold J.M., Torrey E.F., and Weinberger D.R. Lack of sex differences in the neuropsychological performance of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 152 (1995) 883-888
23. Albus M., Hubmann W., Mohr F., et al. Are there gender differences in neuropsychological performance in patients with first-episode schizophrenia?. Schizophr Res 28 (1997) 39-50
24. Mendrek A, Sephary AA, Stip E. Sex differences in episodic memory of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analysis. Cognit Neuropsychiatry, submitted for publication.
25. Weiss E., Siedentopf C.M., Hofer A., et al. Sex differences in brain activation pattern during a visuospatial cognitive task: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in healthy volunteers. Neurosci Letter 344 (2003) 169-172
26. Hugdahl K., Thomsen T., and Ersland L. Sex differences in visuo-spatial processing: an fMRI study of mental rotation. Neuropsychologia 44 (2006) 1575-1583
27. Schneider F., Habel U., Kessler C., Salloum J.B., and Posse S. Gender differences in regional cerebral activity during sadness. Hum Brain Mapp 9 (2000) 226-238
28. Killgore W.D., and Yurgelun-Todd D.A. Sex differences in amygdala activation during the perception of facial affect. Neuroreport 12 (2001) 2543-2547
29. Wrase J., Klein S., Gruesser S.M., et al. Gender differences in the processing of standardized emotional visual stimuli in humans: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosci Letter 348 (2003) 41-45
30. Lee T.M., Liu H.L., Chan C.C., Fang S.Y., and Gao J.H. Neural activities associated with emotion recognition observed in men and women. Mol Psychiatry 10 (2005) 450-455
31. Wager T.D., Phan K.L., Liberzon I., and Taylor S.F. Valence, gender, and lateralization of functional brain anatomy in emotion: a meta-analysis of findings from neuroimaging. Neuroimage 19 (2003) 513-531
32. Mendrek A., Fahim C., Mancini-Marie A., Boualem M., and Stip E. An fMRI study of sex differences in emotion processing in schizophrenia. Schiz Bull 31 (2005) 427
33. Mendrek A., Mancini-Marie A., Fahim C., and Stip E. Sex differences in the cerebral function associated with processing of aversive stimuli by schizophrenia patients. Aust New Z J Psychiatry 41 (2007) 136-141
34. Alias A.G. Schizotypy and leadership: a contrasting model for deficit symptoms, and a possible therapeutic role for sex hormones. Med Hypotheses 54 (2000) 537-552
35. Goldstein J.M. Sex, hormones and affective arousal circuitry dysfunction in schizophrenia. Horm Behav 50 (2006) 612-622
36. Lutchmaya S., Baron-Cohen S., Raggatt P., Knickmeyer R., and Manning J.T. 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol. Early Hum Dev 77 (2004) 23-28
37. Manning J.T., Baron-Cohen S., Wheelwright S., and Sanders G. The 2nd to 4th digit ratio and autism. Dev Med Child Neurol 43 (2001) 160-164
38. Arato M., Frecska E., Beck C., An M., and Kiss H. Digit length pattern in schizophrenia suggests disturbed prenatal hemispheric lateralization. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28 (2004) 191-194
39. Procopio M., Davies R.J., and Marriott P. The hormonal environment in utero as a potential aetiological agent for schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256 (2006) 77-81
40. Walder D.J., Andersson T.L., McMillan A.L., Breedlove S.M., and Walker E.F. Sex differences in digit ratio (2D:4D) are disrupted in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder: altered prenatal gonadal hormone levels as a risk factor. Schizophr Res 86 (2006) 118-122
41. Sherwin B.B. Surgical menopause, estrogen, and cognitive function in women: what do the findings tell us?. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1052 (2005) 3-10
42. Behl C. Sex hormones, neuroprotection and cognition. Prog Brain Res 138 (2002) 135-142
43. Huber T.J., Borsutzky M., Schneider U., and Emrich H.M. Psychotic disorders and gonadal function: Evidence supporting the oestrogen hypothesis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 109 (2004) 269-274
44. Bergemann N., Mundt C., Parzer P., et al. Plasma concentrations of estradiol in women suffering from schizophrenia treated with conventional versus atypical antipsychotics. Schizophr Res 73 (2005) 357-366
45. Kendell R.E., Chalmers J.C., and Platz C. Epidemiology of puerperal psychoses. Br J Psychiatry 150 (1987) 662-673
46. Hallonquist J.D., Seeman M.V., Lang M., and Rector N.A. Variation in symptom severity over the menstrual cycle of schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry 33 (1993) 207-209
47. Gattaz W.F., Vogel P., Riecher-Rossle A., and Soddu G. Influence of the menstrual cycle phase on the therapeutic response in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 36 (1994) 137-139
48. Huber T.J., Tettenborn C., Leifke E., and Emrich H.M. Sex hormones in psychotic men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30 (2005) 111-114
49. Moffat S.D. Effects of testosterone on cognitive and brain aging in elderly men. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1055 (2005) 80-92
50. Kline N.S., Blair J., Cooper T.B., Esser A.H., Hackett E., and Vestergaard P. A controlled seven year study of endocrine and other indices in drug treated chronic schizophrenics. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 206 (1968) 7-75
51. Rinieris P., Markianos M., Hatzimanolis J., and Stefanis C. A psychoendocrine study in male paranoid schizophrenics with delusional ideas of homosexual content. Acta Psychiatr Scand 72 3 (1985) 309-314
52. Oades R.D., and Schepker R. Serum gonadal steroid hormones in young schizophrenic patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 19 4 (1994) 373-385
53. Goyal R.O., Sagar R., Ammini A.C., Khurana M.L., and Alias A.G. Negative correlation between negative symptoms of schizophrenia and testosterone levels. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1032 (2004) 291-294
54. Shirayama Y., Hashimoto K., Suzuki Y., and Higuchi T. Correlation of plasma neurosteroid levels to the severity of negative symptoms in male patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 58 1 (2002) 69-74
55. Akhondzadeh S., Rezaei F., Larijani B., Nejatisafa A.A., Kashani L., and Abbasi S.H. Correlation between testosterone, gonadotropins and prolactin and severity of negative symptoms in male patients with chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 84 2-3 (2006) 405-410