Pain: From Diagnosis to Effective Treatment

Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 126-134

  Driessen, Bernd ^a,b   Zarucco, Laura ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

Author keywords

balanced analgesia; complementary modalities of pain therapy; diagnosing and scoring of pain scoring; horse; multi modal analgesia; pain behaviors

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; EQUIDAE;

EID: 34547843609     PISSN: 15347516     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.ctep.2007.05.005     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Taylor P.M., Pascoe P.J., and Mama K.R. Diagnosing and treating pain in the horse. Where are we today?. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 18 (2002) 1-19
2. Murrel J.C., and Johnson C.B. Neurophysiological techniques to assess pain in animals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 29 (2006) 325-335
3. Price J., Catriona S., Welsh E.M., et al. Preliminary evaluation of a behaviour-based system for assessment of post-operative pain in horses following arthroscopic surgery. Vet Anaesth Analg 30 (2003) 124-137
4. Holton L.L., Scott E.M., Nolan A.M., et al. Relationship between physiological factors and clinical pain in dogs scored using a numerical rating scale. J Small Anim Pract 39 (1989) 464-479
5. Pritchett L.C., Ulibarrib C., Roberts M.C., et al. Identification of potential physiological and behavioral indicators of postoperative pain in horses after exploratory celiotomy for colic. Appl Anim Behav Sci 80 (2003) 31-43
6. Schatzmann U., and Spadavecchia C. Significance, diagnosis and interpretation of pain. Pferdeheilkunde 20 (2004) 51-54
7. Pratt G.W., and O'Connor J.T. Force plate studies of equine biomechanics. Am J Vet Res 37 (1976) 1251-1255
8. Aviad A.D. The use of the standing force plate as a quantitative measure of equine lameness. J Equine Vet Sci 8 (1988) 460-462
9. Gingerich D.A., Auer J.A., and Fackelman G.E. Force plate studies on the effect of exogenous hyaluronic acid on joint function in equine arthritis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2 (1979) 291-298
10. Merkens H.W., and Schamhardt H.C. Evaluation of equine locomotion during different degrees of experimentally induced lameness. I: Lameness model and quantification of ground reaction force patterns of the limbs. Equine Vet J Suppl 6 (1988) 99-106
11. Huskamp B., Tietje S., Nowak M., et al. Foot load and gait patterns of healthy horses and horses with navicular disease, measured by the equine gait analysis system. Pferdeheilkunde 6 (1990) 231-235
12. Symonds K.D., MacAllister C.G., Erkert R.S., et al. Use of force plate analysis to assess the analgesic effects of etodolac in horses with navicular syndrome. Am J Vet Res 67 (2006) 557-561
13. Back W., Barneveld A., van Weeren P.R., et al. Kinematic gait analysis in equine carpal lameness. Acta Anat 146 (1993) 86-89
14. Keegan K.G., Wilson D.A., Wilson D.J., et al. Evaluation of mild lameness in horses trotting on a treadmill by clinicians and interns or residents and correlation of their assessments with kinematic gait analysis. Am J Vet Res 59 (1998) 1370-1377
15. Judy C.E., Galuppo L.D., Snyder J.R., et al. Evaluation of an in-shoe pressure measurement system in horses. Am J Vet Res 62 (2001) 23-28
16. Haussler K.K., and Erb H.N. Pressure algometry: objective assessment of back pain and effects of chiropractic treatment (2003), American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), New Orleans, LA 66-70 in 2003 Proceedings of the 49th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners
17. Fischer A.A. Pressure algometry over normal muscles: standard values, validity and reproducibility of pressure threshold. Pain 30 (1987) 115-126
18. Fischer A.A. Pressure tolerance over muscles and bones in normal subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 67 (1986) 406-409
19. Fischer A.A. Algometry in diagnosis of musculoskeletal pain and evaluation of treatment outcome: an update. J Musculoskeletal Pain 6 (1998) 5-32
20. Haussler K.K., and Erb H.N. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds in the axial skeleton of horses. Equine Vet J 38 (2006) 70-75
21. Haussler K.K., and Erb H.N. Pressure algometry for the detection of induced back pain in horses: a preliminary study. Equine Vet J 38 (2006) 76-81
22. Holton L.L., Reid J., Scott E.M., et al. Development of a behaviour-based scale to measure acute pain in dogs. Vet Rec 148 (2001) 525-531
23. Roughan J.V., and Flecknell P.A. Behavioural effects of laparotomy and analgesic effects of ketoprofen and carprofen in rats. Pain 90 (2001) 65-74
24. Molony V., Kent J.E., and McKendrick I.J. Validation of a method for evaluation of an acute pain in lambs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 76 (2002) 215-238
25. Molony V., and Kent J.E. Assessment of acute pain in farm animals using behavioral and physiological measurements. J Anim Sci 75 (1997) 266-272
26. Raekallio M., Taylor P.M., and Bennett R.C. Preliminary investigation of pain and analgesia assessment in horses given phenylbutazone or placebo after arthroscopic surgery. Vet Surg 26 (1997) 150-155
27. Raekallio M., Taylor P.M., and Bloomfield M. A comparison of methods for evaluation of pain and distress after orthopaedic surgery in horses. J Vet Anaesth 24 (1997) 17-20
28. Price J., Marques J.M., Welsh E.M., et al. Pilot epidemiological study of attitudes towards pain in horses. Vet Rec 151 (2002) 570-575
29. Sellon D.C., Roberts M.C., Blikslager A.T., et al. Continuous butorphanol infusion for analgesia in the postoperative colic horse. Vet Surg 48 (2002) 244-246
30. Sellon D.C., Roberts M.C., Blikslager A.T., et al. Effects of continuous rate intravenous infusion of butorphanol on physiologic and outcome variables in horses after celiotomy. J Vet Int Med 18 (2004) 555-563
31. Wilson D. Recognition of pain. In: Doherty T., and Valverde A. (Eds). Manual of Equine Anesthesia & Analgesia (2006), Blackwell, Oxford, UK 300-302
32. Zimmermann M. Behavioural investigations of pain in animals. In: Duncan I.J.H., and Molony V. (Eds). Assessing Pain in Farm Animals (1986), Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg 16-29
33. Paul-Murphy J., Ludders J., Robertson S., et al. The need for a cross-species approach to the study of pain in animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224 (2004) 692-697
34. Johnson C.B., Taylor P.M., Young S.S., et al. Postoperative analgesia using phenylbutazone, flunixin or carprofen in horses. Vet Rec 133 (1993) 336-338
35. Jöchle W. Field trial evaluation of detomidine as a sedative and analgesic agent in horses with colic. Equine Vet J 7 suppl (1989) 117-120
36. Jöchle W., Moore J.N., Brown J., et al. Comparison of detomidine, butorphanol, flunixin meglumine, and xylazine in clinical cases of equine colic. Equine Vet J 7 suppl (1989) 111-116
37. Lowe J.E. The balloon model for controlled abdominal pain in the horse. In: Short C.E., and van Poznak A. (Eds). Animal Pain (1992), Churchill Livingstone, New York, NY 408-410
38. Lemke K.A. Understanding the pathophysiology of perioperative pain. Can Vet J 45 (2004) 405-413
39. Muir W.W. Pain therapy in horses. Equine Vet J 37 (2005) 98-100
40. Livingston A. Physiological basis of pain management. In: Doherty T., and Valverde A. (Eds). Manual of Equine Anesthesia & Analgesia (2006), Blackwell, Oxford, UK 293-300
41. Yaksh T.L. Future advances in pain pharmacology: what does the present say about the future?. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 45 (2002) 211-218
42. Bossut D.F., Page E.H., and Stromberg M.W. Production of cutaneous analgesia by electroacupuncture in horses: variations dependent on sex of subject and locus of stimulation. Am J Vet Res 45 (1984) 620-625
43. Klide A.M., and Martin B.B. Methods of stimulating acupuncture points for treatment of chronic back pain in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195 (1989) 1375-1379
44. Martin B.B., and Klide A.M. Acupuncture for the treatment of chronic back pain in 200 horses (1991), American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), San Francisco, CA 593-601 in 1991 Proceedings of the 37th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners
45. Xie H.S., Asquith R.L., and Kivipelto J. A review of the use of acupuncture for treatment of equine back pain. J Equine Vet Sci 16 (1996) 285-290
46. Ridgway K.J. Diagnosis and treatment of equine musculo-skeletal pain. The role of complementary modalities: acupuncture and chiropractic (2005), American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), Seattle, WA 403-408 in 2005 Proceedings of the 51st Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners
47. Skarda R.T., and Muir W.W. Comparison of electroacupuncture and butorphanol on respiratory and cardiovascular effects and rectal pain threshold after controlled rectal distention in mares. Am J Vet Res 64 (2003) 137-144
48. Skarda R.T., Tejwani G.A., and Muir W.W. Cutaneous analgesia, hemodynamic and respiratory effects, and beta-endorphin concentration in spinal fluid and plasma of horses after acupuncture and electroacupuncture. Am J Vet Res 63 (2002) 1435-1442
49. Xie H.S., Colahan P., and Ott E. Evaluation of electroacupuncture treatment of horses with signs of chronic thoracolumbar pain. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227 (2005) 281-286
50. Chernyak G.V., and Sessler D.I. Perioperative acupuncture and related techniques. Anesthesiology 102 (2005) 1031-1049
51. Trotter G.W. Acupuncture: application in a performance horse practice (2007), Società Italiana Veterinari Per Equini (SIVE), Bologna, Italy 90-97 in 2007 Proceedings of the 13th Annual Congress of the Società Italiana Veterinari Per Equini (SIVE)
52. Cheng R., McKibbin L., Roy B., et al. Electroacupuncture elevates blood cortisol levels in naive horses; sham treatment has no effect. Int J Neurosci 10 (1980) 95-97
53. Chu J. The local mechanism of acupuncture. Chin Med J 65 (2002) 299-302
54. Trotter G.W. Complementary medicine in an equine lameness practice (2004), Eastern States Veterinary Association, Orlando, FL 238-240 in 2004 Large Animal Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference
55. Mathews N.S. A review of equine pain models. In: Short C.E., and van Poznak A. (Eds). Animal Pain (1992), Churchill Livingstone, New York, NY 404-407